Abstract: A phosphor powder composed of ?-sialon phosphor particles containing Eu. The phosphor powder has an ammonium ion concentration CA of the phosphor powder of equal to or more than 15 ppm and equal to or less than 100 ppm, which is determined from the following extracted ion analysis. (Extracted Ion Analysis A) 0.5 g of a phosphor powder is added to 25 ml of distilled water in a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-made container with a lid and held at 60° C. for 24 hours, and then a total mass MA of ammonium ions included in an aqueous solution obtained by removing a solid content from the solution by filtration is determined using ion chromatography. Then, CA is determined by dividing MA by the mass of the phosphor powder.

Abstract: An advanced reverse treated electrodeposited copper foil and a copper clad laminate using the same are provided. The advanced reverse treated electrodeposited copper foil has an uneven micro-roughened surface. The micro-roughened surface has a plurality of copper crystals, a plurality of copper whiskers and a plurality of copper crystal groups, which are in a non-uniform distribution to form a non-uniformly distributed horizontal or vertical stripe pattern.

Abstract: A chip inductor includes a body having a coil and an insulating member on which the coil is disposed, and external electrodes disposed on external surfaces of the body. The insulating layers are disposed on one surface of the insulating member in the body and another surface opposing the one surface, respectively, and are made of a material different from a material of the insulating member. The insulating member and the insulating layers constitute a multilayer structure. The coil includes a top coil and a bottom coil disposed on a top surface and a bottom surface of the multilayer structure, respectively. The top and bottom coils are connected by a via penetrating through the top and bottom surfaces of the multilayer structure.

Abstract: Described herein is an aqueous composition including tin ions and at least one compound of formula I where X1, X2 are independently selected from a linear or branched C1-C12 alkanediyl, R11 is a monovalent group of formula —(O—CH2—CHR41)m—OR42, R12, R13, R14 are independently selected from H, R11, and R40; R15 is selected from H, R11, R40 and —X4—N(R21)2, X4 is a divalent group selected from (a) a linear or branched C1 to C12 alkanediyl, and (b) formula —(O—CH2—CHR41)o—, R21 is selected from R11 and R40, R40 is a linear or branched C1-C20 alkyl, R41 is selected from H and a linear or branched C1 to C5 alkyl, R42 is selected from H and a linear or branched C1-C20 alkyl, n is an integer of from 1 to 6, m is an integer of from 2 to 250, and o is an integer of from 1 to 250.

Abstract: Oxide coatings that reduce or eliminate the appearance of thin film interference coloring are described. In some embodiments, the oxide coatings are configured to reduce the appearance of fingerprints. In some cases, the oxide coatings are sufficiently thick to increase the optical path difference of incident light, thereby reducing any inference coloring by the fingerprint to a non-visible level. In some embodiments, the oxide coatings have a non-uniform thickness that changes the way light reflects off of interfaces of the oxide coating, thereby reducing or eliminating any thin film interference coloring caused by the oxide coatings themselves or by a fingerprint.

Abstract: Materials and objects tagged with wavelength selective particles such as SERS nanotags modified for wavelength selectivity. As used herein, a wavelength selective particle is one which cannot be effectively excited or interrogated at one or more wavelengths where a reporter molecule associated with the particle would normally produce a spectrum. Also disclosed are methods of manufacturing wavelength selective particles and methods of tagging materials or objects with wavelength selective particles.

Abstract: Disclosed is a solar cell including a support substrate, a barrier layer on the support substrate, and a photo-electro conversion part on the barrier layer. The barrier layer comprises first and second barrier layers having porosities different from each other.

Abstract: A method for preparation of highly porous and preferentially-oriented {100} platinum on a substrate by electrodeposition in a deposition bath, comprising using a deposition potential Edep lower than ERHE+150 mV and an acidified platinum salt solution having a Pt salt concentration less than 5.0 mmole L?1 or, in presence of hydrogen, comprising limiting the concentration of Pt salts in the electrolyte to less than 5.0 mmole L?1 and controlling the temperature of the electrolyte. Preferentially-oriented {100} platinum nanowires and thin films, comprising Pt{100} in a range between about 20 and about 60% and having a roughness factor of at least 50 are produced.

