Abstract: Disclosed is a method of electrolyzing alkali metal chloride brine between an anode and a cathode, with oxidant feed to the cathode, where the cathode is a bed of porous particles having HO.sub.2.sup.31 disproportionation catalyst. Also disclosed is an electrolytic cell for carrying out the disclosed process.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrode for use in electrochemical processes wherein a metal substrate made of a valve metal such as titanium carries an electrocatalytically active coating such as an oxide selected from the group consisting of manganese, iron, cobalt, or nickel applied in a series of layers wherein particles of fibers of various filler materials such as titanium, other valve metals, tin oxide, titanium oxides, manganese oxide, quartz, silica, and alumina were admixed with the top coating material.

Abstract: A fluid bed electrolysis process is provided for the recovery of nickel from nickel-containing solution, e.g., leach solution, in which a fluid bed of substantially pure nickel particles or pellets of size ranging from about 150 to 2000 microns is employed, the fluid bed being preferably formed of reduced nickel oxide, such as hydrogen-reduced nickel oxide.

Abstract: A cathode for use in electrolysis comprising (1) a substrate of iron or an alloy thereof; (2) a compact interlayer of Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4 formed on the substrate, and (3) a coating of activating nickel comprising principally nickel or an alloy thereof formed on the Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4 layer. In another embodiment, the interlayer (2) may be heat-treated to convert a part of the interlayer (2) into a nickel ferrite. The cathode is especially suitable for use in the electrolysis of an alkali metal halide, such as sodium chloride, using an ion exchange membrane method.

Abstract: The invention relates to an anode comprising a composite of lead or a lead alloy and magnetite in which small particles of magnetite are dispersed in a matrix of lead or a lead alloy. The invention also relates to a process for making a composite anode in which a powder of magnetite and a lead or lead alloy powder are mixed together and the resulting mixture is compacted together by being subjected to the effect of sufficient pressure to achieve at least partial sintering on the surfaces of the contacting particles of the mixed powders. The anode according to the invention is suitable for use in cathodic protection and other electrolytic processes.

Abstract: Novel oxygen selective electrode comprising a coating on said anode consisting of delta manganese dioxide. This outer coating on the anode may be placed on the anode electrochemically by electrolyzing an acid saline solution having dissolved therein sufficient manganous chloride. Sufficient manganese dioxide is plated on said anode when the chlorine evolution essentially ceases during electrolysis.

Abstract: Electrodes suitable for the electrolysis of solutions, in particular for the production of aluminum in Hall-Heroult reduction cells, are composed of SnO.sub.2 with various amounts of conductive agents and sintering promoters principally GeO.sub.2, Co.sub.3 O.sub.4, Bi.sub.2 O.sub.3, Sb.sub.2 O.sub.3, MnO.sub.2, CuO, Pr.sub.2 O.sub.3, In.sub.2 O.sub.3, MoO.sub.3.

Abstract: Novel anodes consist of a mixture of from 30 to 95% by weight of nagnetite, lead dioxide, magnetite/natural graphite mixture or lead dioxide/natural graphite mixture and from 70 to 5% by weight of a plastic. They may be used for the surface-coating of metallic substrates by cathodic electrocoating.

Abstract: A novel process is provided for producing an improved electrode for an alkaline battery comprising the steps of adding an unsintered fluorocarbon resin powder to an active material powder and intimately mixing them together, applying a shear force to said mixture to thereby form agglomerates capable of retaining said active material powder in a network structure resulting from a fiber-formation of said fluorocarbon resin powder, adding an aqueous solution of a paste to said agglomerates, kneading them to mutually bind said agglomerates and thus forming a rubbery mass converting said rubbery mass into a sheet and attaching the sheet thus formed onto an electrically conductive core. The process provides an electrode having excellent reactivity and results in improved production efficiency.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell for deposition of a material from an electrolyte comprises an anode and a cathode in contact with the electrolyte. At least one of these electrodes is at least partially provided with at least a surface coating of a semiconductor. Thus the anode is provided at least upon its surface in contact with the electrolyte with a p-type semiconductor while the cathode is provided at least on its surface in contact with the electrolyte with a n-type semiconductor. The semiconductor layers can have a thickness of 0.12 to 2 mm and can be covered with protective layers.

