Abstract: A bipolar electrode has plate-like anode and cathode parts. The anode and cathode parts are secured together, edge-to-edge, to form a single element in one plane by an intermediate connecting piece. The intermediate connecting piece itself is a composite element having parts of materials which are compatible with the respectively adjacent anode and cathode. The two parts of the composite element are joined together by hot isostatic pressure, explosion-plating or diffusion-welding into the composite body, the resultant composite body then permitting welding of the respective anode and cathode plates to the respective anode part and cathode part of the composite element or body.

Abstract: Wastewater from metal plating operations is treated to remove heavy metal and other contaminants, including toxic organic materials, chelating agents, and cyanide. The wastewater is passed through the cathode and anode of an electrochemical reactor in which the cathode preferably comprises a felt mass of conductive fibers and the anode comprises porous carbon, carbon fibers or metal oxides. A method and apparatus are disclosed which are particularly useful in removing impurities from plating plant wastewater.

Abstract: Cathode for the electrolytic production of hydrogen, having an active surface which comprises a nickel substrate and a coating film of dendrites of nickel or cobalt.This cathode can be used in a cell for the electrolysis of sodium chloride brine.

Abstract: A substantially non-consumable anode used in the production of aluminium from a cryolite-based fused bath containing alumina consists of a sintered self-sustaining ceramic oxide body of spinel structure which is made conductive by selective partial substitution, the introduction of non-stoichiometry or by doping so as to maintain the impurities in the produced aluminium at low levels. Preferred materials are partially-substituted nickel ferrite spinels.

Abstract: In the electromigration process, liquid metal inclusions are migrated into or through bodies of semiconductor material by an electrical potential gradient driving force. The method of this invention provides anode and cathode connections generally useful in the practice of electromigration and connections which are especially useful in circumventing the adverse effects of several types of rectifying junctions encountered in the practice of electromigration.

Abstract: A composition which is particularly suitable for providing cathodic protection of metal structures is disclosed. The composition comprises a major amount of particulate anode material and a minor amount of a thixotropic carrier material. A method of using the composition is disclosed. Also, an apparatus which uses the composition is disclosed.

Abstract: A material for acting as a catalyst for hydrogen evolution in an electrolytic cell is formed from a host matrix including at least one transition element which is structurally modified by incorporating one or more modifier elements at least one of which is a transition element to improve its catalytic properties. The utilization of a disordered material, which can be any of a number of different disordered structures, makes possible the modification of local order chemical environments of the material to create catalytical active sites for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Modifier elements, including for example Ti, Mo, Sr, Si, La, Ce, O and Co, structurally modify the local chemical environments of the host matrix formed of a transition element such as Ni, Mo, or Co to provide a material having an increased density of catalytically active sites which exhibits low overvoltages when utilized as a catalytic material for a electrolyte cell cathode.

Abstract: A catalytic body which is substantially amorphous is formed from at least two materials vacuum deposited on a cool substrate or sprayed on a cool surface to provide a local order non-equilibrium structural configuration. The amorphous body comprises a composition of at least one metal and a second component which maintains the amorphous character of the composition. The body has an increased number and desired type of catalytically active sites. In most applications, the composition includes at least initially a component which is removed by leaching or vaporization to leave a rough surface with a large surface to volume ratio. The resulting composition is sometimes annealed to relax or modify the local structure thereof to provide a more reactive structural configuration. In an electrode form of the invention, the catalytic body is highly conductive, resistant to corrosion and degradation under current reversal and has low overvoltage characteristics when used in electrochemical cells.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell comprising a plurality of anodes and a plurality of cathodes, and a hydraulically impermeable cation-exchange membrane and a gasket of an electrically insulating material positioned between each adjacent anode and cathode to form in the cell a plurality of separate anode and cathode compartments, in which either(a) the cation-exchange membrane is in contact with the anode at least around the periphery of the anode and the gasket is positioned between the membrane and the cathode and abuts onto that part of the membrane which is in contact with the periphery of the anode, or(b) the cation-exchange membrane is in contact with the cathode at least around the periphery of the cathode and the gasket is positioned between the membrane and the anode and abuts onto that part of the membrane which is in contact with the periphery of the cathode.

Abstract: The invention relates to a porous electrode at least containing a porous catalytic layer, which layer at least contains 3-30 parts by weight of mouldable polymeric binder, 50-94 parts by weight of carbon particles and 3-47 parts by weight of hard hydrophobic polymer particles.