Abstract: A method for producing a lithium electrode for a lithium-ion battery includes: a) provision of a basic body including an active material having in particular metallic lithium, a lithium alloy, and/or a lithium intercalation material; b) treatment of the basic body with a treatment composition in a wet-chemical process for the formation of a lithium-ion-conducting protective layer, with a reaction of the active material with at least one component of the treatment composition; and c) an optional treatment of the electrode at increased temperature and/or in a vacuum.

Abstract: An antibacterial coating that is composed of silver is disclosed, as well as medical tools and implants comprising such a coating, and a method and an apparatus for the production of such a coating. The medical tools or the dental or orthopaedic implant comprises a metal or metal alloy having a treated surface wherein the treated surface is at least partially converted to an oxide film by plasma electrolytic oxidation using a colloid-dispersed system and wherein the converted surface is partially covered by islands formed by colloid-dispersed silver-particles of the colloid-dispersed system. An Ag—TiO2 coating shows excellent properties in terms of antibacterial efficacy (even against multi-resistant strains), adhesion and biocompatibility. The life-time of an implant in a human body is increased. The antibacterial coating can be used in the field of traumatology, orthopaedic, osteosynthesis and/or endoprothesis, especially where high infection risk exists.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a surgical implant. A metal layer is deposited onto a polyaryletherketone (PAEK) substrate by generating a series of pulses using a high power impulse magnetron sputtering process. Each pulse is applied in a series of micro pulse steps comprising (i) micro pulse on steps ranging from 10 ?s to 100 ?s and (ii) micro pulse off steps ranging from 5 ?s as to 400 ?s; at a repetition frequency ranging from 50-2000 Hz with 2 micropulses to 20 micropulses per repetition, a total pulse on time ranging from 25 ?s to 800 ?s for 5 minutes to 300 minutes at averaged power ranging from 200 W to 3000 W. The series of pulses are performed in a unipolar mode or a bipolar mode.

Abstract: A microplasma device of the invention includes a microcavity or microchannel defined at least partially within a thick metal oxide layer consisting essentially of defect free oxide. Electrodes are arranged with respect to the microcavity or microchannel to stimulate plasma generation in said microcavity or microchannel upon application of suitable voltage and at least one of the electrodes is encapsulated within the thick metal oxide layer. Large arrays can be formed and are highly robust as lack of microcracks in the oxide avoid dielectric breakdown.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a transparent light-emitting sheet which obtains high color purity and improves light collimation to improve light efficiency, and a method of manufacturing same. The transparent light-emitting sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: a transparent alumina sheet having a plurality of nanopores that are uniformly aligned; and luminescent nanoparticles that are respectively disposed within the plurality of nanopores and convert wavelengths of excitation light to generate wavelength-converted light.

Abstract: A process for creating porous anode foil for use in an electrolytic capacitor of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator is provided. The process includes electrochemical drilling a plurality of etched metal foils in sequence one after the other in a bath containing electrochemical drilling (ECD) solution initially having a pH of less than 5. Alternatively, an etched foil sheet may be passed through the bath in a substantially continuous manner such that a portion of said etched foil sheet is in contact with the ECD solution is electrochemically drilled to generate pores.

Abstract: An antibacterial coating that is composed of silver is disclosed, as well as medical tools and implants comprising such a coating, and a method and an apparatus for the production of such a coating. The medical tools or the dental or orthopaedic implant comprises a metal or metal alloy having a treated surface wherein the treated surface is at least partially converted to an oxide film by plasma electrolytic oxidation using a colloid-dispersed system and wherein the converted surface is partially covered by islands formed by colloid-dispersed silver-particles of the colloid-dispersed system. An Ag—TiO2 coating shows excellent properties in terms of antibacterial efficacy (even against multi-resistant strains), adhesion and biocompatibility. The life-time of an implant in a human body is increased. The antibacterial coating can be used in the field of traumatology, orthopaedic, osteosynthesis and/or endoprothesis, especially where high infection risk exists.

Abstract: Articles of manufacture comprise a body. A porous material is plated on the body, the porous material comprising nickel having a plurality of pores disposed in a generally ordered array extending into the nickel. Methods of forming a porous material on a body comprise disposing an anode and a cathode in an electrolyte comprising nickel ions. An electrical signal is pulsed to at least one of the anode and the cathode. A porous material comprising nickel having a plurality of pores generally disposed in an ordered array extending into the nickel is deposited on the cathode.

