Abstract: A device for recovering metal from an aqueous bath generating metal ions, by means of an electrolytic process. The device includes a source of direct current and a non-conductive base plate adapted to be immersed in the aqueous bath. One face of the base plate has a conductive anodic surface layer thereon operatively connected to the direct current source for charging the anodic surface positively. The other face of the base plate has a conductive cathodic surface layer thereon also operatively connected to the direct current source for charging the cathodic surface negatively so that metal from the metal ion bath is plated onto the cathodic surface.

Abstract: A current distributor for an electrode for an electrolytic cell for the electrolysis of aqueous solutions of ionic compounds is provided which comprises an electrically conductive material having a front surface comprised of a plurality of electrode-engaging means projecting from it for attachment to a foraminous electrode. The rear surface of the current collector is suitable for attachment to an electrical conductor. The novel current distributors are particularly suitable for use with reticulate electrodes.

Abstract: A porous, two layer electrode which may be used as an anode or a cathode and a cell using one or more of the electrodes. The electrode is in a pocket shaped configuration with the inner layer having interstitial passageways which are larger in diameter than the diameter of the corresponding interstitial passageways in the outer layer. The layers may be composed of metallic particles. A catalytically active material may be applied to the electrode. The electrodes are particularly useful as oxygen depolarized cathodes in electrolytic processes.

Abstract: Platinum and iridium in catalytic electrodes for electrochemical uses is partially replaced with lead ruthenate-tantalum oxide composite. Electrodes are fabricated by first coating a film-forming metal substrate with a platinum-iridium composite undercoat, then overcoating with a composite containing lead, ruthenium, tantalum, platinum, iridium and oxygen. The most preferred anodes have a titanium substrate initially coated with approximately at least 2 gm/m.sup.2 of 70:30 .sup.w /o Pt:Ir composite, followed by about 20 gm/m.sup.2 of a composite having the nominal composition of 22.2.sup.w /o Pb.sub.2 Ru.sub.2 O.sub.6 ; 66.6 .sup.w /o Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5 ; 7.9 .sup.w /o Pt and 3.4 .sup.w /o Ir. The outer layer of the prepared anode contains from about 10 to about 16 .sup.w /o lead, from about 40 to about 65 .sup.w /o tantalum, from about 5 to about 7.5 .sup.w /o ruthenium, from about 6.0 to about 10 .sup.w /o platinum, from about 2.5 to about 5 .sup.w /o iridium, and from about 10 to about 20 .sup.w /o oxygen.

Abstract: The electrolysis apparatus for the manufacture of chlorine from aqueous alkali metal halide solutions has at least one electrolysis cell the electrodes of which, separated by a separating wall, are arranged in a housing of two hemispherical shells. The housing is furthermore provided with equipment for the feed of the starting materials for electrolysis, and equipment for the discharge of the electrolysis products. The separating wall is clamped by means of sealing elements between the rims of the hemispherical shells and positioned between power transmission elements of non-conductive material. The electrodes are fastened via spacers to the inner walls of the shells and connected mechanically and electrically with the shells via the rims thereof.

Abstract: A novel electroerosion machining method and apparatus makes use of an elongate, open-ended tubular casing of a heat-resistant material retaining therein discrete metallic bodies (e.g. granular particles, flakes, fine powdery particles or broken wires) in a packed state. The casing is axially juxtaposed with a workpiece to define a machining site in the region of the latter proximate to the open-end portion of the casing and traversed by a machining liquid. A conventional electroerosion power supply furnishes a machining current between the workpiece and the discrete metallic bodies in the casing successively fed into the machining site to electroerosively remove material from the region of the workpiece against the discrete metallic bodies functioning as continuously consumed eletroerosion electrodes in the machining liquid medium.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell used to separate gas from a gaseous mixture by reduction of said gas at the cathode and regeneration of said gas at the anode is characterized in that one or more substances formed during the cathodic reduction and/or the anodic regeneration is chemically converted, preferably by catalytic decomposition, to produce further quantities of said gas, the gas formed by both the anodic regeneration and the chemical conversion being recovered as the product. In an especially preferred embodiment a plurality of said cells are used in apparatus for extracting oxygen from the air by using a cathode comprising high surface area graphite powder which reduces oxygen to produce peroxyl ions, each cell being further provided, externally of the cathode compartment, with means for catalytically decomposing the peroxyl ions produced, suitable catalysts being CoFe.sub.2 O.sub.4 or NiCo.sub.2 O.sub.4.

