Abstract: Materials and methods for precious metal recovery are disclosed. Usable leaching solutions are preferably aqueous based and include appropriate materials in sufficient quantities to solubilize and stabilize precious metal. Such materials typically include oxidant material. Some or all of the oxidant material can be, in some instances, generated in-situ. The leaching solution is typically contacted with a substrate having a target precious metal, thereby solubilizing precious metal to form a stable, pregnant solution. The precious metal can then be recovered from the pregnant solution. In some instances, components of the leaching solution can be regenerated and reused in subsequent leaching.

Abstract: A chromium plating bath containing trivalent chromium ions and hexavalent chromium ions is prepared by a method including the steps of: (A) mixing chromic acid and an organic acid in an aqueous solution containing these acids and reducing chromic acid by the organic acid so as to prepare an aqueous solution not containing hexavalent chromium ions; (B) adding a pH adjustor to the aqueous solution not containing hexavalent chromium ions so as to adjust pH to a value of 1 to 4; and (C) further adding chromic acid to the aqueous solution not containing hexavalent chromium ions and having undergone the pH adjustment so as to prepare an aqueous solution containing trivalent chromium ions and hexavalent chromium ions. The chromium plating bath containing both trivalent chromium ions and hexavalent chromium ions can be prepared while easily and assuredly adjusting the contents (content ratio) of trivalent chromium ions and hexavalent chromium ions to predetermined values (a predetermined value).

Abstract: An electrolytic composition for the deposition of a matt metal layer onto a substrate and deposition process where the composition comprises a source of metal from the group consisting of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, In, Sn, Sb, Re, Pt, Au, Bi, and combinations thereof; a substituted or unsubstituted polyalkylene oxide or its derivative as an emulsion and/or dispersion former; and a compound comprising fluorated or perfluorated hydrophobic chains or which is a polyalkylene oxide substituted quaternary ammonium compound as wetting agent; wherein the electrolytic composition forms a microemulsion and/or dispersion.

Abstract: A stainless steel for a fuel cell having good corrosion resistance throughout a wide potential range and a method for producing the same are provided. In particular, a coating having an intensity ratio [(OO/OH)/(Cr/Fe)] of 1.0 or more determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis is formed by performing an anodic electrolyzation treatment on a surface of a stainless steel in an electrolyte solution, the stainless steel containing 16% by mass or more of Cr and preferably having a composition that includes, in terms of percent by mass, C: 0.03% or less, Si: 1.0% or less, Mn: 1.0% or less, S: 0.01% or less, P: 0.05% or less, Al: 0.20% or less, N: 0.03% or less, Cr: 20 to 40%, at least one selected from Nb, Ti, and Zr, in total: 1.0% or less, and the balance being Fe and unavoidable impurities.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of phosphinic acids and/or phosphonic acids and salts thereof, preferably as surface-active compounds, in redox processes, in particular in electroplating technology, particularly preferably in electroplating baths, and to electroplating baths comprising these compounds.

Abstract: An aqueous acidic trivalent chromium electrolyte comprising trivalent chromium ions and a complexing agent for maintaining the trivalent chromium ions in solution is provided in which the aqueous electrolyte comprises additives capable of producing a coating on a substrate having a desired dark hue. The additives typically comprise a dispersion of colloidal silica and an additional additive selected from thiocyanate ions and/or iron ions. The electrolyte is used in a method of producing the desired dark-hued decorative chromium coating on a substrate by electrodeposition.

Abstract: An electrodeposited crystalline functional chromium deposit which is nanogranular as deposited, and the deposit may be both TEM and XRD crystalline or may be TEM crystalline and XRD amorphous. In various embodiments, the deposit includes one or any combination of two or more of an alloy of chromium, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur; a {111} preferred orientation; an average crystal grain cross-sectional area of less than about 500 nm2; and a lattice parameter of 2.8895+/?0.0025 A. A process and an electrodeposition bath for electrodepositing the nanogranular crystalline functional chromium deposit on a substrate, including providing the electrodeposition bath including trivalent chromium, a source of divalent sulfur, a carboxylic acid, a source of nitrogen and being substantially free of hexavalent chromium; immersing a substrate in the bath; and applying an electrical current to electrodeposit the deposit on the substrate.