Abstract: A silicon polymer treatment with included pigments for anodized aluminum objects such as wheels. Titanium dioxide may be dispersed in polysiloxane or polysilazane to form a white polymer treatment on the object. Other beneficial components, such as corrosion inhibitors may be included in the polymer matrix.

Abstract: A surface treatment method of cladding a Sn or Sn alloy coating with one or more metals selected from among Mn, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Ga, In, Ti, Ge, Pb, Sb and Bi continuously or discontinuously in such a way as to make the Sn or Sn alloy coating partially exposed, which method makes it possible to inhibit the generation of whiskers in an Sn or Sn alloy coating formed on the surface of a substrate to which other member is pressure-welded or the joint surface to be soldered. Cladding an Sn or Sn alloy coating with a prescribed metal continuously or discontinuously in such a way as to make the coating partially exposed inhibits the generation of whiskers by contact pressure in pressure welding, and further inhibits the generation of whiskers without impairing the solder wettability of the coating even when the cladding is not followed by heat treatment or reflowing.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a moth-eye mold of an embodiment of the present invention employs a mold base including a metal base, an organic insulating layer provided on the metal base, and an aluminum alloy layer provided on the organic insulating layer, the aluminum alloy layer containing aluminum and a non-aluminum metal element M, an absolute value of a difference between a standard electrode potential of the metal element M and a standard electrode potential of aluminum being not more than 0.64 V, and a content of the metal element M in the aluminum alloy layer not exceeding 10 mass %.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for methods for manufacturing a metallized or metallizable felt by percolation of at least one felt element by electrodeposition.

Abstract: A method of fabricating an energy storage device with a large surface area electrode comprises: providing an electrically conductive substrate; depositing a semiconductor layer on the electrically conductive substrate, the semiconductor layer being a first electrode; anodizing the semiconductor layer, wherein the anodization forms pores in the semiconductor layer, increasing the surface area of the first electrode; after the anodization, providing an electrolyte and a second electrode to form the energy storage device. The substrate may be a continuous film and the electrode of the energy storage device may be fabricated using linear processing tools. The semiconductor may be silicon and the deposition tool may be a thermal spray tool. Furthermore, the semiconductor layer may be amorphous. The energy storage device may be rolled into a cylindrical shape. The energy storage device may be a battery, a capacitor or an ultracapacitor.

Abstract: Monovalent copper plating baths are used to metallize current tracks of the front side or emitter side of semiconductor wafers. Copper is selectively deposited on the current tracks by electrolytic plating or LIP. Additional metallization of the current tracks may be done using conventional metal plating baths. The metalized semiconductors may be used in the manufacture of photovoltaic devices.

Abstract: An antibacterial coating that is composed of silver is disclosed, as well as medical tools and implants comprising such a coating, and a method and an apparatus for the production of such a coating. The medical tools or the dental or orthopaedic implant comprises a metal or metal alloy having a treated surface wherein the treated surface is at least partially converted to an oxide film by plasma electrolytic oxidation using a colloid-dispersed system and wherein the converted surface is partially covered by islands formed by colloid-dispersed silver-particles of the colloid-dispersed system. An Ag—TiO2 coating shows excellent properties in terms of antibacterial efficacy (even against multi-resistant strains), adhesion and biocompatibility. The life-time of an implant in a human body is increased. The antibacterial coating can be used in the field of traumatology, orthopaedic, osteosynthesis and/or endoprothesis, especially where high infection risk exists.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for manufacturing of an object having phosphorescent properties, comprising the steps of providing an object having a surface made from aluminium or from an aluminium-based alloy and forming a layer of porous aluminium (hydr)oxide at said surface. The invention is characterized in that the method comprises the step of contacting the layer of porous aluminium (hydr)oxide with one or several solutions containing metal dopant ions such as to allow the metal dopant ions to bind to the layer of porous aluminium (hydr)oxide, wherein at least one of said solutions contains ions of at least one element selected from a first group consisting of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba), and wherein at least one of said solutions contains ions of europium (Eu). The invention also concerns an object obtainable by the above method.