Abstract: A cathode for use in electrolytic processes and a process for preparing such cathodes is described. The cathode has a cathodically active surface comprising a codeposit of a first metal selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, nickel, and mixtures thereof, a leachable second metal or metal oxide preferably selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, manganese, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, indium, chromium, zinc, their oxides, and combinations thereof, and a third metal selected from the group consisting of cadmium, mercury, lead, silver, thallium, bismuth, copper and mixtures thereof. Such cathodes are prepared by initially forming a codeposit of the three metals or metal oxides, and subsequently removing at least a portion of the second metal or metal oxide from the codeposit. The second metal or metal oxide component can be conveniently removed by leaching, utilizing an alkaline solution.

Abstract: A cell for the electrolysis of magnesium at low temperatures and electrical potential using a composite anode consisting of a mixture of an oxygen containing compound of magnesium and a reducing agent with internal conductors extending through the composite mixture to provide low resistance current paths through the highly resistive mixture to the active anode surface. The mixture may be employed in a self-baking mode or be prebaked. Alternatively, the mixture may be in particulate form contained within a porous membrane. A bipolar arrangement may also be employed.

Abstract: In electrolytic apparatus comprising cell chambers through which is passed an electrolyte and in which sets of anode plates are provided, each of which are connected to current-feeding center pins, and the mutually staggered electrode plates protrude into the gaps between plates having the opposite polarity. To ensure a simple, quick and reliable installation and removal of the anode plates, the center pin is provided with contact straps, which are spaced apart in the longitudinal direction of the pin and serve to secure the anode plate. The contact straps are suitably spaced about 180.degree. apart and have at least one opening, which consists preferably of a tapped bore.The electrolytic apparatus is used in processes of producing alkali chlorate by the electrolytic decomposition of aqueous alkali chloride solutions.

Abstract: An improved reticulate electrode is produced by coating only one surface with a hydrophobic coating agent. Suitable hydrophobic coating agents include thermoplastic polymers such as polyolefins, polyhaloolefins, polyarylene sulfides and sulfone polymers. A preferred embodiment of the reticulate electrode is produced in a method which comprises:(a) affixing filaments to a support fabric to form a network of filaments, the filaments being comprised of a metal or metal sensitized plastic,(b) depositing an electroconductive metal on the filaments to form metal coated filaments, the deposition providing interfilament bonding at contact sites between adjacent filaments,(c) removing the support fabric from the metal coated filament network to produce a reticulate electrode having a porosity of at least 80 percent, and(d) depositing on only one surface of the reticulate electrode a coating of a hydrophobic coating agent.

Abstract: An improved electrolytic cell for magnesium chloride which essentially comprises:at least one pairs of anode and cathode arranged with a respective principal face thereof in a substantial verticality,at least one bipolar intermediate electrode placed in a row between the anode and cathode,an electrolytic chamber to contain such electrodes, anda metal collecting chamber which is attached to the electrolytic chamber but separated therefrom by a partition, characterized in that said intermediate electrodes essentially consists of a substantially flat graphite portion to provide an anodic face and an iron portion to provide a cathodic face, both materials being spaced from each other and jointed together with rods of iron, which are tightly secured to the graphite, to ensure an intimate electrical connection therebetween, and that a cavity thus formed between the two materials is arranged to fitly communicate at one end with a through hole in the partition to allow passage of electrolyte bath carrying magnesium m

