Abstract: A lead anode for electrowinning cells in which the anode is in the form of rods reinforced with a core of titanium or other strengthening material.

Abstract: Hydrogen is generated from water containing acid by passing electric current through it, using as the cathode a semiconductor exposed to light and having a transition metal metallocenophane compound attached to the surface of the cathode by means of a polymer.

Abstract: TiB.sub.2 -carbon composites are produced by mixing the raw materials comprised of carbon, TiB.sub.2, pitch, and other reactants, forming a shaped article, processing in a nitrogen atmosphere up to 2100.degree. C., and in a noble gas above 2100.degree. C.

Abstract: This disclosure is directed to a gas diffusion electrode, e.g., an oxygen (air) electrode, having a conductive, porous, sintered, plaque metal substrate containing generally spherically-shaped anchor site depressions on its active layer-contacting surface; an active layer containing catalyzed or uncatalyzed carbon particles and whose plaque-contacting surface includes anchor portions which interlock with the anchor site depressions and assist in securing the active layer to the plaque substrate, and a hydrophobic backing (wetproofing) layer in contact with the other surface of the active layer. The plaque is made by forming, e.g., by rolling or pressing, the metal powder, preferably silver, containing particulate extractable material on one face or surface thereof into a thin plaque; sintering the plaque containing the extractable material at temperatures of from about 1000.degree. to about 1300.degree. F.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell is provided suitable for chloralkali electrolysis comprising a housing; an anolyte chamber in the housing; an anode disposed within the anolyte chamber; at least one cathode spaced from the anode with at least one portion of the cathode being adjacent said anolyte chamber, the cathode including a cathode chamber, means to supply and remove oxygen and remove alkali hydroxide catholyte from the cathode chamber; and a multi-layer wall defining a boundary between the anolyte chamber and the interior of the cathode chamber comprising a permeable separator material adjacent the anolyte chamber, a foraminous electrically conductive supporting material adjacent the interior of the cathode chamber, and at least partially hydrophobic electrocatalytically active material suitable for the reduction of oxygen adjacent the separator material and the supporting material.

Abstract: A solid cathode in a fused salt electrolytic cell for the production of aluminum is made up of individually exchangeable elements (10). These cathode elements are made up of two parts which are rigidly joined together and which are resistant to thermal shock. The upper part (12) which projects from the molten electrolyte (30) into the precipitated aluminum (26), or the coating on this part (12), is made of a material which, at working temperature, is a good electrical conductor, is chemically resistant and is wet by aluminum. The lower part (14,16), which is exclusively in the liquid aluminum (26), or the coating on this part (14,16) is on the other hand made of an insulating material which can withstand molten aluminum.

Abstract: A cathode component for a Hall aluminum cell is economically produced from a mixture of a carbon source, preferably calcined petroleum coke, and optionally calcined acicular needle petroleum coke, calcined anthracite coal; a binder such as pitch including the various petroleum and coal tar pitches; titanium dioxide, TiO.sub.2 ; and boric acid, B.sub.2 O.sub.3 or boron carbide, B.sub.4 C; forming said mixture into shapes and heating to a TiB.sub.2 -forming temperature.

Abstract: An uncoated ceramic anode comprising titanium having a formal valence of +4; titanium having a formal valence of +3; and a dopant which prevents at least a portion of the titanium +3 from converting to titanium +4 when the ceramic anode is at operating cell conditions. The ceramic anode may have an electrically conductive substance enclosed in its interior. The substance serves to transfer electrical energy from a power source to the ceramic member. These anodes are particularly useful when used in molten salt electrolytic cells because they give good electrolytic production rates while demonstrating exceptionally low wear rates.

Abstract: Electroconductive substrates are coated with an interface layer and then with cobalt oxide spinels conforming substantially to the empirical formulaM.sub.x Z.sub.y Co.sub.3-(x+y) O.sub.4where M represents at least one metal from the Groups IB, IIA, IIB, where Z represents at least one metal from Group IA where x is equal to or greater than zero but not greater than 1, where y is equal to or greater than zero but not greater than 0.5, and where (x plus 2y) is equal to or greater than zero but not greater than 1. The composites are prepared by thermally oxidizing metal oxide precursors in-situ on the substrate, including, optionally, modifier metal oxide materials as a separate dispersed phase in the contiguous spinel structure. The interface layer comprises at least one oxide of Pb, Sn, Sb, Al, In, or mixtures of these.