Abstract: Methods are provided for fabricating a multi-structure pore membrane. In one method, an anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) template is formed with an array of pores exposing underlying regions of a conductive layer top surface. A plurality of photoresist layers is patterned to sequentially expose a plurality of AAO template sections. Each exposed AAO template section is sequentially etched to widen pore diameters, so that each AAO template section may be associated with a corresponding unique pore diameter. A target material is deposited in the pores of the AAO template and, as a result, an array of target material structures is formed on the top surface, where the target material structures associated with each AAO template section have a corresponding diameter. Also provided is a multi-structure pixel device formed with subpixels having different structure dimensions.

Abstract: A position locator for use in dental restorative procedure is described. The position locator is inserted into a replica of a dental implant or into a replica of an abutment. The position and orientation of the implant replica is determined by scanning the model with the implant replica and the position locator. Alternatively, the position locator can be inserted into the dental implant and scanning is carried out in the mouth of the patient. The position locator is made of an optically opaque material, such as titanium, and has an outer surface detectable by an optical scanner, e.g. with a layer of porous titanium oxide applied through anodic oxidation.

Abstract: An anodizing color drawing method includes the steps of providing a metal workpiece; performing an anodic treatment of the metal workpiece to form a coating layer on a surface of the metal workpiece and a plurality of pores on the coating layer; using a plurality of electronic ink-jet nozzles to spray a plurality of dyes by a printing method and the dyes permeate into the pores of the coating layer, and forming a color drawing pattern on the coating layer; and performing a sealing treatment on the coating layer with the color drawing pattern. A color drawing layer processed by the anodic treatment has an enhanced hardness to reduce scratches and damages and maintain the aesthetic look.

Abstract: Disclosed is process for producing a protective layer for protecting a component against high temperatures and aggressive media. The process comprises forming a surface layer comprising aluminum and chromium on a surface of the component to be provided with the protective layer by chromizing and alitizing. The chromizing and/or the alitizing in different regions of the component surface to be protected is carried out simultaneously but differently to result in a protective layer that has different regions.

Abstract: A method for forming metal members on a casing, includes steps of providing the casing of an electron device; selecting at least two areas on a common surface of the casing; forming, by an electroplating way, a metal layer on all of the selected areas; and forming, by a patterning way, the metal layer respectively with different metal member pattern layers on different selected areas, wherein the metal member pattern layers are selected from the group consisting of an antenna member pattern, a ground wire member pattern, and an electromagnetic shielding member pattern, so as to use these members as an antenna member, a ground wire member, or an electromagnetic shielding member of the electron device.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for promoting the adhesion of a surface of a titanium material (5). In order to enable improved, in particular environmentally friendly, adhesion promotion of the surface, an adhesion promoting layer is applied, which comprises nanotubes (13) that include titanium dioxide (TiO2) and have diameters of 10 to 300 nm. The method also comprises applying an organic material to the adhesion promoting layer (11) with good adhesion.

Abstract: Methods and structures for forming anodization layers that protect and cosmetically enhance metal surfaces are described. In some embodiments, methods involve forming an anodization layer on an underlying metal that permits an underlying metal surface to be viewable. In some embodiments, methods involve forming a first anodization layer and an adjacent second anodization layer on an angled surface, the interface between the two anodization layers being regular and uniform. Described are photomasking techniques and tools for providing sharply defined corners on anodized and texturized patterns on metal surfaces. Also described are techniques and tools for providing anodizing resistant components in the manufacture of electronic devices.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a nano-porous electrode for a super capacitor and a manufacturing method thereof, and more specifically, to a nano-porous electrode for a super capacitor and a manufacturing method thereof wherein pores are formed on the surface or inside an electrode using an electrodeposition method accompanied by hydrogen generation, thereby increasing the specific surface area of the electrode and thus improving the charging and discharging capacity, energy density, output density, and the like of a capacitor.

Abstract: A method for making a titanium-and-resin composite or titanium alloy-and-resin composite includes: providing a titanium or titanium alloy substrate; electrochemically treating the substrate to form a titanium hydride layer; anodizing the substrate having the titanium hydride layer to form an nano-porous oxide film on the surface of the substrate, the nano-porous oxide film having nano pores and comprising at least two layers of different porosity or pore diameters; and inserting the substrate in a mold and melting resin on the surface of the nano-porous oxide film to form the composite.