Abstract: An electrically conductive substrate is coated with a material containing an unsintered powder of a metal active for electrochemical proton reduction and colloidal silica and the said material is heated on the substrate successively in an oxidizing atmosphere and then in a reducing atmosphere.The electrode may be employed as a cathode for electrolytic production of hydrogen in an alkaline medium.

Abstract: A monolithic bipolar electrode for the production of primary aluminum by molten salt electrolysis is composed of a cermet anodic layer 10, a conductive and diffusion-resistant intermediate layer 14, and a refractory hard metal cathodic layer 20, with the edges covered by an electrolyte-resistant coating. The intermediate conductive layer 14 has a coefficient of thermal expansion intermediate to the anodic and cathodic layers.

Abstract: A gas generating apparatus and method is described which utilizes a novel catalytic oxygen evolving electrode for such electrochemical systems as electrolysis cells and oxygen concentration cells. The electrochemical cells include a catalytic cathode and an improved catalytic anode positioned on opposite sides of, and in electrical contact with, a cation exchange membrane. A source of direct current potential between the cathode and the anode and means for removing gas from at least one of the electrodes are provided. The improved catalytic anode is a ternary platinum group reduced metal oxide alone or in combination with platinum group metals and/or platinum group metal oxides or mixtures of the foregoing having at least one valve metal component such as titanium, hafnium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, and tungsten.

Abstract: A cathodic element for a Hall-Heroult aluminum reduction cell is formed from a refractory hard metal, preferably TiB.sub.2, in a generally mushroom-shaped configuration. The element is economical of raw materials and has improved thermal endurance when compared to a right cylinder or other element of uniform cross-section.

Abstract: Electrolytic cell of single electrode type or multiple electrodes type, which is divided into the anode chamber and the cathode chamber with employing a cation exchange membrane and used for the electrolysis of the aqueous solution of alkali chloride, characterized in comprising(a) anode chamber and cathode chamber,(b) partition having a thickness of less than 6 mm to separate the anode chamber from the cathode chamber,(c) ribs joining the electrode with the partition.

Abstract: A potentiometric flow-through electrode detector for use in high performance liquid chromatography and autoanalyzers. Said detector comprises a metal electrode which has the property that it provides a voltage response to the particular molecule to be detected thereby.

Abstract: An electrode of a metal oxide sintered mass, comprising; a cylindrical hollow body with one end thereof closed; said body being made of the sintered metal oxide; and a core material of a metal member, said core material being inserted into and secured to, by means of bonding agent of a conductive material, said cylindrical body.

Abstract: A reticulate cathode, for use in an electrolytic cell for scavenging a metal from a solution containing ions of the metal, comprising an open cell electrically conductive foam which has been coated with conductive carbon particles. A cathode assembly comprises an electrically conductive support member to which the conductive foam is secured, the support also serving as the current conductor. The resistivity of the foam is less than 3000 ohm-cm, preferably in the range from about 40-1000 ohm-cm, and it has a pore size in the range from about 10 pores per inch (ppi) to about 100 ppi, and a void fraction in the range from about 0.5 to about 0.98. In its most preferred embodiment, the cathode is preplated with copper in an amount from about 0.5-20 g/ft.sup.2 of active area, sufficient to impart rigidity to the cathde and avoid using a support member.

Abstract: A tubular anode such as tubular cast iron, magnetite, graphite, carbon or steel may be provided with an easily made internal or center connection having assured uniform resistance characteristics by the employment of at least two diametrically opposed wedge blocks, such blocks having parallel crowned and serrated contact surfaces and a wedge surface interface, such interface including a tongue and slot connection between the blocks, one or both blocks having oppositely extending tubular crimpable lead connections. The blocks may be made of malleable material so that when assembled and placed in the proper location inside the anode, one may be held while the other is driven axially, or both may be driven in axially opposite directions easily to form an electrical connection of assured electrical resistivity.

Abstract: An inert electrode connection is disclosed wherein a layer of inert electrode material is bonded to a layer of conductive material by providing at least one intermediate layer of material therebetween comprising a predetermined ratio of inert material to conductive material. In a preferred embodiment, the connection is formed by placing in a die a layer of powdered inert material, at least one layer of a mixture of powdered inert material and conductive material, and a layer of powdered conductive material. The connection is then formed by pressing the material at 15,000-20,000 psi to form a powder compact and then densifying the powder compact in an inert or reducing atmosphere at a temperature of 1200.degree.-1500.degree. C.

Abstract: A cell for the electrolysis of water comprising an anode and a cathode wherein said anode comprises an electrode substrate and a coating layer formed on the substrate, said coating layer being made of an electrochemically active material comprising Component X selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt and mixture thereof, Component Y selected from the group consisting of aluminum, zinc, magnesium and silicon and Component Z selected from the group consisting of a noble metal and rhenium.