Abstract: An improved bipolar separator for electrochemical cells comprising a molded aggregate of an electrically conductive powdered material and a powdered thermosetting resin in a weight ratio of 1:1 to 9:1 and having a resistivity coefficient, in the direction perpendicular to the major surfaces of the separator, of less than 0.3.OMEGA. cm and having the entire surface exposed to the anolyte, except the area of electrical contact with the anode, coated with a layer of a chemically resistant and electrically non-conductive thermosetting resin and electrochemical cells containing the said bipolar separator and method of producing the said bipolar separator.

Abstract: A halogen such as chlorine is generated by the electrolysis of aqueous halides in an electrolysis cell which includes an anode and a cathode separated by an ion transporting membrane. At least the cathode, which is a mass of noble metal catalytic particles and particles of a suitable binder, is bonded to the surface of the membrane. An oxygen containing gaseous stream is brought into contact with the bonded cathode to depolarize the cathode and prevent or limit discharge of hydrogen at the cathode, thereby substantially reducing the cell voltage.

Abstract: A cathode consisting essentially of a base material of copper, iron or nickel and formed thereon, a sintered coating composed mainly of at least one metal of Group VIII of the periodic table, said sintered coating having been prepared by coating said base material with a solution or suspension of a compound of said metal of Group VIII and heating the coating.

Abstract: A cathode for use in an electrolytic process which comprises a substrate metal with a surface coating of a silver-titanium intermetallic formed in situ on the cathode.

Abstract: A device for fastening at least one plate inside an electrolyte bath and for feeding current thereto, which device comprises at least two electrically-insulated battens which run next to one another and between which the plate should be arranged with the flat sides thereof facing the battens, at least one of said battens comprising an imbedded electrical conductor which can be connected to the current source, and the device further comprises means to push the battens towards one another, said means being completely electrically insulated from the conductor while the means for insuring the electrical contact between the conductor and the plate are comprised of projections extending from that side facing the other batten of the first-mentioned batten with the electrical conductor, said projections contacting the conductor and passing cross-wise through said batten insulation, said projections engaging the plate when clamping said plate between both battens.

Abstract: An electrode for aluminum reduction cells wherein an electrode base, at least in that portion which is brought into contact with a molten salt bath, is coated with a composition comprising at least 50% by weight of electronic conductive oxide ceramics, or said portion of the electrode is made of said composition.

Abstract: An electrode for use in electric prevention for corrosion, the electrode comprising a sintered body of a mixture of iron oxide of 90 to 55 mol % in terms of Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 and a metal oxide of 10 to 45 mol % in terms of MO (M is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Mn, Ni, Co, Cu and Zn), and a process of electric prevention for corrosion by using said electrode as an anode.

Abstract: Novel bismuth-rich pyrochlore-type compounds are described having the formula:Bi.sub.2 [M.sub.2-x Bi.sub.x ]O.sub.7-ywherein M is selected from the group consisting of Ru, Ir and mixtures thereof and wherein x is greater than zero and less than or equal to about 1.0 and y is greater than or equal to zero and less than or equal to about 1.0. Electrochemical devices containing these compounds as electrocatalyst materials for oxygen electrodes are also described.

Abstract: A composite electrode especially suitable for electrowinning processes comprising an electrically conductive substrate having on at least a part of its surface a multilayer coating, said coating comprising:(a) a barrier layer directly on the substrate;(b) a ruthenium dioxide-containing non-electrodeposited surface layer; and(c) between the barrier layer and the surface layer, an intermediate layer consisting of an electroplated ruthenium-iridium deposit, said ruthenium-iridium deposit being at least partially in an oxidized state.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for generating hydrogen through the electrolysis of water or aqueous solutions, wherein a cathode material is used which binds hydrogen to its surface in a potential range which is more positive than the reversible hydrogen potential, or which incorporates the hydrogen into its crystal lattice; subsequently, the bound hydrogen is liberated from the cathode material through supply of thermal energy.

Abstract: Decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen by sunlight is accomplished by using a rhodate p-type semiconductor as cathode and an n-type semiconductor or a metal as anode. A cell exposed to sunlight using a rhodate cathode and an n-type TiO.sub.2 anode decomposes the contained water and also generates electric power.

