Abstract: An electrical conducting solid electrode on the surface of which cytochrome c.sub.3 is immobilized in an amount ranging from 20%-100% of the monolayer coverage, said electrode thereby provided with the electrocatalytic capability of the direct four-electron reduction of dioxygen to water, and its uses.

Abstract: A cermet electrode assembly for use in an electrolytic cell is produced by the process of hot isostatic molding a cermet material onto a metal current member. The electrode assembly has long service life and can be joined to an electrical current source by conventional metal joining techniques.

Abstract: Component of electrowinning or electrorefining cell, which component in use is normally covered with molten aluminum or in electrical contact with another component which is in contact with molten aluminum. Surface and/or inner portion of component is made of ceramic body formed by reaction sintering at pressures ranging from subatmospheric to superatmospheric of reactants, which can be elements, compounds, intermetallic compounds and/or alloys, in stoichiometric proportions to substantially form 10-90 mole percent of first phase or phases being boride phase or phases of one or more of the elements of Groups 4b, 5b and 6b, and 10-90 mole percent of oxide phase or phases being predominantly Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ; and which phases have a maximum grain size substantially not greater than 15 .mu.m. Also production cell, and method of producing aluminum in such cell, with the reaction sintered ceramic component.

Abstract: A cathode having high durability and low hydrogen overvoltage comprising an electrode substrate and an alloy layer formed thereon, characterized in that said alloy layer is made of an alloy comprising Component X selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt and a mixture thereof, Component Y selected from the group consisting of aluminum, zinc, magnesium and silicon, and Component Z selected from the group consisting of a noble metal and rhenium, and having a composition of Components X, Y and Z falling within the range defined by the following points A, B, C and D with reference to the diagram of FIG. 1:A: X=99.6 wt. %, Y=0 wt. %, Z=0.4 wt. %B: X=79.6 wt. %, Y=20 wt. %, Z=0.4 wt. %C: X=10 wt. %, Y=20 wt. %, Z=70 wt. %D: X=12.5 wt. %, Y=0 wt. %, Z=87.5 wt. %.

Abstract: An electrically conductive substrate is coated with a material containing an unsintered powder of a metal active for electrochemical proton reduction and colloidal silica and the said material is heated on the substrate successively in an oxidizing atmosphere and then in a reducing atmosphere.The electrode may be employed as a cathode for electrolytic production of hydrogen in an alkaline medium.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrolysis tank for production of aluminum by electrolysis of alumina dissolved in a molten cryolite bath, by the Hall-Heroult process, between at least a carbon anode and an aluminum sheet covering a carbon cathode substrate. At the interface of the aluminum sheet and molten cryolite bath it comprises a floating screen, which is conductive of electric current, not connected to the carbon cathode substrate and free to move at least in the vertical direction.The floating conductive screen can extend over the entire interface or be limited to being perpendicular to each anode.The distance between each anode and the floating conductive screen can be reduced to about 20 mm.

Abstract: The invention concerns floating cathode elements which are intended for the electrolytic production of aluminum using the Hall-Heroult process in an electrolysis tank comprising a molten cryolite-base bath, between a carbon anode, and a cathodic layer of molten aluminum, said elements comprising at least one active cathode element (30) formed of electrically conductive refractory material such as titanium diboride and supported by an intermediate support (31) which is inert with respect to the liquid aluminum and the electrolyte, the mean relative density of the assembly of the acitve cathode element and the inert intermediate support being lower than the relative density of the liquid aluminum under the normal conditions of operation of the electrolysis tank.

Abstract: A monolithic bipolar electrode for the production of primary aluminum by molten salt electrolysis is composed of a cermet anodic layer 10, a conductive and diffusion-resistant intermediate layer 14, and a refractory hard metal cathodic layer 20, with the edges covered by an electrolyte-resistant coating. The intermediate conductive layer 14 has a coefficient of thermal expansion intermediate to the anodic and cathodic layers.

Abstract: A gas generating apparatus and method is described which utilizes a novel catalytic oxygen evolving electrode for such electrochemical systems as electrolysis cells and oxygen concentration cells. The electrochemical cells include a catalytic cathode and an improved catalytic anode positioned on opposite sides of, and in electrical contact with, a cation exchange membrane. A source of direct current potential between the cathode and the anode and means for removing gas from at least one of the electrodes are provided. The improved catalytic anode is a ternary platinum group reduced metal oxide alone or in combination with platinum group metals and/or platinum group metal oxides or mixtures of the foregoing having at least one valve metal component such as titanium, hafnium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, and tungsten.