Abstract: Electroconductive substrates are coated with substituted cobalt oxide spinels conforming substantially to the empirical formulaM.sub.x Z.sub.y Co.sub.3-(x+y) O.sub.4where M and Z each represent at least one metal from the Groups IB, IIA, IIB, where x and y each, independently are values greater than zero but less than 1, and where x plus y is not greater than 1. The composites are prepared by thermally oxidizing metal oxide precursors in-situ on the substrate, including, optionally, modifier metal oxide materials as a separate dispersed phase in the contiguous spinel structure. The composites are useful, e.g., as an anode material in an electrolytic cell.

Abstract: Electroconductive substrates are coated with substituted cobalt oxide spinels conforming substantial to the empirical formulaM.sub.x Z.sub.y Co.sub.3-(x+y) O.sub.4where M comprises at least one metal from the Groups IB, IIA, IIB, where Z comprises at least one metal from Group IA, where x is equal to or greater than zero but less than one, where y is greater than zero but not greater than 0.5, and where x plus 2y is not greater than 1. The composites are prepared by thermally oxidizing metal oxide precursors in-situ on the substrate, including, optionally, modifier metal oxide materials as a separate dispersed phase in the continuous spinel structure.

Abstract: This disclosure is directed to operating gas electrodes, e.g., oxygen (air) cathodes at "blow-through" pressures of oxygen-containing gas, viz., oxygen or air pressures exceeding the pressure(s) at which bubble-through of such gas occurs, which pressures result in savings due to reduced cathode potential (voltage) during operation. Depending upon the specific oxygen (air) cathode employed, the pressures required to obtain blow-through can vary widely. Usually, however, oxygen (air) pressures of 2 to 15 psig are satisfactory to accomplish blow-through.

Abstract: A low polarization electrode which is stable and safe to use, is manufactured by forming a layer of divided nickel or nickel alloy on an electricity-conducting substrate and thereafter sulfiding the surface of the resultant material. For example, a Raney nickel alloy is deposited on the substrate, the alloy metal is removed and the resultant material is sulfided.

Abstract: A gas generating apparatus and method is described which utilizes a novel catalytic halogen evolving electrode for electrochemical systems, such as an electrolysis cell for the generation of chlorine. The electrochemical cells include a catalytic cathode and an improved catalytic anode positioned on opposite sides of, and bonded to, a solid polymer electrolyte membrane. A source of direct current potential between the cathode and the anode and means for removing gas from at least one of the electrodes are provided. The improved catalytic anode is an alloy of ruthenium oxide and manganese oxide.

Abstract: An anode assembly for a fused bath cell. The steel stud has an intermediate coating between it and the carbon anode body of a corrosion resistant material of titanium diboride, zirconium diboride, titanium carbide or zirconium carbide. The coating may contain molybdenum disilicide.

Abstract: An insoluble anode for generating oxygen which comprises a substrate made of titanium or an alloy thereof, a first coating on said substrate which is made of metallic bismuth or bismuth oxides, and a second coating on said first coating which is made of metallic iridium and iridium dioxide, has greatly improved durability and permits use for a long period of time.

Abstract: The invention is directed to cathode modules comprised of refractory hard metal materials, such as TiB.sub.2, for an electrolytic cell for the reduction of alumina wherein the modules may be installed and replaced during operation of the cell and wherein the structure of the cathode modules is such that the refractory hard metal materials are not subjected to externally applied forces or rigid constraints.

Abstract: A flow-by anode is disclosed made by preparing a liquid suspension of about to about 18% by weight solids, the solids comprising about 3.5 to about 8% of a powdered catalyst of platinum, palladium, palladium oxide, or mixtures thereof; about 60 to about 76% carbon powder (support) having a particle size less than about 20 m.mu.m and about 20 to about 33% of an inert binder having a particle size of less than about 500 m.mu.m. A sufficient amount of the suspension is poured over a carbon cloth to form a layer of solids about 0.01 to about 0.05 cm thick on the carbon cloth when the electrode is completed. A vacuum was applied to the opposite side of the carbon cloth to remove the liquid and the catalyst layer/cloth assembly is dried and compressed at about 10 to about 50 MPa's. The binder is then sintered in an inert atmosphere to complete the electrode. The electrode is used for the oxidation of sulfur dioxide in a sulfur based hybrid cycle for the decomposition of water.