Abstract: The invention relates to mixed oxides of the spinel type or of similar structure, containing a quantity of boron adapted to reduce the electrical resistance of the oxide by a factor of at least 1000 calculated on the corresponding compound without boron, some of the preferred compounds being selected from compounds of the formulae Co.sub.x Fe.sub.3-x O.sub.n and Co.sub.x Ni.sub.3-x O.sub.n, wherein x is between 0.05 and 3, n is between 3 and 5, containing from 0.05 to 20 atom per cent boron calculated on the mixed oxides, wherein part of the Co,Ni. or Fe may be substituted by an equivalent quantity of magnesium or calcium, said compounds being optionally doped with lithium; electrocatalytically active electrodes made from such compounds and electrical cells containing such electrodes.

Abstract: Novel electrodes for electrochemical reactions in an electrolytic medium, wherein the active surface layer of the electrode contains an electrocatalytically effective amount of germanium disulfide. The electrodes can be used in electrochemical cells as the catalytic substrates for oxygen evolution, e.g. oxygen evolution anodes in metal electrowinning, or for the conversion of molecular oxygen to an ionized species as in fuel cells.

Abstract: A process for the transfer of hydrogen to or from an organic compound comprises introducing the organic compound into an electrolysis cell containing an aqueous electrolyte and at least one working electrode consisting of a metal hydride and a counterelectrode spaced from the working electrode. An electrolysis current is passed through the cell to remove hydrogen from the metal hydride or introduce hydrogen to the metal hydride in equilibrium with the reaction with the organic compound so that evolution of gaseous hydrogen is prevented. The metal hydride consists of a first component selected from the group of titanium, zirconium, lanthanum and palladium and at least one second component selected from the group which consists of iron, nickel, cobalt, copper, chromium, manganese, vanadium, niobium and silver.

Abstract: The improved self-supporting electrode of the present invention comprises a uniform mixture of cuprous chloride, preferably in major proportion and silver chloride, preferably in minor proportion. The electrode may also include a minor proportion of copper metal uniformly dispersed therein. The electrode is primarily used as a cathode, particularly in cells employing sea water as the electrolyte. The cathode preferably is formed by mixing the ingredients together and melting at least the cuprous chloride and silver chloride of the mixture and then casting the mixture and solidifying it so as to cause it to adhere to a current collector such as expanded copper metal. The current collector preferably is at or near the surface of the electrode and helps to support the electrode. The electrode is less expensive than one fabricated solely of silver chloride and yet is more resistant to degradation by humidity and has better electrical properties than conventional cuprous chloride electrodes.

Abstract: A hydrogen evolution cathode for electrochemical reactions consists of a body formed of a powdered electrically conductive material embedded in a cured thermosetting resin and having a cathodically operative surface enriched with powder of a hydrogen evolution catalyst, the powdered conductive material preventing the diffusion of atomic hydrogen through the cathode body. The cathode may be incorporated in a bipolar electrode by bonding it to a thin sheet of valve metal coated with an anodic electrocatalytic material, the body being advantageously extended by projecting parts of electrically insulating cured resin.

Abstract: An inexpensive anode coating for an electrolytic cell, having an outstanding stability and causing only a slight over-voltage, is provided. This anode coating is deposited on a valve metal and comprises a composition of cobalt oxide and titanium bronze, having the insertion of an alkali metal. The coating anode is useful in the electrolysis of alkali halides.

Abstract: Electrodes of a metal selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, nickel, manganese, chromium and alloys thereof having a conductive coating of selenium and/or tellurium, in oxidized form, are suitable for use as oxygen electrodes and have enhanced catalytic activity for oxygen evolution in neutral, acidic and alkaline media.

Abstract: Novel sintered electrodes consisting essentially of 40 to 90% by weight of at least one valve metal boride, 5 to 40% by weight of silicon carbide and 5 to 40% by weight of carbon useful for electrolysis reactions, particularly electrolysis of halide ions to the corresponding halogen and to a novel electrolytic cell, a novel bipolar electrode and to a novel process for effecting the electrochemical processes, particularly electrolysis of molten metal halides.

Abstract: A novel cathode is provided which comprises a porous titanium sheet having a cathodic exposed surface of hydrided titanium, preferably where the core of the sheet is of less porosity or higher density than the surface. The hydrided surface of the cathode may include a coating of silver thereon and therein within the pores, or the hydrided surface of the cathode, either as such or one provided with the silver coating may further include a coating of MoS.sub.2 thereon and therein within the pores. Such cathode can be either a monopolar or a bipolar electrode. The core of the cathode is of low porosity to provide improved current transfer and has a surface area of large pore size to enable low cathodic overvoltage.