Abstract: A pulse current from a pulse current supply side is fed to a middle part of an anode holding body to which anodes are connected; both end portions of a cathode holding body, to which cathodes are connected, are connected to a negative pole on the pulse power source side; and inductances of wiring between adjacent anodes and inductances of wiring between adjacent cathodes are set at a ratio of 1:2:3:4 in a direction of spacing from a connection to the pulse power source side. Pulse currents are equally fed to each work and it can be ensured that chromium plating treatment of each work is made equal.

Abstract: The invention relates to the field of materials science and material physics and relates to a coated magnetic alloy material, which can be used, for example, as a magnetic cooling material for cooling purposes. The object of the present invention is to disclose a coated magnetic alloy material, which has improved mechanical and/or chemical properties. The object is attained with a magnetic alloy material with a NaZn13 type crystal structure and a composition according to the formula RaFe100-a-x-y-zTxMyLz and the surface of which is coated with a material composed of at least one element from the group Al, Si, C, Sn, Ti, V, Cd, Cr, Mn, W, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pd, Ag, Pt, Au or combinations thereof The object is furthermore attained by a method in which the magnetic alloy material is coated by means of a method from the liquid phase.

Abstract: A method for producing a structured hard chromium layer, during which chromium from an electrolyte is deposited onto a workpiece, which contains: a) a Cr(VI) compound in a quantity corresponding to between 50 and 300 g/l of chromic anhydride; b) 0.5 g/l to 10 g/l sulfuric acid, and; c) 5 g/l to 15 g/l aliphatic sulfonic acid having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. The electrolyte comprises substantially no compounds from the group consisting of ammonium molybdate, alkaline molybdate, alkaline earth molybdate, ammonium vanadate, alkaline vanadate and alkaline earth vanadate, ammonium zirconate, alkaline zirconate and alkaline earth zirconate, and is processed with a cathodic efficiency of 12% or less. A method for producing a coating, to a structured hard chromium layer, a coating and an electrolyte.

Abstract: A method of making an integrated circuit including a composition of matter for electrodepositing of chromium is disclosed. One embodiment provides a bath having a solution of a chromium salt in a substantially anhydrous organic solvent, to uses of certain chromium salts for electrodepositing and to processes for electrodepositing chromium.

Abstract: A pulse current from a pulse current supply side is fed to a middle part of an anode holding body to which anodes are connected; both end portions of a cathode holding body, to which cathodes are connected, are connected to a negative pole on the pulse power source side; and inductances of wiring between adjacent anodes and inductances of wiring between adjacent cathodes are set at a ratio of 1:2:3:4 in a direction of spacing from a connection to the pulse power source side. Pulse currents are equally fed to each work and it can be ensured that chromium plating treatment of each work is made equal.

Abstract: Systems and methods for the synthesis of lubricant-containing microcapsules are disclosed. Embodiments of composite nickel and copper coatings containing capsules with liquid lubricating oil cores are also disclosed. In certain embodiments, microcapsules can be incorporated into a metal plating solution to perform composite electrodeposition to obtain self lubricant metallic coatings. In some embodiments, much lower friction coefficient (˜0.8) and far better wear resistance was obtained with the copper/microcapsules composite.

Abstract: By using a plating bath containing chromic acid: 100 to 250 g/L, sulfate radical: 3.0 to 5.5 g/L, and a catalyst: 100 to 200% (a weight ratio to the chromic acid content) for conducting electroplating, a Cr-plating film which has an increased film crack density is formed on the surface of a mandrel bar base metal, whereby peeling-off of the Cr-plating film can be suppressed in mandrel mill rolling for extending the service life of the mandrel bar.

Abstract: A bonded assembly includes a member, and a substrate comprising beryllium, the substrate configured to be bonded to the member. The bonded assembly includes a first barrier applied to a surface of the substrate, a second barrier applied to a surface of the first barrier, a bonding material disposed between the second barrier and the member, and wherein the second barrier is configured to prevent dissolution of the first barrier into the bonding material.