Abstract: An electrode boiler containing an aqueous electrolyte is provided with a pair of spaced electrodes immersed in the electrolyte and connected to an AC power source. Each electrode comprises an electrically conductive metal substrate having adhered to one face thereof a microporous electrochemically active mass comprising a reversible electrode couple covering essentially the entire face and being present in such quantity that at least some of each member of the electrode couple is present at all times during use. The electrodes are arranged with the active masses facing each other and in contact with the electrolyte. The electrode couple consists essentially of a material which is electrochemically reversibly oxidized and reduced in response to alternating current flow therethrough from one electrode to the other; thereby allowing high current density use without promoting corrosion or erosion of the electrodes.

Abstract: An anode is provided for use in the electrolytic deposition of aluminum at low temperatures in which the anode is the sole source of aluminum and comprises a composite mixture of an aluminous material such as aluminum oxide and a reducing agent such as carbon. Conductor means of higher electrical conductivity than the anodic mixture are provided to conduct substantially the entire anodic current to the active anode surface thereby reducing the voltage drop through the highly resistive composite mixture. The conductors may be of aluminum and sized to melt back at substantially the same rate at which the mixture is consumed. The mixture may be employed in a self-baking mode or be pre-baked. Alternatively, the mixture may be in a particulate form and contained within a porous membrane which passes the electrolyte or other dissolved material while withholding undissolved impurities. The membrane may be used with a conductor to provide bipolar electrode faces.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell comprises two or more units wherein each unit comprises a gas and liquid permeable anode is closely brought into contact with one surface of a cation exchange membrane and a gas and liquid permeable cathode which is closely brought into contact with the other surface of the membrane; a gas and liquid permeable current collector which is closely brought into contact with a back surface of said anode; a gas and liquid permeable current collector which is closely brought into contact with a back surface of said cathode. A partition wall made of a cathode side conductor and an anode side conductor is used to contact said cathode side conductor with a current collector contacting with a cathode and to contact said anode side conductor with a current collector contacting with an anode and an electrolyte solution is fed into said current collector contacting with said anode and an electrolyzed solution is discharged from said current collector contacting with said cathode.

Abstract: Disclosed is a solid polymer electrolyte electrolytic cell having a fluorinated carboxylic acid permionic membrane with anodic catalyst embedded in a hydrophobic film on the permionic membrane. The anodic catalyst may be particulate.Also disclosed is a solid polymer electrolyte electrolytic cell having a transition metal boride cathode catalyst.Additionally, there is disclosed a solid polymer electrolyte electrolytic cell having resilient, removable current collector means.

Abstract: The invention comprises an improved cathode for a chloralkali cell having grains of alpha-iron adherent to the surface of the cathode, and a process for making the cathode which comprises depositing grains of alpha-iron onto the surface of an electrically conductive cathode substrate in an electrical cell. The invention also provides a method for lowering the operating voltage of a chloralkali electrolysis cell which comprises adding iron particles to the cathode compartment of the cell.

Abstract: This invention concerns cathodes for alumina reduction cells, particularly drained cathodes, which present a refractory surface for contacting molten aluminum on the cell floor. This invention also concerns materials for constructing such cathodes.The cathodes described comprise a carbonaceous bed, preferably a graphite bed, and a composite tile. This tile is characterized by a layer of a refractory hard metal (RHM) material bonded to a base layer of a graphitic material, where the RHM layer comprises a hot pressed mixture of titanium diboride and aluminum nitride powders. The tile is further characterized by the bond between the RHM layer and the graphitic base layer, such bond having been produced simultaneously as the RHM layer is formed by hot pressing the mixture of titanium diboride and aluminum nitride powders directly against the graphitic base layer.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of forming a cathode by electroplating a sacrificial metal and a catalytic metal from an electroplating solution onto an electroconductive substrate. Initial electrodeposition is carried out at a high temperature to preferentially electroplate the catalytic metal, the electroplating solution is then cooled, and thereafter the electrodeposition is carried out at a lower temperature to codeposit sacrificial metal and catalytic metal. Also disclosed is an electrode prepared thereby.