Abstract: An electrochromic display device comprises an electrolyte contained between a pair of spaced-apart substrates. A set of electrodes are disposed on at least one of the substrates in contact with the electrolyte and a layer of electrochromic material is disposed on at least one of the electrodes to define a display electrode. The electrochromic material comprises a color-reversible salt of iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II) which, depending on its oxidation-reduction state, exhibits different colors. A source of electric charge is connected through circuitry to effect reversible electrochemical oxidation and reduction of the salt of iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II) to effect a corresponding reversible color change exhibited by the display electrode.

Abstract: An improved Perovskite-type oxide for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution from alkaline electrolyte comprising lanthanum nickelate is disclosed, together with an improved co-precipitation process for producing the lanthanum nickelate powders from which the anode is formed.

Abstract: A hydrogen-evolution electrode having a coating comprising at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of nickel oxide and cobalt oxide and at least one metal selected from the group consisting of nickel and cobalt has been found to exhibit extremely low hydrogen overvoltage and to have not only high catalytic activity but also high durability.

Abstract: An electrode for an electrochemical cell comprising a variable cermet composition, the portion in contact with the electrolyte having a relatively high ceramic content for maximum corrosion resistance and the portion attached to the external electrical circuit having a relatively high metal content to facilitate an electrical connection. The electrodes vary in metal content from 5-80 vol. %, preferably 12-50 vol. %, either continuously or in graded steps. Preferred metals are Ni, Cu, Fe, and Cr; and preferred ceramics are ferrites.

Abstract: A non-consumable electrode having a substantially flat working surface suitable for use as an anode in molten salt electrolysis, particularly for the production of aluminum in Hall-Heroult reduction cells, is produced by a process wherein at least the portion of a conductive core that is exposed to the electrolyte bath is coated with a composition of higher resistivity than the core composition to provide uniform current density at all regions of the working surface of the anode.

Abstract: An inert type electrode composition suitable for use in the electrolytic production of metals such as aluminum is disclosed. The aluminum is produced from an aluminum-containing material dissolved in a molten salt. The electrode composition is fabricated from at least two metals or metal compounds combined to provide a combination metal compound containing at least one of the group consisting of oxide, fluoride, nitride, sulfide, carbide or boride, the combination metal compound defined by the formula: ##EQU1## Z is a number in the range of 1.0 to 2.2; K is a number in the range of 2.0 to 4.4; M.sub.i is at least one metal having a valence of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 and is the same metal or metals when M.sub.i is used in the composition; M.sub.j is a metal having a valence of 2, 3 or 4; X.sub.r is at least one of the elements from the group consisting of O, F, N, S, C and B; m, p and n are the number components which comprise M.sub.i, M.sub.j and X.sub.r ; F.sub.M.sbsb.i, F'.sub.M.sbsb.j, F'.sub.M.sbsb.i or F.sub.x.

Abstract: A process for the formation of copper anodes useful in the electrorefining of copper. Molten partially refined copper is subjected to controlled cooling such that the impurities coalesce into larger agglomerations and in the resulting solid partially refined copper are found segregated at the boundaries of the copper crystals. These larger agglomerations are less susceptible to dissolution in the electrolyte and to deposition or entrainment at the cathode. The process allows the use of a less refined copper starting material to achieve a comparable final cathode copper product.

Abstract: An electrode for an electrochemical cell comprising a variable cermet composition, the portion in contact with the electrolyte having a relatively high ceramic content for maximum corrosion resistance and the portion attached to the external electrical circuit having a relatively high metal content to facilitate an electrical connection. Preferred metals are Ni, Cu, Fe, and Cr; and preferred ceramics are ferrites.

Abstract: An electrode for electrochemical processes comprising a graphite base having, in its pores, metals or compounds of metals possessing electrocatalytical properties and being in an electric contact with graphite; an electrochemically inert organic compound insoluble in the electrolyte and having its dropping point and/or the temperature of transition to the gas state exceeding the electrode temperature during electrolysis.A process for producing the electrode of the present invention comprises introduction, into the graphite base pores, successively metals or oxides of metals possessing electrocatalytic properties, and then an electrochemically inert organic compound insoluble in the electrolyte and having its dropping point and/or the temperature of transition to the gas stage exceeding the electrode temperature during electrolysis.

Abstract: A method for water electrolysis in an electrolytic cell provided with an anode and a cathode, and cation exchange membrane disposed therebetween. The anode comprises a metal layer formed on an electrode substrate and composed of at least one metal selected from nickel, cobalt and silver, and said metal layer contains partially exposed particles composed essentially of at least one metal selected from nickel, cobalt and silver.