Abstract: A method of producing metallic medical supplies includes supplying a metallic material as a base material; treating the base material by carrying out any one of electrochemical treatment, chemical treatment, thermal and/or mechanical treatment or a combination of two or more of these treatments to form a film having micro pores and/or micro unevennesses having a density of 5? 104/mm2 on a surface of the base material; and carrying out iodine-impregnation treatment to impregnate the film with iodine or iodine compounds.

Abstract: A process for creating porous anode foil for use in an electrolytic capacitor of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator is provided. The process includes electrochemical drilling a plurality of etched metal foils in sequence one after the other in a bath containing electrochemical drilling (ECD) solution initially having a pH of less than 5. Alternatively, an etched foil sheet may be passed through the bath in a substantially continuous manner such that a portion of said etched foil sheet is in contact with the ECD solution is electrochemically drilled to generate pores. Electrochemical drilling is achieved when a current is passed to the foil or portion of the foil sheet in solution.

Abstract: The invention relates to a stamper in which an oxide film having a fine concave-convex structure made up of a plurality of fine pores having an aspect ratio represented by [the depth of the fine pores/the average interval between the fine pores] of 1 to 4 is formed on the surface of an aluminum base material which is made of aluminum having a content of Ti of 150 ppm to 500 ppm, a content of B or C of 1 ppm to 50 ppm and a purity of 99.9% or more. According to the invention, it is possible to provide a low-cost stamper in which the emergence of a pattern derived from the traces of crystal grains on the surface of the oxide film is suppressed, an article having a favorable appearance, which is manufactured using the above stamper, and a method for manufacturing the above.

Abstract: Selectively accelerated or selectively inhibited metal deposition is performed to form metal structures of an electronic device. A desired pattern of an accelerator or of an inhibitor is applied to the substrate; for example, by stamping the substrate with a patterned stamp or spraying a solution using an inkjet printer. In other embodiments, a global layer of accelerator or inhibitor is applied to a substrate and selectively modified in a desired pattern. Thereafter, selective metal deposition is performed.

Abstract: Provided are metal nanoparticles formed by using a low-temperature process, uniformly distributed on a substrate, and having a uniform and accurate size, and a method of forming the same. A method of forming metal nanoparticles on a substrate includes preparing a substrate including a polymer; forming a metal containing layer on the substrate; and forming nanoparticles of the metal from the metal containing layer by processing the metal containing layer with inductively coupled plasma.

Abstract: Provided are patterned nanoporous gold (“P-NPG”) films that may act as at least one of an effective and stable surface-enhanced Raman scattering (“SERS”) substrate. Methods of fabricating the P-NPG films using a low-cost stamping technique are also provided. The P-NPG films may provide uniform SERS signal intensity and SERS signal intensity enhancement by a factor of at least about 1×107 relative to the SERS signal intensity from a non-enhancing surface.

Abstract: An article includes an aluminum or aluminum alloy substrate, an anodic layer formed on the substrate, and an electroplating layer formed on the anodic layer. The anodic layer includes a barrier layer formed on the substrate, and a porous layer formed on the barrier layer. The anodic layer defines a plurality of through pores. A method for making the article is also provided.

Abstract: An anodizing apparatus for causing an anodizing reaction to substrates immersed in an electrolyte solution. The apparatus includes a storage tank for storing the electrolyte solution, a holder for holding a plurality of substrates in liquid-tight contact with circumferential surfaces of the substrates, a moving mechanism for moving the holder between a transfer position outside the storage tank and a treating position inside the storage tank, and a closing device disposed in the storage tank for cooperating with the holder to complete a liquid-tight closure of the circumferential surfaces of the substrates held by the holder. Chemical reaction treatment is carried out with the circumferential surfaces of the substrates placed in a liquid-tight state. After the chemical reaction treatment is completed, the closing device is made inoperative and the holder is moved away from the treating position to unload the substrates from the storage tank.