Abstract: An electrode comprising a current-conducting base having deposited thereon an active mass of the following composition, in percent by mass:______________________________________ silica 10-90 platinum group metal oxides 5-45 oxides of passivating metals 5-45. ______________________________________The electrode of this invention is useful as anodes in the production of chlorine and caustic soda, as well as in electrolytic processes of producing chlorates and hyperchlorites.

Abstract: An improved electrode for the electrolysis of water comprising a porous sinter plate of titanium or a titanium alloy having on one surface a coating of a finely divided catalyst comprising a mixture of ruthenium oxide and iridium oxide. In a preferred embodiment, the electrode has on its outer margin a dense, non-porous zone having a smooth appearance.

Abstract: Conjugated polymers are doped with dopant ions to a preselected room temperature electrical conductivity ranging from that characteristic of semiconductor behavior to that characteristic of metallic behavior, by means of an electrochemical procedure wherein the polymer is employed as one or both of the electrodes of an electrolytic cell, including as the electrolyte a compound which is ionizable into the dopant ions. Upon electrolysis of the electrolyte, the polymer, if used as the anode, becomes doped with anionic dopant ions to a p-type material; or if used as the cathode, becomes doped with cationic dopant ions to an n-type material.The above-described electrochemical doping procedure finds particularly useful application in the charging of novel secondary batteries in which a doped conjugated polymer is employed as one or both of the electrodes. Such secondary batteries, in their charged state, comprise a metal whose Pauling electronegativity value is no greater than 1.

Abstract: A gas generating apparatus and method is described which utilizes a novel catalytic oxygen evolving electrode for such electrochemical systems as electrolysis cells and oxygen concentration cells. The electrochemical cells include a catalytic cathode and an improved catalytic anode positioned on opposite sides of, and in electrical contact with, a cation exchange membrane. A source of direct current potential between the cathode and the anode and means for removing gas from at least one of the electrodes are provided. The improved catalytic anode is a ternary platinum group reduced metal oxide alone or in combination with platinum group metals and/or platinum group metal oxides or mixtures of the foregoing having at least one valve metal component such as titanium, hafnium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, and tungsten.

Abstract: An improved electrode is disclosed for the anode in a sulfur cycle hydrogen generation process where sulfur dioxie is oxidized to form sulfuric acid at the anode. The active compound in the electrode is palladium, palladium oxide, an alloy of palladium, or a mixture thereof. The active compound may be deposited on a porous, stable, conductive substrate.

Abstract: Novel electrodes comprising a body formed of a sintered mixture of powders of at least one film-forming metallic material and at least one additive metal selected from the group consisting of Cr, Mn, Re, Fe, Co, Ni, Ca, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Ge, Sn, Pb, La and the lanthanide series of the Periodic Table and oxides, metallates and intermetallates thereof and their preparation and electrolysis cells containing the said electrodes as the anode thereof and electrolysis processes using the said electrodes as anodes.

Abstract: Activated cathode for use in aqueous solution electrolysis comprises (a) a base plate made of a metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, tantalum, zirconium, niobium or an alloy essentially consisting of combination of those metals and (b) a metal oxide layer formed on the surface of the base plate, said metal oxide essentially consisting of an oxide of one or more metal elements selected from the group consisting of ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum in the groups VIII--5 and VIII--6 of the periodic table and if necessary, (c) an oxide of one or more metal elements selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, strontium, barium and zinc in the group II and chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, selenium and tellurium in the group VI.

Abstract: A gas and liquid permeable cathode is bonded on an ion-exchange membrane and the composite electrode is used in an electrolytic cell for a production of sodium hydroxide by an electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride. The cathode comprises a thermally decomposed nickel obtained from a nickel salt of fatty acid, Raney nickel, stabilized Raney nickel or carbonyl nickel and a polytetrafluoroethylene.

