Abstract: A liquid/gas cycling system utilized in water electrolysis to generate a gas mixture of hydrogen and oxygen is disclosed. The liquid/gas cycling system comprises an electrolytic tank having a first liquid inlet and a first gas outlet which is mounted on the upper portion of the electrolytic tank, wherein the electrolytic tank is adapted to contain water (for example, electrolytic water) and generate the gas mixture through water electrolysis. A first tank adapted to contain water has a gas inlet, a first liquid outlet, a second gas outlet and a pressure relief valve. The gas inlet is mounted on the bottom portion of the first tank and connected to the first gas outlet. The first liquid outlet is connected to the first liquid inlet. The second gas outlet and the pressure relief valve are mounted on the upper portion of the first tank. When the pressure of the gas mixture in the first tank exceeds a predetermined value, the pressure relief valve will release the gas mixture.

Abstract: A gas generator for health use is provided. The gas generator for health use includes an electrolysis device for electrolyzing water and producing a gas mixture that includes hydrogen and oxygen. The gas generator for health use further includes a gas mixing system coupled to the electrolysis device to receive the gas mixture. The gas mixing system is adapted to mix the gas mixture with water vapor, an atomized medicinal liquid, a volatile essential oil or a combination thereof to produce a health gas for being inhaled by a user.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for enriching air with hydrogen for subsequent use by internal combustion engines, the method comprising supplying a modified form of water; electrolyzing the water to produce hydrogen gas; mixing the gas with air to produce a hydrogen-air mixture; and injecting the mixture into the air intake of a combustion engine. Also provided is a system for enriching internal combustion engine air intake with hydrogen gas, the system comprising modified water; an electrolysis unit for producing hydrogen gas from the modified water; and process for mixing the gas with ambient air to create a mixture, and a venturi-based injector for inserting the mixture into the air intake system of the engine.

Abstract: This disclosure enables high-productivity controlled fabrication of uniform porous semiconductor layers (made of single layer or multi-layer porous semiconductors such as porous silicon, comprising single porosity or multi-porosity layers). Some applications include fabrication of MEMS separation and sacrificial layers for die detachment and MEMS device fabrication, membrane formation and shallow trench isolation (STI) porous silicon (using porous silicon formation with an optimal porosity and its subsequent oxidation). Further, this disclosure is applicable to the general fields of photovoltaics, MEMS, including sensors and actuators, stand-alone, or integrated with integrated semiconductor microelectronics, semiconductor microelectronics chips and optoelectronics.

Abstract: A water electrolysis apparatus is formed by stacking a plurality of unit cells. Each unit cell includes a membrane electrode assembly, and an anode separator and a cathode separator which sandwich the membrane electrode assembly therebetween. The anode separator has a plurality of inlet joint channels in fluid communication with a water supply passage, and a plurality of outlet joint channels in fluid communication with a discharge passage. The water supply passage has an inner wall surface at which the inlet joint channels are open, and an outer wall surface which faces the inner wall surface, the inner wall surface and the outer wall surface jointly forming an opening of an oblong cross-sectional shape.

Abstract: A portable hydrogen and oxygen supply system produces gaseous hydrogen and gaseous oxygen from water. It separates the gasses and vents them into two separate chambers. The supply system creates water disassociation through an array of concentric hexagonal hydrogen collector tubes, anode rods and a cathode matrix, all of which are submersed in water. The anode rods and cathode matrix are supplied DC electrical current. The water separates (disassociates) as atomic hydrogen is drawn to the negatively charged anode rods and the atomic oxygen is drawn to the positively charged cathode matrix. The hydrogen, on its path to the anode, passes through the walls of the hydrogen collector tubes to be collected in the first chamber. The oxygen is unable to pass through the walls of the tubes, and remains outside the tubes to be collected in the second chamber.