Abstract: This invention is directed to a membrane or diaphragm-free electrolytic cell device for removal of a metal(s) present as a contaminant(s) in waste water comprising a nonconductive cell box having an upper peripheral flange, anode and cathode bus bars located on said cell box below said flange, inlet and outlet means to pass the liquid through the electrodes contained in said box, means to space the anodes and cathodes contained within said cell box, a plurality of anodes having openings to permit the flow of waste water therethrough, a plurality of reticulate cathodes, and means connecting the anodes and cathodes, respectively, to said bus bars and to a source of electrical energy whereby the metal contaminant(s) present in such water are deposited on the reticulate cathodes predominantly.

Abstract: An improved cathode with a conductive metal core and a Raney-type catalytic surface predominantly derived from an adherent Beta Nickel (NiAl.sub.3) crystalline precursory outer portion of the metal core is disclosed. The precursory outer portion preferably has molybdenum added to give a precursor alloy having the formula Ni.sub.x Mo.sub.1-x Al.sub.3 where x is within the range of from about 5 to about 15 weight percent. Also disclosed is a method of producing a low overvoltage cathode. The method includes the steps of taking a Ni-Mo core or substrate having about 5-20 weight percentage of Mo and coating it with aluminum then heat treating to form a Ni-Mo-Al alloy with mostly Beta Nickel (NiAl.sub.3) structure and then leaching out the Al to produce a Raney surface.

Abstract: A composite electrode comprising an electroconductive base with an electrolyte inert, electroconductive electrocatalytic layer applied by thermal spraying, the said layer being a powder of a matrix material selected from the group consisting of oxides, nitrides, phosphides, silicides, borides and carbides of a metal selected from the group consisting of boron, valve metals and iron group metals having uniformly deposited thereon electrocatalytically active particles of a metal selected from the group consisting of platinum group metals and iron group metals and oxides thereof with a particle size smaller by at least one order of magnitude of the matrix particles and electrolytic cells containing the same and electrolytic processes using the same.

Abstract: A bipolar diaphragm or membrane electrolyzer comprising a housing containing an end anode element, an end cathode element and a plurality of bipolar elements with their major dimensions lying in a substantially vertical plane and comprised of a bipolar wall separating the anode compartment and the cathode compartment and vertical foraminous electrodes parallel positioned a certain distance from the bipolar wall, diaphragms or membranes separating the anodes and cathodes, a series of baffles distributed along the entire width of the electrode compartment and extending from the bipolar wall to the foraminous electrode to form a series of vertical flow channels extending over a large portion of the height of the wall, the said baffles being alternately inclined one way and the other way with respect to the vertical plane normal to the bipolar wall plane and spaced from one another whereby the ratio of the electrode surface intercepted by the edges of two baffles laterally defining a vertical flow channel to the

Abstract: A photolytic system comprised of a darkened halfcell and an illuminated halfcell in which oxidation and reduction reactions are made to occur. These halfcells are joined by an electrically conductive element and an ion conducting junction for electron transfer and ion transport. The illuminated halfcell is equipped with a cathode and the darkened halfcell contains an improved anode which exhibits a desirably low overvoltage with respect to the substrate which is sought to be oxidized. Oxidation products are formed at the anode and reduction products are formed at the cathode.

Abstract: An improved cathode head is disclosed for electroforming record matrixes. The cathode head includes a conductive cathode plate which is of approximately the same diameter as the matrix to be electroplated so that electrical contact is made to substantially the entire diameter of the matrix during electroforming.

Abstract: The present invention encompasses the use of a specific fuel fed electrode in depositing metals from solutions thereof and in the absence of an external applied potential. Basically as shown in FIG. 1, the electrode comprises an electrically conductive porous substrate 3 bearing on one surface thereof a fuel activating catalyst 4. The porosity of the substrate is sufficient that the current density at surface 2 of the substrate 3 opposite the catalyst 4 will assure substantially complete depletion of metal ions very near the surface of the porous substrate, whereby the catalyst surface and the pores remain substantially free of deposited metal.