Abstract: A composite graphite-resin porous electrode structure is made by intimately mixing powdered graphite with the resin monomers and partially polymerizing and grinding the mixture before forming a moulding composition by adding a pore-forming agent removable by decomposition or leaching to form uniformly-sized pores. A catalyst for the electrode reaction is incorporated in the electrode with the pore-forming agent or in a thin layer during moulding and an electrically-conductive strengthening element which acts as a rheophore is also incorporated during moulding. Layers having different pore sizes may be formed and a water-repellent film is applied to one face of the electrode.

Abstract: A gas generating apparatus and method is described which utilizes a novel catalytic oxygen evolving electrode for electrochemical systems, such as an electrolysis cell for the generation of oxygen. The electrochemical cells include a catalytic cathode and an improved catalytic anode positioned on opposite sides of, and bonded to, a solid polymer electrolyte membrane. A source of direct current potential between the cathode and the anode and means for removing gas from at least one of the electrodes are provided. The improved catalytic anode is an alloy of ruthenium oxide and manganese oxide.

Abstract: The quantitative analysis of strong reducing agents is determined by measuring the electrode potential created by an oxidation-reduction reaction occurring at an electrode assembly having an active electrode formed from a mixture of finely divided platinum and platinum oxide. The electrode assembly has been found to be particularly sensitive in determining the concentration of hydrazine and hydrazine containing compounds.

Abstract: PCT No. PCT/EP79/00020 Sec. 371 Date Nov. 28, 1979 Sec. 102(e) Date Nov. 26, 2979 PCT Filed Mar. 27, 1979 PCT Pub. No. WO79/00840 PCT Pub. Date Oct. 18, 1979An electrode for electrolytic processes such as the recovery of uranium dioxide from seawater comprises an electrically-conductive corrosion-resistant substrate having an electrocatalytic coating which is preferably a mixture of 30 to 80 parts by weight of platinum, 20 to 70 parts by weight (as Mn metal) of .beta.--MnO.sub.2 and 2 to 10 parts by weight (as Sn metal) of tin dioxide.

Abstract: Electrodes with porous coatings are produced using an inorganic compound which is soluble in an aqueous solution, as the pore former in the coating. The inorganic pore former may be removed from the coating while the electrode is being used in an electrolytic cell without contaminating the electrolyte. Such electrodes are particularly useful in electrolytic cells, wherein they operate at a significantly lower voltage and have a longer life span than conventional electrodes.

Abstract: In chlor-alkali cells, the cathode may consist of a nickel screen carrying 15.6 mg Co.sub.2 NiS.sub.4 bonded by 4.4 mg polytetrafluoroethylene per cm.sup.2.

Abstract: This invention relates to a material for the manufacture of porous electrodes for electrochemical high temperature cells and measuring sondes having oxygen ion-conducting solid electrolytes based on zirconium dioxide or cerium dioxide, comprising an admixture of mixed oxides having a perovskite structure based on LaMnO.sub.3 or LaNiO.sub.3 or LaCoO.sub.3, and small amounts of chromium and monovalent or bivalent cations selected from the group of the alkali elements or the alkaline earth elements or of Zn, Cd, Mg, Sn, or Pb. The invention also relates to a process for the manufacture of electrode material.

Abstract: Electrodes for electrolytic processes comprise an electrically-conductive and corrosion-resistant substrate, having a coating thereon which contains a solid solution of tin dioxide and bismuth trioxide, preferably in a ratio of 9:1 to 4:1 by weight of the respective metals. This solid solution may form the active coating or an intermediate layer covered with other electrocatalytic materials or may be included in a multi-component coating having selective properties for halogen evolution and oxygen inhibition.