Abstract: A combination air pressure system and a gas generator system adapted for mounting next to an intake manifold of a turbocharged diesel engine. The system includes a solution reservoir tank for supplying a fluid mixture to a gas generator. The gas generator includes a housing with a plurality concentric tubular electrodes consisting of both anode and cathode tubular electrodes with a series of interposed bipolar electrodes.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell is described, which provides a reliable gas generation even under unfavorable environmental conditions and with significant changes in temperature and environment. Furthermore the cell has a long life time. The electrolyte of this electrochemical cell comprises at least one ionic liquid containing thiocyanate ions for the generation of hydrogen cyanide gas. Preferred substances for the composition of the electrolyte and for the provision of thiocyanate ions in the electrolyte are specified.

Abstract: Electrolyte supply tanks and bubbler tanks for oxyhydrogen gas generation systems are provided which eliminate the introduction of electrolyte and water into the induction systems of internal combustion engines. Both types of tanks are equipped with porous polyethylene gas diffusers which break up incoming gas into microscopic bubbles, thereby facilitating the absorption of electrolyte mist and droplets returning to the electrolyte supply tank and minimizing splashing of incoming gas in bubbler tanks. Air diffusers having an average pore diameter of about 70 ?m are installed near the bottom of the electrolyte supply tanks, while air diffusers having an average pore diameter of about 35 ?m are installed near the bottom of the bubbler tanks.

Abstract: This disclosure includes a device for producing sodium hypochlorite or hypochlorous acid for water treatment, the device including: a cylinder for storing salt in solid form, adapted for being fed directly via a pressurized water pipe, and including one or more tubes that form one or more electrolytic chambers; one or more electrolytic cells received in the electrolytic chambers; the tubes of the cylinders being perforated to allow the contacting of the electrolytic cells with the salt-saturated water while preventing the electrolytic cells from being short-circuited by the solid salt. This produces sodium hypochlorite or hypochlorous acid from salt-saturated water in a cylinder, connected directly to the pipe of the water to be treated without the latter being loaded with salt.

Abstract: An on-demand oxy-hydrogen fuel system includes a oxy-hydrogen generator which is incorporated into a standard internal combustion engine. A microcontroller activates the oxy-hydrogen generator when oxy-hydrogen is needed. The oxy-hydrogen is then mixed with blow-by gases from a PCV valve which are recycled through the intake manifold. The addition of the oxy-hydrogen provides a very efficient fuel source which can dramatically increase fuel efficiency and reduce emissions.

Abstract: A wastewater treatment system and method for remediating wastewater and human waste that is self-contained and that has no connection to a municipal wastewater system and no connection to an electrical grid. The domestic toilet and wastewater treatment system can be powered by a photovoltaic panel as a source of electricity. The system includes an electrochemical cell that allows a waste stream to be disinfected in a few hours to a condition where no viable bacterial colonies can be cultured. The system produces a liquid stream that is suitable for system flushing or for uses in which non-potable water is acceptable. The system can generate hydrogen as a product that can be used to generate power. The system can generate nitrate, urea, ammonia and phosphate for use as fertilizer. The disinfected residual organic solids are also completely disinfected for potential use as an organic soil amendment for agriculture.

Abstract: An electrolyzer is comprised of an anode and a cathode which are in contact with an electrolytic solution, wherein at least one of the anode and the cathode is composed of an electric conductor having a gas permeable structure comprising a gas generating surface at which gas is generated by electrolysis of the electrolytic solution, a plurality of through holes leading from the gas generating surface to a different surface and allowing the gas generated on the gas generating surface to selectively pass therethrough, and a gas releasing surface which is the different surface for releasing the gas supplied from the gas generating surface via the through holes. At least one of a surface treatment which causes the gas generating surface to be lyophilic for the electrolytic solution and a surface treatment which causes the gas releasing surface to be lyophobic for the electrolytic solution is performed.

Abstract: A photoelectrochemical cell (100) includes: a semiconductor electrode (120) including a substrate (121), a first n-type semiconductor layer (122) disposed on the substrate (121), and a second n-type semiconductor layer (123) and a conductor (124) disposed apart from each other on the first n-type semiconductor layer (122); a counter electrode (130) connected electrically to the conductor (124); an electrolyte (140) in contact with surfaces of the second n-type semiconductor layer (123) and the counter electrode (130); and a container (110) accommodating the semiconductor electrode (120), the counter electrode (130) and the electrolyte (140).