Abstract: A method of producing a structured hard chrome layer is described, wherein chromium is deposited from an electrolyte onto a workpiece, said electrolyte containing: (a) a Cr (VI) compound in an amount corresponding to 50 g/l to 600 g/l of chromic acid anhydride (b) 0.5 g/l to 10 g/l of sulphuric acid; (c) 1 g/l to 20 g/l of aliphatic sulphonic acid, comprising 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and (d) 10 g/l to 200 g/l of at least one compound forming a dense cathode film, said compound being selected from among ammonium molybdate, alkali molybdate and alkaline earth molybdate, ammonium vanadate, alkali vanadate and alkaline earth vanadate, ammonium zirconate, alkali zirconate and alkaline earth zirconate. Further, the application relates to a structured hard chrome layer obtained according to said method and to an electrolyte for carrying out said method.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for deposition of chromium layers as hard-chrome plating for protection against wear or corrosion and/or for decorative purposes and also an electroplating bath with which chromium layers of this type can be deposited. The invention also relates to hard-chrome surfaces produced accordingly.

Abstract: When depositing a metal or a compound of the metal from a liquid crystal phase comprising a metal compound, e.g. a metal salt, by electrochemical means, high concentrations of the salt may be employed by using an ionic surfactant in place of the commonly used non-ionic surfactant.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for improving the corrosion resistance of chrome plated materials. After the materials to be chrome plated are mechanically abrasively polished, but before they are reverse etched, they are power washed with a high-pressure liquid. A sprayer with nozzles directed inwardly towards the materials directs water onto the material at pressures in the range of 1000 or 2500 to 3000 psi. After the materials are chrome plated, they are heated above the melting point of a buffing compound, and then the heated materials with the buffing compound applied are buffed. An induction heater is used, before or after the buffing compound is applied. Computer controls, responsive to operator input of the cross-sectional size, composition and/or speed of movement of the chrome plated materials, to in turn regulate the power to an induction coil heater.

Abstract: Embodiments of a composite carbon nanotube structure comprising a number of carbon nanotubes disposed in a matrix comprised of a metal or a metal oxide. The composite carbon nanotube structures may be used as a thermal interface device in a packaged integrated circuit device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of phosphinic acids and/or phosphonic acids and salts thereof, preferably as surface-active compounds, in redox processes, in particular in electroplating technology, particularly preferably in electroplating baths, and to electroplating baths comprising these compounds.

Abstract: There is disclosed articles for and methods of confining volatile materials in the void volume defined by crystalline void materials. In one embodiment, the hydrogen isotopes are confined inside carbon nanotubes for storage and the production of energy. There is also disclosed a method of generating various reactions by confining the volatile materials inside the crystalline void structure and releasing the confined volatile material. In this embodiment, the released volatile material may be combined with a different material to initiate or sustain a chemical, thermal, nuclear, electrical, mechanical, or biological reaction.

Abstract: A method for coating a printing press cylinder, namely a plate cylinder or a transfer cylinder, is disclosed. In an embodiment, the method includes providing a printing press cylinder with a metallic cylinder basic body, which has an outer surface area and at least one lockup slot, and applying a coating containing nickel to the cylinder basic body in the region of the outer surface area as well as in the region of the, or each, lockup slot by autocatalytic and/or chemical deposition.

Abstract: This invention relates to a composite target material which is prepared a thin film on the substrates via electroplating or electroless plating method. The thin film contains phosphorus or boron atoms. The ratio of phosphorus or boron atoms of the thin film is controlled by the solution or process parameters of electroplating or electroless plating process. The multi-elements functional thin film, which possesses optimum contents of phosphorus or boron atoms by coating process, can be used for high-temperature applications because of its better thermal cyclic properties and mechanical properties.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for production of a surface-structured substrate, comprising the steps: (i) production of a first substrate, nanostructured with inorganic nanoclusters on at least one surface, (ii) application of a substrate material for a second substrate, different from the first material to the nanostructured surface of the first substrate as obtained in step (i) and (iii) separation of the first substrate from the second substrate of step (ii), including the inorganic nanoclusters to give a second substrate nanostructured with the nanoclusters.