Abstract: A novel electrode is provided which comprises a porous titanium sheet having a cathode exposed surface which may be untreated titanium or hydrided titanium, and a core of a dense (e.g. expanded) titanium material (e.g. sheet) which is of less porosity or higher density than the surface, the core extending beyond the cathodic surface to provide an anodic member, or a means for connection for current transfer. The cathodic element may include a coating of silver thereon and therein within the pores, or the hydrided surface of the cathode, either as such or one provided with the silver coating may further include a coating of MoS.sub.2 thereon and therein within the pores. The exposed cathodic surface of the electrode is of large pore size to enable low cathodic overvoltage. The extending anodic element is coated (e.g. with platinum) to provide the anodic function.

Abstract: An electrode is described which is comprised of an electroconductive substrate having an exterior surface of perovskite of the emperical formulaA A' B 0.sub.3 (I)a. wherein A is lanthanum,B. wherein A' is an alkaline earth metal selected from the group consisting of calcium, strontium, barium, and mixtures thereof,C. wherein B is a transition metal selected from the group consisting of cobalt, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, manganese, iron, nickel, rhenium, uranium, and mixtures thereof,D. wherein the atomic ratio of A:A' is in the range from about 0.05:1 to about 0.95:1,E. wherein the valence of A + A' + B = 6,f. wherein said electrode has a resistivity preferably less than about 10 milliohm-centimeters.sup.-1, andG. wherein said perovskite is substantially insoluble in the electrolyte contacting said electrode under typical conditions of electrolysis.

Abstract: Novel electrodes consisting essentially of a valve metal base or other electrically conductive material which is corrosion-resistant to the anodic conditions having on at least a portion of its outer surface an electrocatalytic coating of .beta.-manganese dioxide chemi-deposited by thermal decomposition of an alcoholic solution of manganese nitrate which are useful in electrolysis processes in which oxygen is formed at the anode such as electrowinning of metals from sulfuric acid solution or in the electrolytic production of perchlorates. Also included are electrodes where the .beta.-manganese dioxide coating is activated by doping with up to 5% by weight of at least one metal of the groups IB, IIB, IVA, VA, VB, VIB, VIIB, and VIII of the Periodic Table excluding the platinum group metals, gold and silver or activated by irradiation of the .beta.-manganese dioxide coating and/or stabilized by the addition of up to 20% by weight of silicon dioxide, tin dioxide or .beta.

Abstract: An anode for electrochemical processes comprises a basis metal and a new electrochemical active substance for the cover layer, which substance is thallium palladate having the formula TlPd.sub.3 O.sub.4.

Abstract: Disclosed is a novel lead dioxide electrode excellent in shock-resistance, chemical-resistance and electrical conductivity, which has as the electrode proper at least one set of double layer consisting of an .alpha.-lead dioxide layer and a .beta.-lead dioxide layer.

Abstract: An anode for electrochemical processes consists of an electrode base plate of a metal which can be passivated electrochemically, a protective layer deposited thereon, and a further layer, consisting of manganese dioxide. The protective layer consists of the nitride of the metal of the electrode base plate.

Abstract: A cathodic protection electrode is mounted in an iron bushing by way of a ring of alumina or forsterite, the bushing being mounted in a glass-lined metallic vessel, such as a water heater. The electrode comprises a solid solution of MFe.sub.2 O.sub.4 (wherein M is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Mn, Ni, Co, Mg, Cu and Zn) of 0.15 to 87.1 mol%, and Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4 of 99.85 to 12.9 mol%.

Abstract: A method of electrowinning metals in which the anode comprises a foraminate container containing particulate material chosen from the group electrically conducting non-polarizing compound of a metal and a non-metallic element.

Abstract: Disclosed is an anode assembly for electrolytic cells. The anode assembly includes a plurality of parallel silicon anode blades. Between each pair of silicon anode blades are electrolyte-resistant spacers and flexible gaskets with at least one flexible gasket being interposed between the spacer and the silicon anode adjacent thereto and at least one flexible gasket being interposed between the opposite surface of the spacer and the silicon anode adjacent thereto. The anode assembly further includes compressive means passing through each of the silicon anodes, through the flexible gaskets, and through the spacers, providing a compressive force thereon, and this way providing an electrolyte tight seal between the anodes, the flexible gaskets, and the spacers, and this way providing an electrolyte tight wall having silicon anodes extending therefrom.