Abstract: Method for treating sewage, comprising at least one step of electrolytically treating sewage, an energy transfer step comprising at least one selected in the group comprising: a temperature raising treatment, an ultrasound treatment. The electrolytic treatment and energy transfer steps determining the dissociation from the sewage of gas comprising nitrogen. Further, the method comprises a step of separating gases comprising nitrogen from the mass of sewage.

Abstract: The blue power generation system includes an electrolytic system to obtain hydrogen and oxygen from sea water. It also includes a power generating system to supply electrical energy to the electrolytic system and an installation to recombine hydrogen and oxygen to produce clean fresh water. More specifically, the deep-sea electrolytic reaction generate gases rising into reservoirs at sea level. As water is depleted in the electrolytic chamber, a low pressure is created in the electrolytic chamber. The pressure of makeup water required for the electrolytic reaction is used to drive a turbine and generate electrical power. A portion of the electrical power generated is used to drive the electrolytic reaction. The amount of electrical energy created is a direct relation with the depth at which the system is operated.

Abstract: A hydronic catalyst device produces hydrogen as a positive catalyst for an internal combustion engine. The hydronic catalyst device employs an electrolysis unit and a current source. The electrolysis unit includes a water container includes a hydrogen/oxygen separator for defining an oxygen chamber and a hydrogen chamber within the water container, a hydrogen outlet for connecting the hydrogen chamber to the internal combustion engine and an oxygen vent for venting the oxygen chamber to atmosphere. The electrolysis unit further includes a water electrolysis conductor within the water container to electrolysis any water in response to a flow of current through the water electrolysis conductor.

Abstract: An electrolyte electrolyzer adapted to create hydrogen and oxygen from electrolyte fluid at or near atmospheric pressure. The electrolyzer is comprised in a preferred form of a plurality of cells which collectively create oxygen and hydrogen chambers separated by an ion permeable membrane. The electrolyzer is further defined by a passive electrode that is electrically interposed between a charged anode and cathode. The chambers defined by the cells are in communication with oxygen and hydrogen supply lines to transfer the hydrogen gas from the unit.

Abstract: A hydrogen generation device (100) of the present invention includes: a transparent substrate (1); a photocatalytic electrode (4) formed of a transparent conductive layer (2) and a photocatalytic layer (3) disposed on the transparent substrate (1); a counter electrode (8) connected electrically to the transparent conductive layer (2); a water-containing electrolyte solution layer provided between the photocatalytic electrode (3) and the counter electrode (8); a separator (6) that separates the electrolyte solution layer into a first electrolyte solution layer (5) in contact with the photocatalytic electrode (4) and a second electrolyte solution layer (7) in contact with the counter electrode (8); a first gas outlet (14) for discharging a gas generated in the first electrolyte solution layer (5); and a second gas outlet (15) for discharging a gas generated in the second electrolyte solution layer (7).

Abstract: Anode and cathode separator plates are suitable for use in ion pumps for converting an input stream such as reformate into a pressurized and purified hydrogen-rich gas stream. The plates may include a single cathode outlet opening forming a portion of cathode output gas manifold, an anode inlet opening forming a portion of an inlet gas stream manifold and being sized larger than inlet cathode outlet opening, the distance of the anode inlet opening to an edge of the plate being less than the distance of the cathode outlet opening from an edge of the plate, and the size of the fluid flow channel of the anode separator plate being smaller than the size of the fluid flow channel of the cathode separator plate. Methods for forming the plates and infrastructure systems are also disclosed.

Abstract: An embodiment of a system and method provides a current regulating device that controls or regulates the current provided to electrolysis chambers that produce hydrogen and oxygen gases. One embodiment of the current regulating device uses the temperature of the fluid in the electrolysis chambers to control the widths of the pulses delivered to the electrolysis chambers to regulate production. Another embodiment of the current regulating device regulates and limits the average current delivered to the electrolysis chambers by adjusting the pulse widths, according to the current demanded during each conduction pulse.

Abstract: A hydrogen supplementation fuel apparatus and method having a power source, a hydrogen generator and an accumulator for supplementing hydrogen gas to improve the fuel efficiency of internal combustion engines. The hydrogen generator uses electrodes that are helically wound about a separator to increase the hydrogen generation output.