Abstract: A nonconsumable electrode assembly suitable for use in the production of metal by electrolytic reduction of a metal compound dissolved in a molten salt, the assembly comprising a metal conductor attached to a ceramic electrode body by a metal bond on a portion of the body having a level of free metal or metal alloy sufficient to effect a metal bond.

Abstract: A nonconsumable electrode assembly suitable for use in the production of metal by electrolytic reduction of a metal compound dissolved in a molten salt, the assembly comprising a metal conductor diffusion welded to a portion of a ceramic electrode body having a level of free metal or metal alloy sufficient to effect a metal bond.

Abstract: A nonconsumable electrode assembly suitable for use in the production of metal by electrolytic reduction of a metal compound dissolved in a molten salt, the assembly comprising a metal conductor and a ceramic electrode body connected by a friction weld between a portion of the body having a level of free metal or metal alloy sufficient to effect such a friction weld and a portion of the metal conductor.

Abstract: A cell is provided having an anode and cathode separated by an ion permeable membrane or diaphragm wherein an electrode layer is bonded to or otherwise embedded in on at least one and usually to both sides of the membrane. Polarity is imparted to a bonded or embedded electrode by pressing a crinkled resiliently compressible fabric against the membrane carrying the electrode layer. This fabric is substantially coextensive with the electrode layer and is constructed so that when compressed it exerts a substantially uniform elastic reaction pressure against the membrane carrying the electrode layer or a pliable foraminous sheet, i.e. screen, interposed between the membrane carrying the electrode layer and the resiliently compressible fabric. The resiliently compressible fabric has the ability of also transmitting pressure laterally so that pressure applied may distribute across the entire area of the layer and tendency to have local areas of too low of too high pressure is minimized or reduced.

Abstract: A method for making polymer bonded electrode (PBE) structures wherein the particulate and particles of perfluorocarbon copolymer are combined with a solvent for the copolymer at a temperature where significant solvation of the perfluorocarbon does not occur. The resulting blended dispersion is spread to form the PBE, and the solvent removed. The PBE is then fused under heat and pressure for use.

Abstract: An electrode structure comprising an electrically conductive sheet material, a plurality of projections on at least one surface of the sheet material and preferably on both surfaces, which are spaced apart from each other in a first direction and in a direction transverse thereto, and a flexible electrically conductive foraminous sheet or sheets electrically conductively bonded to the projections.

Abstract: A non-consumable cermet electrode for electrolytic proceses comprises at least about 75 vol. % of a hexagonal ferrite component ceramic composition and no more than about 25 vol. % of a metal component.

Abstract: The active layer of an electrode is laminated on its working surface to a current distributor and on its opposite surface to a porous coherent, hydrophobic, wetproofing layer. The active layer contains from about 60 to about 85 wt. % active carbon particles bound in a matrix of a fibrillated mixture of a fluorocarbon polymer and carbon black. The electrode is useful in chlor-alkali cells.

Abstract: A novel, electrocatalytic material comprising at least one reduced platinum group metal oxide is subsequently heated in the presence of oxygen at a temperature high enough to stabilize the catalyst in acidic and halogen environments. The catalyst optionally contains other thermally stabilized, reduced platinum group metal oxides, electroconductive extenders of the group consisting of graphite and oxides of transition or valve metals. A novel electrode structure includes the catalyst and a polymeric binder. A novel method of preparing the electrocatalytic material is described as well as a unitary electrolyte electrode structure which has a bonded electrode containing the novel electrocatalytic material, bonded to at least one side of a membrane-electrolyte.

Abstract: An electrolysis apparatus comprising a diaphragm of a solid polymer electrolyte, and an anode electrode structure and a cathode electrode structure located on both sides of the diaphragm, at least one of the electrode structures intimately contacting the surface of said diaphragm, the intimately contacting electrode structure comprising a gas-permeable electrically conductive substrate and a film-like porous electrode catalyst layer bonded integrally thereto and a method for producing such.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to preparing three-layer laminated electrodes suitable for use as oxygen (air) cathodes in chlor-alkali and other electrochemical cells, fuel cells and in other electrochemical applications.This three-layer laminate includes an active layer or sheet containing from about 60 to about 85 wt. % active carbon, the remainder being unsintered, fibrillated polytetrafluoroethylene in intimate admixture with said active carbon, said active layer laminated on its working surface to a current distributor and on its opposite surface to a porous, coherent, hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene-containing wetproofing layer.