Abstract: A method for depositing a metal onto a substrate including the steps of providing a plating bath including ions of the metal, positioning the substrate in the plating bath, positioning at least one counter electrode in the plating bath, performing a first electrolytic process for a predetermined first period of time, performing a second electrolytic process for a predetermined second period of time and looping between the first and second electrolytic processes to form a coating of the metal on the substrate.

Abstract: A method for the preparation of corrosion-resistant and decorative coatings and layer systems for substrates of metals, preferably light metals. Also, method for the production of a coating and a layer system for substrates of metal, with which a decorative and corrosion-resistant, heavy-duty surface can be produced, including applying an adhesion layer (e.g., by chromatization) and a lacquer layer and a plasma etching process for the pre-treatment and improved adhesion of the subsequent layers, or PVD layers from oxides or metals. Providing PVD layers of a metal or metal alloys, and copper, nickel chromium which are chiefly galvanically applied are also preferably included.

Abstract: A method for treating a hinge holder includes the following steps: polishing a surface of the hinge holder; degreasing the hinge holder; cleaning the hinge holder; baking the hinge holder; cooling the hinge holder; screen-printing a part of the surface of the hinge holder; and plating the other part of the surface of the hinge holder with chromium or a chromium-containing compound. The plated hinge holder has a layer of chromium or chromium nitride on the surface, which renders the surface of the hinge holder more attractive and more wear-resistant. Therefore, it is not as easily scratched during assembly and frequent use.

Abstract: A cutting tool having a hard tip is pressed with a uniform pressure against a surface of a vehicle wheel as the wheel is rotated to smooth and seal the surface. The smoothed and sealed wheel surface is then chrome plated with a process that includes applying a nickel layer directly upon smoothed and sealed wheel surface and a chromium layer over the nickel layer.

Abstract: A process is provided for coating metallic workpieces with a bearing material, wherein the workpiece first receives a hard chromium plating having a pearl or columnar structure type surface. A predominantly silver layer is then galvanically deposited, which fills in and smooths the pearl or columnar structure type surface of the hard chromium plating. Optionally, additional hard chromium platings and predominantly silver-containing layers may be applied, preferably galvanically. The predominantly silver layer may advantageously contain a graphite component.

Abstract: To provide a plating method, which enables wide industrial use of the redox system electroless plating method having excellent characteristics, and a plating bath precursor which is preferable for the plating method. The plating method comprises a process oxidizing first metal ions of a redox system of a plating bath from a lower oxidation state to a high oxidation state, and second metal ions of said redox system are reduced and deposited onto the surface of an object to be plated, wherein a process is provided in which by supplying the electrical current to the plating bath, the first metal ions are reduced from said lower oxidation state to thereby activate the plating bath. The plating bath precursor is formed stabilizing the plating bath so that reduction and deposition of the second metal ions substantially do not occur in order to improve its storing performance.

Abstract: A method for treating a hinge holder includes the following steps: polishing a surface of the hinge holder; degreasing the hinge holder; cleaning the hinge holder; baking the hinge holder; cooling the hinge holder; screen-printing a part of the surface of the hinge holder; and plating the other part of the surface of the hinge holder with chromium or a chromium-containing compound. The plated hinge holder has a layer of chromium or chromium nitride on the surface, which renders the surface of the hinge holder more attractive and more wear-resistant. Therefore, it is not as easily scratched during assembly and frequent use.

Abstract: A metal plating bath and metal plating process that contains aldehyde compounds that prevent or reduce the consumption of metal plating bath additives. The metal plating baths provide for an efficient plating method because the plating process need not be interrupted to replenish the plating bath with additives. The metal plating baths may be employed to plate metals such as copper, gold, silver, palladium, platinum, cobalt, chromium, cadmium, bismuth, indium, rhodium, iridium, and ruthenium.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to provision of a surface-treated copper foil exhibiting a maximum effect of a silane coupling agent which is adsorbed onto the copper foil and is employed in order to enhance adhesion between the copper foil and a substrate during manufacture of printed wiring boards. The invention is also directed to provision of a method for producing such a copper foil. To attain these goals, a surface-treated copper foil for producing printed wiring boards is provided, wherein an anti-corrosion treatment comprises forming a zinc layer or a zinc alloy layer on a surface of the copper foil and forming an electrodeposited chromate layer on the zinc or zinc alloy layer; forming a silane-coupling-agent-adsorbed layer on the electrodeposited chromate layer without causing the electrodeposited chromate layer of the nodular-treated surface to dry; and drying.