Abstract: A tubular anode such as tubular cast iron, magnetite, graphite, carbon or steel may be provided with an easily made internal or center connection having assured uniform resistance characteristics by the employment of at least two diametrically opposed wedge blocks, such blocks having parallel crowned and serrated contact surfaces and a wedge surface interface, such interface including a tongue and slot connection between the blocks, one or both blocks having oppositely extending tubular crimpable lead connections. The blocks may be made of malleable material so that when assembled and placed in the proper location inside the anode, one may be held while the other is driven axially, or both may be driven in axially opposite directions easily to form an electrical connection of assured electrical resistivity.

Abstract: Component of electrowinning or electrorefining cell, which component in use is normally in contact with molten aluminum or in electrical contact with another component which is in contact with molten aluminum. Surface and/or inner portion of component is made of cermet body formed by reaction sintering at pressures ranging from subatmospheric to superatmospheric of reactants, which can be elements, compounds, intermetallic compounds and/or alloys, in stoichiometric proportions to substantially form 30-95 mole percent of first phase or phases being boride, carbide, nitride, silicide, sulfide or combination thereof of one or more of the elements of Groups 4b, 5b and 6b, and 5-70 mole percent of second phase or phases being aluminum, alloy or intermetallic compound thereof, or combination thereof; and the maximum grain size of the first phase or phases is substantially not greater than 10 .mu.m. Also production cell, and method of producing aluminum in such cell, with the reaction sintered cermet component.

Abstract: An electrode particularly useful in hypochlorite cells operating at low temperatures or in metal winning cells in which the electrode comprises a titanium substrate with a platinum metal coating and an intermediate coating of substoichiometric tantalum oxide.

Abstract: Methods of preventing corrosion in which current flows between the to-be-protected substrate and a distributed electrode whose electrochemically active surface is provided by an element which is composed of a conductive polymer and which is at least 500 microns thick. In one embodiment, the electrode is a flexible strip comprising a highly conductive core, e.g. of copper, and a conductive polymer element surrounding the core. In another embodiment, the electrode is a conductive polymer layer which conforms to the surface of the substrate but is separated from it by a layer of insulation.

Abstract: A cathode for electrolyzing acid solutions which comprises an electrically conductive metal substrate, a spray coated layer of a cathode active material containing tungsten, tungsten carbide or a mixture thereof in an amount of 10% by weight or more on the substrate, and an impregnation coated layer of 1 g/m.sup.2 or more of an acid-resistant fluorine containing resin on the outside surface of the coated layer of cathode active material, and a process for producing such.

Abstract: A cell for the electrolysis of water comprising an anode and a cathode wherein said anode comprises an electrode substrate and a coating layer formed on the substrate, said coating layer being made of an electrochemically active material comprising Component X selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt and mixture thereof, Component Y selected from the group consisting of aluminum, zinc, magnesium and silicon and Component Z selected from the group consisting of a noble metal and rhenium.

Abstract: An electrode for an electrochemical cell comprising a variable cermet composition, the portion in contact with the electrolyte having a relatively high ceramic content for maximum corrosion resistance and the portion attached to the external electrical circuit having a relatively high metal content to facilitate an electrical connection. The electrodes vary in metal content from 5-80 vol. %, preferably 12-50 vol. %, either continuously or in graded steps. Preferred metals are Ni, Cu, Fe, and Cr; and preferred ceramics are ferrites.

Abstract: An improved oxide anode for use in impressed current cathodic corrosion protection, comprising a metal oxide anode member, preferably a magnetite anode member, having a coating or plating consisting of an electrically conductive metal or metal alloy, said coating or plating being connected to an electrically conductive cable termination which is fixed in a central position relative to said coating or plating.

Abstract: An electrolytic electrode which exhibits high durability when used in electrolysis in which the generation of oxygen is involved and a process for the production of same. The electrolytic electrode comprises (a) an electrode substrate of an electrically-conductive metal; (b) an electrode coating of an electrode active substance; and (c) an intermediate layer provided between the electrode substrate and the electrode coating, said intermediate layer comprising a mixed oxide of (i) an oxide of Ti and/or Sn having a valence number of 4 and (ii) an oxide of Ta and/or Nb having a valence number of 5.

Abstract: An electrode comprising a substrate of a conducting metal, a coat of an electrode active substrate, and a layer interposed between the substrate and the coat to serve as a protective barrier for the substrate acquires improved durability by using, as the intermediate layer, a layer having platinum dispersed in a mixed oxide consisting of an oxide of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of titanium and tin, each having a valence of 4, and an oxide of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of tantalum and niobium, each having a valence of 5.