Abstract: Electrode for electrochemical processes has a base formed of passivatable material, and a covering layer of activating substance at least partly covering the base, the material of the base consisting of titanium oxide TiO.sub.x, wherein x = 0.25 to 1.50; and method of producing the same.

Abstract: Recovery of copper and/or other metal values from pregnant, highly dilute liquors and conversion of the barren liquor to a suitable lixiviant; for recovery of copper or other metal values from leaching systems, such as acid treatment of mine waste dumps, vat or heap leaching and insitu mining as part of an overall copper recovery process.

Abstract: A method for, and product produced by, electrodeposition of lead dioxide on a substrate anode from electrolyte containing lead nitrate and free nitric acid, wherein the free nitric acid concentration in the electrolyte is maintained at about 90 to about 125 grams per liter, to substantially eliminate the concurrent electrodeposition of lead monoxide onto the substrate. Anodes so produced are useful in electrowinning processes for recovering metals from metal ores.

Abstract: An electrode, for use in electrolytic processes, especially as an anode for use in the electrolysis of aqueous solutions of alkali metal halides, comprises a valve metal substrate coated on at least a portion of the surface thereof with a mixed oxide of hafnium and ruthenium wherein the molar ratio of ruthenium:hafnium is from about 0.25 to about 4.0.

Abstract: A novel electrode for an electrolytic cell is provided which electrode is characterized in that it comprises at least one compound of perovskite structure, of the general formula:(M.sub.1 .sub.- x M'.sub.x) Co O.sub.3wherein M is an ion of a metal from the group comprising yttrium and lanthanides, M' is an ion of a metal chosen from the group comprising ruthenium, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, lead and palladium, and x is less than 1. The electrode is particularly suitable as an anode during electrolysis of alkali-metal halides.

Abstract: A process for metalizing a non-conductive substrate wherein the substrate is coated with an organic polymer-carbon black mixture, having a volume resistivity of less than about 1000 ohm-centimeters, the surface of the mixture is caused to contain sulfur and the thus treated substrate is placed as a cathode in a nickel, cobalt or iron plating bath to cause a rapid spread of metal across the thus treated surface.

Abstract: An electrode having a lead dioxide coat electrodeposited on a porous ceramic substrate is manufactured by soaking a porous ceramic substrate in an aqueous lead (II) salt solution and thereby allowing lead oxide to be deposited in the porous surface layer and on the surface of the substrate thereafter soaking said porous ceramic substrate in a persulfate solution to cause oxidation of the lead oxide so deposited therein and thereon and effecting electrolysis in an aqueous lead (II) salt solution by using said lead dioxide-coated substrate as the anode and the aqueous solution as the electrolyte and thereby causing lead dioxide to the additionally electrodeposited on said lead dioxide coat.The electrode manufactured as described above excels in corrosion-resisting property and therefore proves quite advantageous as an electrode for use in the electrolysis of aqueous solutions.

Abstract: A cathode adapted for the electrolysis of water or an aqueous alkali metal halide salt solutions because it gives prolonged lowering of hydrogen overvoltage is provided by an electrically conductive substrate bearing on its surface a coating of a melt-sprayed admixture of particulate cobalt and particulate zirconia.

Abstract: Preparation and use of a new electrochemical active substance for the cover layer of metal anodes, which substance is thallium palladate and is obtained as a cardinal-red compound, which is cubic-face-centered, sufficiently characterized in pure crystalline form and, thus, constitutes a new electrochemical active substance for the cover layer of metal anodes.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of electrolyzing an aqueous alkali metal chloride, which method comprises passing an electrolytic current from an anode of an electrolytic cell through an alkali metal chloride electrolyte to a cathode of the cell, evolving chlorine at the anode and hydrogen at the cathode. The method is characterized by the use of a cathode having a layer of an oxy-compound of a platinum group metal and an alkaline earth metal on an electroconductive cathode substrate.

Abstract: Process for operating a cell for the electrolysis of a molten charge, in particular aluminum oxide, with one or more anodes, the working surfaces of which are of ceramic oxide material, and anode for carrying out the process.In the process a current density above a minimum value is maintained over the whole anode surface which comes into contact with the molten electrolyte. An anode for carrying out the process is provided at least in the region of the interface between electrolyte and surrounding atmosphere, the three phase zone, with a protective ring of electrically insulating material which is resistant to attack by the electrolyte. The anode may be fitted with a current distributor for attaining a better current distribution.