Abstract: An electrolyzer for the generation of hydrogen gas having parallel electrodes comprising a single cell with multiple cells connected in a series arrangement and a common electrolyte passing there through. The electrolyzer utilizes both sides of the electrodes except for the end electrode with a micro-porous separator isolating each pair of electrodes. The electrolyte passes from cell to cell through electrolyte and gas channeling and between the cells which effectively reduces electrical short circuiting within the electrolyzer.The electrolyte and gas channeling carries the electrolyte to and from each cell to effectively reduce shunt currents between the cells and prevent short circuiting of the electrolyzer while still utilizing a common electrolyte and cooling the electrolyte.

Abstract: A lead anode for electrowinning cells in which the anode is in the form of rods reinforced with a core of titanium or other strengthening material.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to an electrode active layer or sheet containing from about 60 to about 85 wt. % active carbon in intimate admixture with 15 to 40 wt. % fibrillated PTFE. This electrode has improved strength and is capable of operation at high current density with resistance to mechanical failure due to blistering of the electrode, and to a process for producing same. The process is characterized by combining a dilute dispersion of smaller polytetrafluoroethylene particles with a suspension of catalyzed or uncatalyzed larger active carbon particles to discontinuously coat active carbon with PTFE; fibrillating same; comminuting said fibrillated PTFE/active carbon mix; and then rolling same into a self-sustaining, coherent sheet form. Alternatively, the sheet form can be provided by deposition of the heat treated polytetrafluoroethylenated active carbon on a filter paper or like medium.

Abstract: A filter press type electrolytic cell for the electrolysis of brine to produce chlorine and caustic includes a plurality of rectangular frames having U-shaped or channel-shaped walls, the open sides of each of which wall members face inwardly, and a downcomer tube in each frame for conducting product from near the top of the frame to the bottom thereof for withdrawal. The downcomer tubes are located near a framing side but are not within a framing channel. The openings of the framing walls are partially covered by cross members of the same material as the framing to improve the resistance thereof to distortion during closing of the cell. Utilization of the downcomer tubes, preferably of polytetrafluoroethylene for the catholyte compartment and titanium or titanium clad material for the anolyte compartment, allows the maintaining of the framing channel open so that inner walls thereof are electrolytically protected against corrosion.

Abstract: This disclosure is directed to a gas diffusion electrode, e.g., an oxygen (air) electrode, having a conductive, porous, sintered, plaque metal substrate containing generally spherically-shaped anchor site depressions on its active layer-contacting surface; an active layer containing catalyzed or uncatalyzed carbon particles and whose plaque-contacting surface includes anchor portions which interlock with the anchor site depressions and assist in securing the active layer to the plaque substrate, and a hydrophobic backing (wetproofing) layer in contact with the other surface of the active layer. The plaque is made by forming, e.g., by rolling or pressing, the metal powder, preferably silver, containing particulate extractable material on one face or surface thereof into a thin plaque; sintering the plaque containing the extractable material at temperatures of from about 1000.degree. to about 1300.degree. F.

Abstract: A solid cathode in a fused salt electrolytic cell for the production of aluminum is made up of individually exchangeable elements (10). These cathode elements are made up of two parts which are rigidly joined together and which are resistant to thermal shock. The upper part (12) which projects from the molten electrolyte (30) into the precipitated aluminum (26), or the coating on this part (12), is made of a material which, at working temperature, is a good electrical conductor, is chemically resistant and is wet by aluminum. The lower part (14,16), which is exclusively in the liquid aluminum (26), or the coating on this part (14,16) is on the other hand made of an insulating material which can withstand molten aluminum.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell is provided suitable for chloralkali electrolysis comprising a housing; an anolyte chamber in the housing; an anode disposed within the anolyte chamber; at least one cathode spaced from the anode with at least one portion of the cathode being adjacent said anolyte chamber, the cathode including a cathode chamber, means to supply and remove oxygen and remove alkali hydroxide catholyte from the cathode chamber; and a multi-layer wall defining a boundary between the anolyte chamber and the interior of the cathode chamber comprising a permeable separator material adjacent the anolyte chamber, a foraminous electrically conductive supporting material adjacent the interior of the cathode chamber, and at least partially hydrophobic electrocatalytically active material suitable for the reduction of oxygen adjacent the separator material and the supporting material.