Abstract: An anode for generating available chlorine from seawater by electrolysis which comprises a substrate made of titanium or an alloy thereof, and a coating on said substrate which is made up of an active anode material layer containing 15-85 wt % of platinum, 5-35 wt % of iridium dioxide, and 10-15 wt % of ruthenium dioxide. The anode has greatly improved anode performance such as current efficiency, cell voltage, and durability. Therefor, its use for a long period of time becomes possible in any condition of seawater.

Abstract: An inert type electrode composition suitable for use in the electrolytic production of metals such as aluminum is disclosed. The aluminum is produced from an aluminum-containing material dissolved in a molten salt. The electrode composition is fabricated from at least two metals or metal compounds combined to provide a combination metal compound containing at least one of the group consisting of oxide, fluoride, nitride, sulfide, carbide or boride, the combination metal compound defined by the formula: ##EQU1## Z is a number in the range of 1.0 to 2.2; K is a number in the range of 2.0 to 4.4; M.sub.i is at least one metal having a valence of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 and is the same metal or metals when M.sub.i is used in the composition; M.sub.j is a metal having a valence of 2, 3 or 4; X.sub.r is at least one of the elements from the group consisting of O, F, N, S, C and B; m, p and n are the number components which comprise M.sub.i, M.sub.j and X.sub.r ; F.sub.M.sbsb.i, F'.sub.M.sbsb.j, F'.sub.M.sbsb.i or F.sub.x.

Abstract: A process for electrodepositing chromium on a conductive substrate employing an electrolyte containing trivalent chromium ions, a complexing agent, and hydrogen ions to provide an acidic pH in which a conductive substrate to be electroplated is immersed in the electrolyte and is cathodically charged and current is passed between the substrate and an anode at least a portion of the surfaces of which is comprised of ferrite whereby the formation of detrimental hexavalent chromium ions in the electrolyte is inhibited and the stability of the pH of the electrolyte is improved.

Abstract: TiB.sub.2 -graphite composite articles suitable for use as cathode components in a Hall aluminum reduction cell are made by impregnating a TiO.sub.2 -carbon composite with a boron compound and carbon black dispersed in water, or alternately by impregnating a boron or boron compound-carbon composite with a carbon black-TiO.sub.2 dispersion, and heating the article to a reaction temperature whereby TiB.sub.2 is formed and the amorphous carbon converted to graphite. The article may be impregnated with a carbonizable liquid, re-baked, and re-heated to a graphitizing temperature to increase its strength and density.

Abstract: The solid cathode comprises essentially a supporting element and, at least in the region of the cathode workface, an open-pore structure which is impregnated with or soaked in aluminum saturated with at least one of the transition metals from groups IV B, V B, and VI B of the periodic table of elements, This open-pore structure can be fed continuously from reserves of aluminide/aluminides. An open-pore structure which has shown itself to be particularly advantageous is one comprised of a carbon fiber felt pad a few millimeters thick. The solid cathodes are economical and can be made from material which is readily made into a variety of shapes.

Abstract: An electrolysis apparatus comprising a diaphragm of a solid polymer electrolyte, and an anode electrode structure and a cathode electrode structure located on both sides of the diaphragm, at least one of the electrode structures intimately contacting the surface of said diaphragm, the intimately contacting electrode structure comprising a gas-permeable electrically conductive substrate and a film-like porous electrode catalyst layer bonded integrally thereto and a method for producing such.

Abstract: Rigid unitary porous titanium disulfide (TiS.sub.2) electrodes, particularly useful in electrochemical cells. The electrodes are devoid of binders and other additives, except for incidental impurities. The electrodes are prepared by reacting elemental sulfur with a preformed porous titanium body of predetermined shape and size, the sulfur being provided in sufficient amount to stoichiometrically react completely with the titanium body thereby forming in situ a titanium disulfide body.

Abstract: An electrode assembly comprising an electrically conductive ceramic electrode body having an opening therein and a metal stub retained in the opening with at least a surface of the stub in intimate contact with a surface of the body and the stub adapted with a spring to flex and prevent damage to the body from expansion of the stub when subjected to a temperature differential.

Abstract: An electrically conductive ceramic electrode body having an opening therein is threadably engaged with a metal stub having at least a slot therein to provide space for expansion of the stub without damage to the electrode body.