Abstract: Nitride layer formation includes a method wherein a material is electrodeposited on a substrate and converted, at least in part, to a layer comprising nitrogen and the electrodeposited material. The electrodepositing may occur substantially selective on a conductive portion of the substrate. Also, the converting may comprise exposing the electrodeposited material to a nitrogen-comprising plasma. Chromium nitride and chromium oxynitride are examples of nitrogen-comprising materials. Copper or gold wiring of an integrated circuit are examples of a substrate. The processing temperature during the electrodepositing and the converting may be selected not to exceed 500° C. The thickness and composition of the nitride layer may be effective to limit diffusion of the wiring through the nitride layer. A diffusion barrier forming method may include forming a patterned layer of integrated circuit copper wiring over a substrate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the electrolytic coating of materials, in particular metallic materials, whereby a chromium alloy is deposited from an electrolyte, comprising at least chromic acid, sulphuric acid, an isopolyanion-forming metal, a short-chain aliphatic sulphonic acid, the salts and/or halo-derivatives thereof and fluorides. According to the invention, an alloy can be deposited, which can comprise a high proportion of isopolyanion-forming metal as a result of the combined addition of the short-chain aliphatic sulphonic acid with the fluorides and is nevertheless smooth and lustrous. In comparison with the alloy coatings known in the state of the art, in particular chrome/molybdenum alloys the above is a definite advantage. Furthermore, the presence of fluorides in particular leads to the above deposited coatings having a significantly higher hardness.

Abstract: A metal plating bath containing alcohol compounds that inhibit or retard the consumption of plating bath additives. The additives are chemical compounds that improve the brightness of the plated metal, the physical properties of the plated metal especially with respect to ductility and the micro-throwing power as well as the macro-throwing power of the plating bath. The alcohol compounds that inhibit or retard the consumption of additives increases the life of the plating bath and improves the efficiency of the plating process. The plating baths containing the alcohol compounds that inhibit or retard additive consumption can be employed to plate copper, gold, silver, palladium, platinum, cobalt, cadmium, chromium, bismuth, indium, rhodium, ruthenium, and iridium.

Abstract: A method of coating a metal surface, particularly an inner surface of a gun barrel, with a chromium layer, includes the following steps: electrolytically precipitating on the metal surface a plurality of partial chromium layers in a superposed relationship by electric current pulses equaling the number of the partial chromium layers; and selecting the duration of each pulse such that a crystallite growth of individual partial chromium layers is stopped prior to a natural termination thereof for obtaining a globular polytropic structure of the entire chromium layer.

Abstract: A metal plating bath and method of plating a metal on a substrate where the metal plating bath contains heteroatom compounds that prevent or inhibit the consumption of metal plating bath additives. The metal plating bath additives improve the brightness of plated metal as well as the ductility, micro-throwing power and macro-throwing power of the plating bath. The addition of the additive consumption inhibiting heteroatom organic compounds improves the physical properties of the plated metal as well as the efficiency of the plating process. The heteroatom organic compounds may contain sulfur, oxygen or nitrogen heteroatoms.

Abstract: In an electrodeposited hard-chromium coat, particularly for a piston ring, which is substantially formed of an electrolyte containing hexavalent chromium, wherein there are cracks in the coat and diamond particles are embedded in these cracks, the diamond particles have a size ranging from 0.25 to 0.5 &mgr;m.