Abstract: A high pressure water electrolysis system includes a high pressure water electrolysis device, a hydrogen storage device, a high pressure hydrogen pipe, a branch pipe, a non-return valve, a pressure detector, and a controller. The controller includes a threshold storage device, a threshold determination device, and a solenoid valve opening/closing operation device. The threshold storage device is configured to store a first threshold of a pressure value detected by the pressure detector and a second threshold lower than the first threshold. The threshold determination device is configured to determine whether or not the pressure value detected by the pressure detector has reached the second threshold. The solenoid valve opening/closing operation device is configured to open and close a solenoid valve if it is determined that the pressure value detected by the pressure detector has reached the second threshold.

Abstract: Electrolytic devices, including electrolytic cells, are described, that can be used in various segments of technology for the production of hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis of water electrolytes. In one embodiment, a plasma electrolytic cell is provided, comprising an anode and a cathode located in dielectric containers interconnected via a pipe in their bottom portions, wherein the spiral shaped cathode is made from electrically insulated copper wire and the electric insulation has local breaks, wherein the anode is planar, the cathode and anode containers have covers with embedded gas pressure adjustment valves, wherein the top portions of the containers are connected to gas offtake devices, and wherein the cathode and anode containers allow adding more electrolyte.

Abstract: A system includes a microstructure layer, a photovoltaic layer disposed over the microstructure layer comprising a positive P-type layer and a negative N-type layer, a hydrogen collection micro-chamber formed through the microstructure layer and the negative layer, and an oxygen collection micro-chamber formed through the microstructure layer and the photovoltaic layer. A cathode may be disposed within the hydrogen collection micro-chamber and an anode may be disposed within the oxygen collection micro-chamber. The micro-chambers may be spaced between about 1 and 10 micrometers apart. An insulating layer may be disposed between the microstructure layer and the photovoltaic layer. A supplemental storage layer may be disposed over the photovoltaic layer such that a storage portion is in alignment with the hydrogen collection micro-chamber. MEMS actuators may be located at the ends of the hydrogen collection micro-chamber to facilitate hydrogen storage and release.

Abstract: A novel electromechanical, chemical, thermal apparatus having the combined properties of a voltage intensifier, a diode and a capacitor for the molecular breakdown of water into its oxygen and hydrogen components. The instant invention uses only water (tap water, distilled water, purified water, etc.) without the need of adding any electrolyte. The system comprises a unique molecular reactor core having conductive inner and outer windings and a molecular reactor control assembly having water level controls via a float switch mechanism and temperature control process serving as the basis for the unique operation of the system. The instant invention provides a novel combination of the molecular reactor core and molecular reactor control assembly, in conjunction with a means for replenishing the water therein, all powered and controlled by simple control circuitry, and having usage implications for various functions, including but not limited to the generation of hydrogen gas.

Abstract: An approach for supplying hydrogen and/or deuterium to LENR and E-Cat based energy generating systems includes receiving a source material that is rich in hydrogen and/or deuterium. A gaseous form of at least one of those elements is extracted from the source material via electrochemical dissociation, hydrocarbon recovery, or a suitable mechanical process. The gaseous form of the element is preferably filtered to remove water vapor and other impurities before being pressurized and supplied to the energy generating system. Advantages of the approach include enhanced safety and system portability due to elimination of a need for pressurized gas storage tanks.

Abstract: An electroplating apparatus has a rotor in a head, with a contact ring on the rotor. A lift/rotate actuator may move the head to position a sector of the contact ring into a deplate channel of a deplating station. Electrical current and a deplate liquid are applied directly onto the contacts of the contact ring, from a position radially inward of the contacts. Electrical current and a deplate liquid may also be separately applied onto the back side of the ring contact, from a position radially to the outside of the contact ring. A seal on the deplating station makes sliding contact with the contact ring as the contact ring rotates through the deplate channel, with the seal associated with an exhaust or vacuum opening that pulls deplating and rinse liquid through openings in the contact ring.