Abstract: A roll for electroplating having low volume resistivity is provided which consists essentially of, in wt %, below 0.1% C, below 1.5% Si, below 1.5% Mn, 14% to 21% Cr, 13% to 20% Mo, below 6% Fe, and the balance substantially Ni. The roll may further contain one or more of the elements selected from the group consisting of below 0.5% Al, below 1.0% Ti, below 1.5% Nb, below 0.5% V, and below 3.0% W.

Abstract: An uncoated ceramic anode comprising titanium having a formal valence of +4; titanium having a formal valence of +3; and a dopant which prevents at least a portion of the titanium +3 from converting to titanium +4 when the ceramic anode is at operating cell conditions. The ceramic anode may have an electrically conductive substance enclosed in its interior. The substance serves to transfer electrical energy from a power source to the ceramic member. These anodes are particularly useful when used in molten salt electrolytic cells because they give good electrolytic production rates while demonstrating exceptionally low wear rates.

Abstract: Apparatus comprises an anode made of a sacrificial anode metal and at least one member made of a material other than the material of the sacrificial anode metal. A method for determining the state of corrosion of an anode is also provided.

Abstract: A low polarization electrode which is stable and safe to use, is manufactured by forming a layer of divided nickel or nickel alloy on an electricity-conducting substrate and thereafter sulfiding the surface of the resultant material. For example, a Raney nickel alloy is deposited on the substrate, the alloy metal is removed and the resultant material is sulfided.

Abstract: A positive electrode suitable for the electrolysis of water is produced by immersing a nickel electrode in an aqueous solution containing a nickel salt, a rhodium salt, and an alkyl amine borane.

Abstract: A gas generating apparatus and method is described which utilizes a novel catalytic halogen evolving electrode for electrochemical systems, such as an electrolysis cell for the generation of chlorine. The electrochemical cells include a catalytic cathode and an improved catalytic anode positioned on opposite sides of, and bonded to, a solid polymer electrolyte membrane. A source of direct current potential between the cathode and the anode and means for removing gas from at least one of the electrodes are provided. The improved catalytic anode is an alloy of ruthenium oxide and manganese oxide.

Abstract: A cathode for use in electrolytic processes and a process for preparing such cathodes is described. The cathode has a cathodically active surface comprising a codeposit of a first metal selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, nickel, and mixtures thereof, a leachable second metal or metal oxide preferably selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, manganese, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, indium, chromium, zinc, their oxides, and combinations thereof, and a third metal selected from the group consisting of cadmium, mercury, lead, silver, thallium, bismuth, copper and mixtures thereof. Such cathodes are prepared by initially forming a codeposit of the three metals or metal oxides, and subsequently removing at least a portion of the second metal or metal oxide from the codeposit. The second metal or metal oxide component can be conveniently removed by leaching, utilizing an alkaline solution.

Abstract: An insoluble anode for generating oxygen which comprises a substrate made of titanium or an alloy thereof, a first coating on said substrate which is made of metallic bismuth or bismuth oxides, and a second coating on said first coating which is made of metallic iridium and iridium dioxide, has greatly improved durability and permits use for a long period of time.