Abstract: An inert electrode composition suitable for use in the production of metal by the electrolytic reduction of a metal compound dissolved in a molten salt is disclosed. The composition is formulated from a body containing metals and metal compounds designed to undergo displacement reaction upon sintering to form an interwoven network. The body also contains at least one non-reactive material, e.g., metal compound or metal. The interwoven network contains at least a metal compound and a second material, both resulting from the displacement reaction, the second material selected from the group consisting of free metal and a metal alloy or a mixture thereof.

Abstract: An improved inert electrode composition is suitable for use as an inert electrode in the production of metals such as aluminum by the electrolytic reduction of metal oxide or metal salt dissolved in a molten salt bath. The composition comprises one or more metals or metal alloys and metal compounds which may include oxides of the metals comprising the alloy. The alloy and metal compounds are interwoven in a network which provides improved electrical conductivity and mechanical strength while preserving the level of chemical inertness necessary for such an electrode to function satisfactorily.

Abstract: A functional electrode is disclosed which is usable as an electrochromic display electrode, as a catalytic electrode effective to catalyze the evolution of oxygen and chlorine gases and the like. The electrode is composed of a conductor and a film deposited on the surface of the conductor, the film being comprised of a compound of the formula M.sup.I M(III)[M'(II)(CN).sub.6 ] or M(III).sub.4 [M'(II)(CN).sub.6 ].sub.3 wherein M(III) is Fe(III), Ru(III) or Os(III), M'(II) is FE(II), Ru(II) or Os(II) and M.sup.I is an alkali metal cation, with the proviso that said compound does not contain both Fe(III) and Fe(II). The functional electrode is produced by electrodepositing a compound of the formula M.sup.I M(III)[M'(II)(CN.sub.6)] or M(III).sub.4 [M'(II)(CN).sub.6 ].sub.3 on a conductor, from an aqueous solution containing M(III) ions and [M'(III)(CN).sub.6 ].sup.3- ions, wherein M(III), M'(II) and M.sup.

Abstract: A reciprocating motor, comprising: a piston/cylinder assembly, having an input/output port; an electrolytic cell for generating a combustible mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gases, the cell being connected to the input/output port of the piston/cylinder assembly; and, means for igniting the combustible mixture in the cylinder, the piston being first driven outwardly by the force of the exploding gas mixture, and immediately afterward, being pulled back by a vacuum formed when the exploded gas mixture recombines into a trace amount of water, whereby a single charge of the combustible gas mixture achieves a double power stroke. The input/output port is preferably funnel shaped, the larger end being directed into the cylinder, and the smaller end being directed into the electrolytic cell. The electrolytic cell utilizes sets of bipolar electrodes in the form of laminated panels having a wrap-around overlapping border. A free wheeling piston can be utilized to drive a pump.

Abstract: A gas combustion apparatus is disclosed wherein an oxygen sensor having electrodes on both surfaces of a base body is fixed in advance at a position such that the oxygen sensor is within the exhaust gas a combustion flame under normal conditions and a combustion flame under oxygen deficiency conditions is brought into contact with only the measuring side electrode. The oxygen sensor is preferably mounted to a heat-resistance holder having an opening such that the measuring side electrode corresponds with the opening.

Abstract: The electrolytic/electric discharge machining of a workpiece of a non-conductive hard material, for example, ceramic material is carried out by preparing a grinding wheel having conductive regions and non-conductive abrasive regions circumferentially alternately arranged on the circumferential edge of the wheel, and bringing the rotating grinding wheel in contact with the workpiece while applying AC or DC voltage across the grinding wheel and the non-conductive workpiece.

Abstract: The invention concerns an electrolyzer for alkaline water electrolysis whose cells are formed by a diaphragm provided with electrodes between 2 bi-polar separator plates as well as a process for the construction thereof.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for reducing the amount of alkali metal chlorate present in the cell liquor from a chlor-alkali cell, said apparatus comprising an electrochemical cell having at least one cathode element and one anode element, a cationic exchange membrane disposed between the anode and cathode elements, and an inlet for introducing chlorate-containing cell liquor and an outlet for removing purified cell liquor, inlet and outlet means for anolyte solution, and means for removing gaseous reaction products. The cathode element of said electrochemical cell is of a high surface area construction, preferably formed from compressed filaments of a ferrous material, such as iron or steel, and having sufficient porosity to permit the flow of cell liquor through the cathode. Preferably, when a plurality of anode and cathode elements are used, these elements are arranged in a staggered configuration in the apparatus to maximize the flow path of alkali metal chloride cell liquor through the apparatus.