Abstract: A high-pressure hydrogen producing apparatus includes a cell device and a piston member. The piston member is to apply a pressing force to the cell device from an end of the piston member in a stacking direction in which unit cells are stacked. The piston member is provided with a first hydrogen passage, at least one second hydrogen passage, and a hydrogen lead-out passage. The first hydrogen passage and the second hydrogen passage are spaced at substantially equal angular intervals on a virtual circle centered on a center of an end face of the piston member.

Abstract: A high purity ceramic oxygen generator incorporating a module utilizing a plurality of tubular ceramic membrane elements and configured to operate in: (i) a pressurizing mode to separate oxygen from an oxygen containing feed stream when an electric potential difference is applied to induce oxygen ion transport in an electrolyte thereof; and (ii) an idle mode when the electric potential difference is removed. The ceramic oxygen generator further includes one or more manifolds as well as one or more automatic purge valves located upstream of the oxygen receiving tank. The purge valve is opened for a pre-set duration upon initiation of the pressurization mode to purge any nitrogen or other contaminating gas that diffuses into the ceramic oxygen generator during idle mode thereby ensuring the desired purity level of oxygen is received by the oxygen receiving tank.

Abstract: In one embodiment of the present invention an electrolytic cell is provided comprising a containment vessel; a first electrode; a second electrode; a source of electrical current in electrical communication with the first electrode and the second electrode; an electrolyte in fluid communication with the first electrode and the second electrode; a gas, wherein the gas is formed during electrolysis at or near the first electrode; and a separator; wherein the separator includes an inclined surface to direct flow of the electrolyte and the gas due to a difference between density of the electrolyte and the combined density of the electrolyte and the gas such that the gas substantially flows in a direction distal to the second electrode.

Abstract: In one embodiment of the present invention an electrolytic cell is provided comprising a containment vessel; a first electrode; a second electrode; a source of electrical current in electrical communication with the first electrode and the second electrode; an electrolyte in fluid communication with the first electrode and the second electrode; a gas, wherein the gas is formed during electrolysis at or near the first electrode; and a separator; wherein the separator includes an inclined surface to direct flow of the electrolyte and the gas due to a difference between density of the electrolyte and the combined density of the electrolyte and the gas such that the gas substantially flows in a direction distal to the second electrode.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an electrolysis apparatus that includes an anode electrically connectable to a direct current electrical source. The apparatus also includes a cathode comprising a proximal segment and a distal segment. The proximal segment is electrically connectable to the direct current electrical source. Further, the apparatus includes a hydrogen collector receptacle that limits generation and collection of hydrogen at the cathode to a specified amount. The hydrogen collector receptacle encompasses a portion of the cathode. Also, the apparatus includes a delivery device that receives hydrogen from and is connected to the hydrogen collector receptacle. According to one embodiment, the hydrogen gas generated in the electrolysis apparatus and collected in the collector receptacle is less than about 4.5% of a user's breath.

Abstract: A system and a method for cleaving water by means of hyperpolarization, the system has a first electrode and at least one additional electrode; at least one porous ferroelectric layer arranged between the first and the additional electrode; as well as an AC voltage or pulsed DC voltage source. With this method it is possible to cleave the water economically into hydrogen and oxygen and obtain gases for technical purposes.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for providing a substance for the analysis of isotope ratios, at least some of the substance being contained in a liquid phase in which the liquid phase is subjected to electrolysis and, in the process, the substance or a pre-product for the latter is formed.

Abstract: In one embodiment of the present invention an electrolytic cell is provided comprising: a containment vessel; a first electrode; a second electrode; a source of electrical current in electrical communication with the first electrode and the second electrode; an electrolyte in fluid communication with the first electrode and the second electrode; a gas, wherein the gas is formed during electrolysis at or near the first electrode; and a separator; wherein the first electrode is configured to control the location of nucleation of the gas by substantially separating the location of electron transfer and nucleation.