Abstract: Porous electrode bodies are effectively provided with efficient internal surface deposits of manganese oxide(s) catalyst formations by decomposition, under an atmosphere that can either be oxidizing, reducing or inert in nature, at an elevated temperature of a pre-applied anionic manganese salt reagent (notably manganese nitrate but also certain carboxylic acid salts of manganese, etc.) in order to chemically decompose the reagent to advantageous manganese oxide forms within the body pores. Exposure to a reducing environment after catalyst deposition ameliorates the provided catalyst structure by rendering therein more electrocatalytically active variations of the emplaced manganese oxides. Highly reliable and satisfactory electrode products particularly well suited for use as depolarized cathodes, especially in chlor-alkali cells, are obtained from the treatment.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell for the conversion of water vapor to oxygen and hydrogen included an anode comprising a foraminous conductive metal base member having a coating thereon of 65-85 weight percent iridium oxide and 15-35 weight percent of a high temperature resin binder. Also included are a matrix member and a cathode, with the matrix member containing an electrolyte and the cathode being substantially inert to the electrolyte. The foraminous metal member is most desirably expanded tantalum mesh, and the cell desirably includes reservoir elements of porous sintered metal in contact with the anode to receive and discharge electrolyte to the matrix member as required.

Abstract: A relatively-massive dual porosity gas electrode particularly well suited and adapted for utilization as a vertically-disposed oxygen gas-bearing electrochemically reducing cathode in electrolytic cells wherein, for efficient and practical, commercially-large-scale-output operations, there are required to be employed substantial electrolyte liquid depths creating considerable head pressures generally greater than at least about 1 psi (ca. 0.69 dynes/cm.sup.

Abstract: It is possible to significantly increase the efficiency of the electrolysis of water into hydrogen and oxygen while maintaining stability of the anode. This efficiency increase is obtained by using an iridium oxide anode which is produced by vacuum deposition techniques.

Abstract: An electrode for electrochemical processes comprises an electrically conductive base topped with a layer of active compound composed of, wt %:______________________________________ metal oxide from the platium group 5-45 at least one metal oxide from the iron and manganese group 19-94.9 boron oxide 0.1-50 ______________________________________A method of fabricating the electrode for electrochemical processes involves deposition of an active compound on an electrically conductive base, the steps comprised in the procedure being application thereto of a solution made up of a thermally decomposed boric compound, at least one thermally decomposed metal compound from the iron and manganese group, and at least one thermally decomposed metal compound from the platinum group, and thermal treatment of said base at a temperature of 360.degree. to 500.degree. C.

Abstract: Porous electrode bodies are effectively provided with efficient internal surface deposits of manganese oxide(s) catalyst formations by decomposition in an oxidizing atmosphere at an elevated temperature of a pre-applied inorganic permanganate salt reagent (notably potassium permanganate) in order to chemically decompose the reagent to advantageous manganese oxide forms within the body pores. Exposure to a reducing environment after catalyst deposition ameliorates the provided catalyst structure by rendering therein more electrocatalytically active variations of the emplaced manganese oxides. Highly reliable and satisfactory electrode products particularly well suited for use as depolarized cathodes, especially in chlor-alkali cells, are obtained from the treatment.

Abstract: Sintered electrode especially for use in electrowinning formed of a corrosion-resistant carrier consisting at least in part of sintered TiO.sub.x, wherein x=0.25 to 1.5, and a coating of manganese dioxide covering at least part of the surface of the carrier.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a cathode having characterized by containing a major portion of nickel and a hydrogen overvoltage reducing amount of a second transition metal. Also disclosed is an electrolytic cell having an anode, a cathode, and a separator between the anode and cathode, where the cathode is characterized by a porous surface having a major portion of nickel and a hydrogen over voltage reducing amount of a second transition metal.Further disclosed is a method of electrolyzing an alkali metal chloride brine by passing an electrical current from an anode to a cathode to evolve chlorine at the anode where cathode is characterized by a porous surface containing a major portion of nickel and hydrogen overvoltage reducing amount of a second transition metal.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrolytic cell having an anode, a cathode, and a synthetic fluoro-carbon-resin permionic membrane between the anode and cathode. The improvement is characterized by the fluorocarbon-resin permionic membrane being a fluorinated copolymer having carboxylic acid ion exchange groups and the cathode having a catalytic, non-ferrous surface. Also disclosed is a process of producing an alkali metal hydroxide by electrolyzing an aqueous alkali metal chloride brine in an electrolytic cell having the anode separated from a catalytic, non-ferrous cathode by a synthetic fluorocarbon-resin permionic membrane having carboxylic acid ion exchange groups.