Abstract: The invention offers a porous metal body that has a three-dimensional network structure, that has less reduction in performance during the pressing and compressing steps when an electrode material is produced, and that can be used as an electrode material capable of achieving good electric properties, a method of producing the porous metal body, and an electrode material and a battery both incorporating the foregoing porous metal body. A porous metal body has a skeleton structure that is formed of a metal layer, that has a three-dimensional network structure, and that has an end portion provided with a nearly spherical portion. It is desirable that the metal be aluminum and that the nearly spherical portion have a diameter larger than the outer diameter of the skeleton structure.

Abstract: Provided are a MEA, a fuel cell, and a gas detoxification apparatus that allow at high efficiency a general electrochemical reaction causing gas decomposition or the like and are excellent in cost efficiency; and a method for producing a MEA. In this MEA 7, a porous base 3, a porous anode 2, an ion-conductive solid electrolyte 1, and a porous cathode 5 are stacked. The anode 2 or the cathode 5 is in contact with a surface of the porous base 3. The porous anode 2 includes a metal deposit body 21 having catalysis for gas decomposition.

Abstract: In a preferred method of formation embodiment, a metal foil or film is obtained or formed with micro-holes. The foil is anodized to form metal oxide. One or more self-patterned metal electrodes are automatically formed and buried in the metal oxide created by the anodization process. The electrodes form in a closed circumference around each microcavity in a plane(s) transverse to the microcavity axis, and can be electrically isolated or connected. Preferred embodiments provide inexpensive microplasma device electrode structures and a fabrication method for realizing microplasma arrays that are lightweight and scalable to large areas. Electrodes buried in metal oxide and complex patterns of electrodes can also be formed without reference to microplasma devices—that is, for general electrical circuitry.

Abstract: A microplasma device includes a microcavity or microchannel defined at least partially within a thick metal oxide layer consisting essentially of defect free oxide. Electrodes are arranged with respect to the microcavity or microchannel to stimulate plasma generation in said microcavity or microchannel. At least one of the electrodes is encapsulated within the thick metal oxide layer. A method of fabricating a microcavity or microchannel plasma device includes anodizing a flat or gently curved or gently sloped metal substrate to form a thick layer of metal oxide consisting essentially of nanopores that are perpendicular to the surface of the metal substrate. Material removal is conducted to remove metal oxide material to form a microcavity or microchannel in the thick layer of metal oxide.

Abstract: A method for making a master disk to be used in the nanoimprinting process to make patterned-media disks uses an electrically conductive substrate and guided self-assembly of a block copolymer to form patterns of generally radial lines and/or generally concentric rings of one of the block copolymer components. A metal is electroplated onto the substrate in the regions not protected by the lines and/or rings. After removal of the block copolymer component, the remaining metal pattern is used as an etch mask to fabricate either the final master disk or two separate molds that are then used to fabricate the master disk.

Abstract: An anodized layer formation method includes: (a) providing an aluminum base or an aluminum film deposited on a support; anodization step (b) in which a forming voltage is increased to a predetermined first voltage level under a predetermined condition with a surface of the aluminum base or a surface of the aluminum film being kept in contact with an electrolytic solution, and thereafter, the forming voltage is maintained at the first voltage level for a predetermined period of time, whereby a porous alumina layer which has a minute recessed portion is formed; and etching step (c) in which, after step (b), the porous alumina layer is brought into contact with an etching solution, whereby the minute recessed portion is enlarged and a lateral surface of the minute recessed portion is sloped.

Abstract: Articles of manufacture comprise a body. A porous material is plated on the body, the porous material comprising nickel having a plurality of pores disposed in a generally ordered array extending into the nickel. Methods of forming a porous material on a body comprise disposing an anode and a cathode in an electrolyte comprising nickel ions. An electrical signal is pulsed to at least one of the anode and the cathode. A porous material comprising nickel having a plurality of pores generally disposed in an ordered array extending into the nickel is deposited on the cathode.

Abstract: The present invention is aimed to fabricate nanoporous anodic oxide ceramic membrane tubes with excellent pore characteristics by anodizing metal tubes located in a cylindrical symmetry with respect to a cathode which itself has a cylindrical symmetry. The membrane tubes may have protruded portions acting as supports and joints. The present invention also deals with stacks and bundles consisted of numbers of the anodic oxide ceramic tubes for filter and dialysis applications.

Abstract: A probe element and a method of forming a probe element are provided. The probe element includes a carrier comprising biodegradable and/or bioactive material; and at least one electrode coupled to the carrier.