Abstract: [Object] To provide a gas decomposition apparatus and a gas decomposition method in which no safety problems occur in spite of the application of a relatively high voltage between an anode and a cathode for the purpose of decomposing odorous gases of many types. [Solution] A catalytic electrode layer 6 that contains a catalyst and is porous; a counter electrode layer 7 that forms a pair with the catalytic electrode; and an electrolyte layer 15 that is sandwiched between the catalytic electrode and the counter electrode and has ion conductivity are included. The catalyst is held by the catalytic electrode in the form of being carried by a carrier containing a conductive material or the catalyst is directly carried by the catalytic electrode. A conductive material in the catalytic electrode, the conductive material being in contact with the catalyst, is not a noncovalent carbon material.

Abstract: An improved electrolytic cell, its method and system is disclosed. The electrolytic cell (12) is configured, at least in one design, to recycle the catholyte to increase chlorine capture and concentration in the output solution. The cell (12) includes at least an anode chamber (39) and a cathode chamber (35). And in one design, a chamber or reservoir (31) for that serves as a source of anions and cations for the anode and cathode chambers. The outlet (38) of the cathode chamber is preferably connected in fluid communication with the inlet (44) of a degassing chamber (14) and the outlet (46) of the degassing chamber is preferably connected in fluid communication with the inlet (40) of the anode chamber.

Abstract: An improved electrolytic cell, its method and system configured for simple and rapid troubleshooting, removal and replacement of the cell or a component of the cell during service and maintenance procedures is disclosed. The electrolytic cell (12) is includes a host manifold (27) housing a degassing chamber (125) and various flow paths for routing liquid and gases into and out of a guest device (33) and the host manifold (27). The host manifold (27) is connected to input sources and output collections. The guest device (33) generally houses an anode chamber (104), a cathode chamber (112), and a brine chamber or reservoir (108) that serves as a source of anions and cations for the anode and cathode chambers. The guest device (33) is separable from the host manifold (27) to repair, maintain and/or replace the cell.

Abstract: A system for producing pressurized gas(es) from polar molecular liquids. A first embodiment incorporates an electrolysis cell positioned at depth within the liquid. The assembly includes first and second electrodes positioned in spaced relationship and a bell shaped collection vessel arranged above the electrodes. At least one collection vessel includes at least one gas port configured to connect to gas conduits to carry the pressurized gas(es) to the point of use or storage. Positioning the gas generating assembly at depth immerses the electrodes within the polar molecular fluid, and operation of the electrical power supply establishes an electrical potential between the electrodes. A second embodiment incorporates an electrolysis cell operable at pressure, as well as an arrangement of ancillary systems benefitting from the electrolysis at pressure system. Various mechanisms for gathering and separating the hydrogen gas and oxygen gas generated by electrolysis are described.

Abstract: A device for the concurrent oxygen generation and control of carbon dioxide for life support system involves two stages, where a first stage removes CO2 from an exhalent side of a ventilation loop and a second stage employs Ceramic Oxygen Generators (COGs) to convert CO2 into carbon and O2. The first stage includes a plurality of chambers and means to switch the ventilation loop through at least one of the chambers, where CO2 removal is carried out before discharge of the CO2 depleted gas to an inhalant side of the ventilation loop, and to exclude the ventilation loop from the remaining chambers of the first stage, where these chambers are placed in communication with the second stage. The second stage has two portions separated by the COGs such that CO2 and the formed carbon remain on an intake portion from the O2 rich atmosphere on the exhaust side, which is plumbed via a metering valve to introduce the O2 rich atmosphere to the inhalant side of the ventilation loop.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell comprising an electrolysis vessel for receiving a liquid electrolyte that fills the vessel to a predetermined level, electrodes for passing an electric current through the electrolyte, a vent for allowing gases produced by the electrolytic process to leave the vessel and an air inlet means located substantially adjacent to the predetermined level for directing air into the vessel at a predetermined rate.

Abstract: In one embodiment of the present invention an electrolytic cell is provided comprising a containment vessel; a first electrode; a second electrode; a source of electrical current in electrical communication with the first electrode and the second electrode; an electrolyte in fluid communication with the first electrode and the second electrode; a gas, wherein the gas is formed during electrolysis at or near the first electrode; and a separator; wherein the separator includes an inclined surface to direct flow of the electrolyte and the gas due to a difference between density of the electrolyte and the combined density of the electrolyte and the gas such that the gas substantially flows in a direction distal to the second electrode.