Abstract: A current distributor for an electrode for an electrolytic cell for the electrolysis of aqueous solutions of ionic compounds is provided which comprises an electrically conductive material having a front surface comprised of a plurality of electrode-engaging means projecting from it for attachment to a foraminous electrode. The rear surface of the current collector is suitable for attachment to an electrical conductor. The novel current distributors are particularly suitable for use with reticulate electrodes.

Abstract: An electrode boiler containing an aqueous electrolyte is provided with a pair of spaced electrodes immersed in the electrolyte and connected to an AC power source. Each electrode comprises an electrically conductive metal substrate having adhered to one face thereof a microporous electrochemically active mass comprising a reversible electrode couple covering essentially the entire face and being present in such quantity that at least some of each member of the electrode couple is present at all times during use. The electrodes are arranged with the active masses facing each other and in contact with the electrolyte. The electrode couple consists essentially of a material which is electrochemically reversibly oxidized and reduced in response to alternating current flow therethrough from one electrode to the other; thereby allowing high current density use without promoting corrosion or erosion of the electrodes.

Abstract: An electrode system comprises two discs or plates forming an anode and a cathode, each of the discs or plates having a structure of parallel ridges and grooves on at least one of the main surfaces, the discs or plates being assembled together with their structures facing and orientated so that the ridges on one disc or plate cross the ridges on the other disc or plate and a membrane is located between the structured surfaces of the discs or plates so as to be abutted on both sides by the ridges thereof and form the grooves between the ridges into chambers on each side of the membrane.

Abstract: A porous, two layer electrode which may be used as an anode or a cathode and a cell using one or more of the electrodes. The electrode is in a pocket shaped configuration with the inner layer having interstitial passageways which are larger in diameter than the diameter of the corresponding interstitial passageways in the outer layer. The layers may be composed of metallic particles. A catalytically active material may be applied to the electrode. The electrodes are particularly useful as oxygen depolarized cathodes in electrolytic processes.

Abstract: An electrode type steam vaporizer device is disclosed which includes a plurality of ferrite electrodes positioned in a water receptacle wherein AC voltage is applied to the electrodes thereby vaporizing water in the receptacle. Each of the ferrite electrodes is a sintered body made of a mixture of iron oxide and a divalent nickel oxide. The ferrite electrodes are contained in an electrode assembly located within the body of the water receptacle such that a pair of electrode terminals extend through the top wall of the receptacle. A cover having a power source connector receiving concavity in its surface is positioned on top on the water receptacle. The cover is rotatable between a first position where the concavity is in registry with the electrode terminals and a second position where the concavity is out of registry with the terminals. A power source connector is received in the concavity and is connectable with the electrode terminals only when the cover is in the first position.

Abstract: This disclosure is directed to preparing deashed, precious metal catalyst-containing, partially fluorinated active carbon particles of the formula CF.sub.x, where x ranges from 0.1 to about 0.18, preferably using either platinum or silver as the catalyzing material, which can be incorporated into an active layer component of a gas electrode, e.g., an oxygen (air) cathode suitable for use in a chlor-alkali electrolytic cell for producing chlorine and caustic while conserving electrical energy. These particles are deashed to have a B.E.T. surface area of at least 600 m.sup.2 /g and contain less than about 4 weight percent ash. Active electrode layers containing such particles demonstrate an unusually desirable combination of resistance to corrosion, retention of conductive properties and retention of catalytic surface area.

Abstract: This disclosure is directed to strengthening carbon black-particulate "Teflon" (PTFE) mixes destined to be formed into active layers in air cathodes, which comprises forming the carbon black-particulate Teflon mix; fibrillating said mix along with a substantial quantity of soluble pore-forming agent; adding polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fibers while chopping said fibrillated mix; and thereafter rolling said chopped fibrillated mix containing said PTFE fibers into sheet form.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of electrolyzing an alkali metal chloride brine where the cathode is an intercalation compound of graphite and a transition metal. Also disclosed is a solid polymer electrolyte having as its cathode an intercalation compound of graphite and a transition metal, and an electrolytic cell having as its cathode an intercalation compound of graphite and a transition metal.