Abstract: A gas combustion apparatus is disclosed wherein an oxygen sensor having electrodes on both surfaces of a base body is fixed in advance at a position such that the oxygen sensor is within the exhaust gas a combustion flame under normal conditions and a combustion flame under oxygen deficiency conditions is brought into contact with only the measuring side electrode. The oxygen sensor is preferably mounted to a heat-resistance holder having an opening such that the measuring side electrode corresponds with the opening.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for reducing the amount of alkali metal chlorate present in the cell liquor from a chlor-alkali cell, said apparatus comprising an electrochemical cell having at least one cathode element and one anode element, a cationic exchange membrane disposed between the anode and cathode elements, and an inlet for introducing chlorate-containing cell liquor and an outlet for removing purified cell liquor, inlet and outlet means for anolyte solution, and means for removing gaseous reaction products. The cathode element of said electrochemical cell is of a high surface area construction, preferably formed from compressed filaments of a ferrous material, such as iron or steel, and having sufficient porosity to permit the flow of cell liquor through the cathode. Preferably, when a plurality of anode and cathode elements are used, these elements are arranged in a staggered configuration in the apparatus to maximize the flow path of alkali metal chloride cell liquor through the apparatus.

Abstract: An improved anode assembly for an aluminum electrolysis cell is formed by the process of shaping an anode 10 and a cermet connector 12 from powders, machining said articles, and sintering said articles. The cermet connector mates with the anode via a threaded joint located at its region of high temperature 14 during operation thereof to avoid excessive ohmic losses. Mechanical support can be provided by the threaded joint or through the use of separate mechanical suspension bars 22.

Abstract: A variety of redox mediating agents employing bipyridinium reagents and such reagents in conjunction with dispersed noble metals, such as platinium, are disclosed as coatings for substrates and electrodes. The agents may be charged by an applied voltage or by photoelectric effects or may be equilibrated with hydrogen. The agents are useful in reducing biological materials and electrolytic hydrogen production.

Abstract: A continuous method for making mica film by electrophoresis wherein mica is deposited on an endless moving electrode surface from a mica sol, removed from the sol, dried, and finally stripped from the electrode, and apparatus for use in practicing the method, are described.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrode material, and a method for its manufacture, for use in electrochemical reactions comprising bulk titanium oxide having the general formula TiO.sub.x where x is from 1.55 to 1.95 and also electrochemical cells including an electrode formed from such a material.

Abstract: A solid polymer electrolyte (SPE), solid polymer electrolyte electrode, and method for forming from cationic exchange perfluorocarbon copolymer. Disclosed are solution techniques for forming SPEs and SPE electrodes using fluorocarbon vinyl ether copolymers.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell used to separate gas from a gaseous mixture by reduction of said gas at the cathode and regeneration of said gas at the anode is characterized in that one or more substances formed during the cathodic reduction and/or the anodic regeneration is chemically converted, preferably by catalytic decomposition, to produce further quantities of said gas, the gas formed by both the anodic regeneration and the chemical conversion being recovered as the product. In an especially preferred embodiment a plurality of said cells are used in apparatus for extracting oxygen from the air by using a cathode comprising high surface area graphite powder which reduces oxygen to produce peroxyl ions, each cell being further provided, externally of the cathode compartment, with means for catalytically decomposing the peroxyl ions produced, suitable catalysts being CoFe.sub.2 O.sub.4 or NiCo.sub.2 O.sub.4.

Abstract: In an electrode suitable for electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride or potassium chloride solutions, at least the outer layer contains spinels, specifically a mixture of the individual spinels of iron and of cobalt, the weight ratio of iron spinels: cobalt spinels being from 30:70 to 90:10.The electrodes are produced by applying a powder mixture of iron spinel and cobalt spinel to a substrate by a plasma spraying process wherein argon is used as the plasma gas and the spraying energy is from 6 to 30 kW.

Abstract: An electrolytic chlorine generator employing a porous ceramic diaphragm for the separation of the caustic soda solution from the weakly acidic brine solution and employing as the cathode a flame or plasma deposited porous metallic coating on the outer surface of the ceramic diaphragm.

Abstract: A cathode for use in the electrochemical production of hydrogen and process for making it which involves direct electrochemical cathodic action on a thermally produced adherent oxide on a nickel cathode surface. Examples include a nickel sheet thermally oxidized in air at 600.degree. C. for one hour and used directly in the production of electrolytic hydrogen and an iron sheet plasma sprayed with nickel to provide a surface containing thermal oxidation product of nickel and again used directly in the electrolytic production of hydrogen.