Abstract: A device for producing hydrogen in an electric field includes a shaft rotationally coupled via bearings to a vacuum protection housing, which encloses a disc like structure fastened to the shaft that supplies a split medium provided through inlet channels situated at one longitudinal end of the shaft to split cells arranged at a periphery of the disc like structure. Each split cell includes first and second electrodes. To the vacuum protection housing are fastened diffusor-spirals where a produced gas and a material residue from the split cells are provided through a plurality of nozzles, each of which is arranged inside one of the diffusor-spirals with minimal clearance between an outer wall of the nozzle and an inner wall of the associated diffusor-spiral. A rotation of the disk like structure is supported by a gas pressure generated by the produced gas emitted from the nozzles.

Abstract: A hydrogen generating device comprising an anode, a cathode, a housing having an internal cavity and a perforated wall within the cavity electrically connected to the anode or the cathode and separating an end portion of the cavity from a main portion of the cavity. The device includes water in the housing extending continuously from the main portion of the cavity through the perforated wall and into the end portion of the cavity. The housing includes two ends and a perforated wall within the cavity near each end separating end portions of the cavity from a main portion of the cavity, the anode or the cathode extending through one end of the housing through one perforated wall into the main portion of the cavity, through the other perforated wall into the other end portion of the cavity and through the other end of the housing.

Abstract: Contaminants are removed from untreated raw water or discharge water by applying direct current through an array of spaced, alternately charged electrodes positioned within and electrically isolated from a housing to eliminate or minimize clogging of the electrodes with precipitated contaminants. The housing is surrounded with container structure that cooperates with the housing to define an inlet chamber positioned between the source of untreated water and the housing containing the spaced array of electrodes. The container structure further includes an outlet chamber defined between the housing and the container structure for accumulating and draining water treated by the spaced electrode array.

Abstract: The present invention provides a plating apparatus with multiple anode zones and cathode zones. The electrolyte flow field within each zone is controlled individually with independent flow control devices. A gas bubble collector whose surface is made into pleated channels is implemented for gas removal by collecting small bubbles, coalescing them, and releasing the residual gas. A buffer zone built within the gas bubble collector further allows unstable microscopic bubbles to dissolve.

Abstract: An electrolysis system adapted to split water into hydrogen and oxygen gases includes a housing, a baffle dividing the housing into first and second chambers and including an upper solid portion and a lower portion, a first electrode disposed in the first chamber, and a second electrode disposed in the second chamber. The first and second electrodes are configured to be at least partially immersed in the water, and each electrode becomes electrically charged when the electrolysis system is coupled to a current source to split the water into hydrogen and oxygen gases. The lower portion of the baffle and the first and second electrodes are each formed from the same material.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses for electrically altering the charge and conductivity of polar solvents are disclosed. Such alterations are effected via a system comprising, among other things, an electrolyzing apparatus which stimulates higher conductivity and increased interfacial contact between polar protic solvents and fluids to assist or promote the extraction and/or leaching of solutes, including hydrocarbons, such as lipids, from an admixture, an occluded biomass or another aqueous medium. Methods, systems, and apparatuses for reducing the amount of solvents used in liquid extraction processes and increasing solvent recovery through the concurrent introduction of amphoteric species, which assist in the removal of the polar solvent from its liquid phase to a recoverable and reusable form, are also disclosed.

Abstract: This invention relates to an electrolysis method and electrolysis apparatus (10) for producing oxygenated and hydrogenated fluid. The apparatus (10) comprises first and second outer end members (12 and 14), both being of polyethylene and at least two spaced apart permeable electrodes (16 and 18). The permeable electrode (16 and 18) are each of a foraminous or perforated material, such as nickel foam sheet material. The two permeable electrodes (16 and 18) are arranged generally parallel to one another and are relatively closely spaced from one another. An inlet chamber (20) is therefore defined between the first and second permeable electrodes (16 and 18). A first oxygenated fluid collection chamber (22) is disposed between the first permeable electrode (16) and the first end member (12) and a second hydrogenated fluid collection chamber (24) is disposed between the second permeable electrode (18) and the second end member (14).