Abstract: A self-energizing water treating assembly capable of being either removably disposed in a container through which a stream of water flows or in a tank containing a stationary body of water to render the water slightly alkaline, remove free dissolved oxygen from the water, forms gelatinous thixotropic suspensions that envelops foreign particled material in the water and render the same substantially tasteless and odorless, and minimizes the tendency of minerals in the water being deposited as hard scale on the tubes or containers in which the water is heated or transformed to steam.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell has a gas-liquid permeable porous electrode layer on a cation exchange membrane. The electrode layer is formed by printing a paste comprising an electrode powder on the surface of said cation exchange membrane by a screen printing process and bonding it.

Abstract: Nitrates, such as alkali metal nitrates and ammonium nitrate, are electrolytically reduced to the corresponding nitrites by a process wherein an aqueous solution containing a nitrate is supplied into a cathode chamber of an electrolytic cell including cathode and anode chambers separated by a cation exchange membrane and an electric current is applied to the electrolytic cell, while maintaining the pH of the aqueous solution at a value of at least about 4. This process can be advantageously applied not only to the manufacture of nitrites but, also, to the treatment of waste nitrates. In the treatment of waste ammonium nitrate, the ammonium nitrite so formed is conveniently further treated by subjecting the electrolytically reduced catholyte to thermal decomposition outside the electrolytic cell, and removing the so formed nitrogen and water from the reaction system.

Abstract: A gas generating apparatus and method is described which utilizes a novel catalytic oxygen evolving electrode for such electrochemical systems as electrolysis cells and oxygen concentration cells. The electrochemical cells include a catalytic cathode and an improved catalytic anode positioned on opposite sides of, and in electrical contact with, a cation exchange membrane. A source of direct current potential between the cathode and the anode and means for removing gas from at least one of the electrodes are provided. The improved catalytic anode is a ternary platinum group reduced metal oxide alone or in combination with platinum group metals and/or platinum group metal oxides or mixtures of the foregoing having at least one valve metal component such as titanium, hafnium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, and tungsten.

Abstract: An improved electrode is disclosed for the anode in a sulfur cycle hydrogen generation process where sulfur dioxie is oxidized to form sulfuric acid at the anode. The active compound in the electrode is palladium, palladium oxide, an alloy of palladium, or a mixture thereof. The active compound may be deposited on a porous, stable, conductive substrate.

Abstract: An electrolyzer device and apparatus for producing water gas at room temperature and pressures that is substantially free from impurities. An electrolyzer cell is described in which a body of carbon-containing material such as pure carbon, graphite, coal or coke is positioned in contact with water which has been rendered conductive by the addition of a solute such as sulphuric acid. A current is passed through the carbon-containing material and water thereby producing water gas as an output product. In one embodiment, the carbon-containing material is pulverized, immersed in conductive water, contacted on one side by a lining of hard carbon material such as graphite and on the other by a porous conductive electrode.

Abstract: Novel electrodes comprising a body formed of a sintered mixture of powders of at least one film-forming metallic material and at least one additive metal selected from the group consisting of Cr, Mn, Re, Fe, Co, Ni, Ca, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Ge, Sn, Pb, La and the lanthanide series of the Periodic Table and oxides, metallates and intermetallates thereof and their preparation and electrolysis cells containing the said electrodes as the anode thereof and electrolysis processes using the said electrodes as anodes.

Abstract: A gas diffusion electrode is used as a cathode for an electrolysis of an alkali metal chloride or an electrode in a fuel cell etc. A gas diffusion electrode has a porous layer made of a sintered mixture of a filler, a catalyst and a hydrophobic material which is formed by decomposing a pore forming agent selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt or iron salts of a carboxylic acids which is incorporated in a mixture of said filler, said catalysts and said hydrophobic material.