Abstract: An exchangeable, wettable solid cathode for a fused salt electrolytic cell for the production of aluminum is made out of at least one aluminide of the groups IV A, V A or VI A of the periodic system of elements. A titanium aluminide of the .gamma.-phase has been shown to be particularly favorable for this purpose.

Abstract: A cell for the electrolysis of magnesium at low temperatures and electrical potential using a composite anode consisting of a mixture of an oxygen containing compound of magnesium and a reducing agent with internal conductors extending through the composite mixture to provide low resistance current paths through the highly resistive mixture to the active anode surface. The mixture may be employed in a self-baking mode or be prebaked. Alternatively, the mixture may be in particulate form contained within a porous membrane. A bipolar arrangement may also be employed.

Abstract: A cathode for an electrolyser. It comprises porous conductive material which includes sintered nickel impregnated with a catalyst, characterized in that said catalyst is a molybdate of nickel or iron or mixtures thereof. The invention is used for manufacturing hydrogen by electrolysing an aqueous alkaline solution.

Abstract: Electrically conductive complexes of polypyrroles with nitroaromatic anions are prepared by polymerizing pyrrole, an N-alkylpyrrole and/or an N-arylpyrrole by anodic oxidation in a polar solvent, in the presence of a salt of an acidic nitroaromatic compound.

Abstract: Disclosed is a composition suitable for fabricating into an inert electrode for use in the electrolytic production of metal from a metal compound dissolved in a molten salt. The electrode comprises at least two metal oxides combined to provide a combination metal oxide consisting essentially of a composition defined by the formula M(M'.sub.y M.sub.1-y).sub.z O.sub.K where y is a number less than one and greater than 0 and M is a metal having a valence selected from the group consisting of 2, 3, 4 and 5 and M' is a metal having a valence selected from the group consisting of 2, 3, 4 and 5, z is a number selected from the group consisting of 2, 3 and 4 and K is a number in the range of 2 to 4.4, the electrode being highly conductive and being substantially inert with respect to the molten salt.

Abstract: The precipitated liquid metal in a cell for the electrolytic production of aluminum contains, with the exception of its uppermost, freely moveable layer, an electrically conductive granular material.At least one trough containing molten electrolyte saturated with aluminum oxide is provided outwith the vertical projection of the anode or anodes. The top of the trough lies above the surface of the liquid metal, but is always at least partly below the surface of the electrolyte.The direct electric current is conducted away from the molten metal by cathode elements which are wet by aluminum.

Abstract: The invention relates to a cathode for the electrolytic production of hydrogen.The cathode comprises an active surface consisting of a metal oxide obtained by the thermal decomposition of a thermally decomposable compound of a metal chosen from amongst cobalt, iron, manganese or nickel.The cathode is particularly suitable for the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride solutions in cells with a permeable diaphragm.

Abstract: A composite electrode comprising an electroconductive base with an electrolyte inert, electroconductive electrocatalytic layer applied by thermal spraying, the said layer being a powder of a matrix material selected from the group consisting of oxides, nitrides, phosphides, silicides, borides and carbides of a metal selected from the group consisting of boron, valve metals and iron group metals having uniformly deposited thereon electrocatalytically active particles of a metal selected from the group consisting of platinum group metals and iron group metals and oxides thereof with a particle size smaller by at least one order of magnitude of the matrix particles and electrolytic cells containing the same and electrolytic processes using the same.

Abstract: A photolytic system comprised of a darkened halfcell and an illuminated halfcell in which oxidation and reduction reactions are made to occur. These halfcells are joined by an electrically conductive element and an ion conducting junction for electron transfer and ion transport. The illuminated halfcell is equipped with a cathode and the darkened halfcell contains an improved anode which exhibits a desirably low overvoltage with respect to the substrate which is sought to be oxidized. Oxidation products are formed at the anode and reduction products are formed at the cathode.

Abstract: A method for forming a membrane upon an electrode from a dispersed, perfluorocarbon copolymer. Perfluorocarbon is dispersed in a solvating medium, a substantial portion, but not necessarily all of the perfluorocarbon being solvated. The dispersion is applied to an electrode and the dispersion medium is removed.

Abstract: The present invention encompasses the use of a specific fuel fed electrode in depositing metals from solutions thereof and in the absence of an external applied potential. Basically as shown in FIG. 1, the electrode comprises an electrically conductive porous substrate 3 bearing on one surface thereof a fuel activating catalyst 4. The porosity of the substrate is sufficient that the current density at surface 2 of the substrate 3 opposite the catalyst 4 will assure substantially complete depletion of metal ions very near the surface of the porous substrate, whereby the catalyst surface and the pores remain substantially free of deposited metal.