Abstract: An autonomous pushed liquid recirculation system (APLRS) is installed in a vessel, such as an electroplating tank. It situates around the interior perimeter and adjusts to changes in the level of liquid, maintaining the same location and orientation respective to the liquid's surface. It establishes a current near the surface that pushes liquid across the narrow horizontal dimension of the tank from a front wall to a rear wall. The current serves to push any bubbles resultant from operations within the tank to the rear wall. Over the rear wall is mounted an abbreviated exhaust hood covering only a short width of the surface of the tank along the rear wall. Because the exhaust system has to scavenge only a portion of the surface since all bubbles now burst along the rear wall, a much smaller air handling apparatus may be specified with an attendant savings in energy costs.

Abstract: Nitride layer formation includes a method where a material is electrodeposited on a substrate and converted, at least in part, to a layer comprising nitrogen and the electrodeposited material. The electrodepositing may occur substantially selective on a conductive portion of the substrate. Also, the converting may comprise exposing the electrodeposited material to a nitrogen-comprising plasma. Chromium nitride and chromium oxynitride are examples of nitrogen-comprising materials. Copper or gold wiring of an integrated circuit are examples of a substrate. The chromium may be converted to a chromium-nitride-comprising diffusion barrier using a nitrogen-comprising plasma.

Abstract: A mold for a microlens includes a substrate at least a portion of which is electrically conductive, such as an electrically-conductive substrate or a substrate with an electrode layer, an insulating mask layer formed on the substrate and including an opening or plural openings, and a plated layer electroplated in the opening and on the mask layer. A first condition that a diameter or width (&phgr;) of the opening has a relation of &phgr;≦0.35R, wherein (R) is a radius of curvature of the plated layer right above the opening, or a second condition that the diameter or width (&phgr;) of the opening is &phgr;≦10 &mgr;m, is met.

Abstract: A friction resistant blade having a protective layer is provided. A method for producing the friction resistant blade is also provided.

Abstract: A continuous layer of a metal is electrodeposited onto a substrate having both hydrodynamically inaccessible recesses and hydrodynamically accessible recesses on its surface by a twostep process in which the hydrodynamically inaccessible recesses are plated using a pulsed reversing current with cathodic pulses having a duty cycle of less than about 50% and anodic pulses having a duty cycle of greater than about 50% and the hydrodynamically accessible recesses are then plated using a pulsed reversing current with cathodic pulses having a duty cycle of greater than about 50% and anodic pulses having a duty cycle of less than about 50%.

Abstract: A smooth layer of a metal is electroplated onto a microrough electrically conducting substrate by immersing the substrate and a counterelectrode in an electroplating bath of the metal to be electroplated and passing a modulated reversing electric current between the electrodes. The current contains pulses that are cathodic with respect to said substrate and pulses that are anodic with respect to said substrate. The cathodic pulses have a duty cycle less than about 50% and said anodic pulses have a duty cycle greater than about 50%, the charge transfer ratio of the cathodic pulses to the anodic pulses is greater than one, and the frequency of said pulses ranges from about 10 Hertz to about 12000 Hertz. The plating bath is substantially devoid of levelers and may be devoid of brighteners.

Abstract: Chromium electroplating of steel strip, to make tin-free steel, is conducted in an electrolytic bath containing predominantly HCrO4− ions rather than the conventional [HCr2O7]− or Cr2O7= ions. The electrolytic bath is dilute, reducing the amount of chrome-containing waste, and the dilute chromic acid rinse water may be recycled to the electrolytic bath, thus eliminating the waste disposal problem of the rinse water.

Abstract: Using a chrome plating bath containing organic sulfonic acid, plating is conducted by application of a pulse current to thereby form a crack-free lower chrome layer on a steel substrate. The lower chrome layer has a compressive residual stress of 100 MPa or more and a crystal grain size of from 9 nm to less than 16 nm. Subsequently, by application of a direct current, a cracked upper chrome layer is formed on the lower chrome layer, to thereby obtain a chrome plated part. The lower chrome layer imparts the chrome plated part with heat resistance and corrosion resistance, and the upper chrome layer imparts the chrome plated part with wear resistance and good sliding properties.

Abstract: The invention relates to metallic products and a process for producing these which allows, despite the complexity of their structure, for them to be produced in refractory alloys based on chromium. The chromium is deposited by electrolysis, this being carried out by means of a bath with high throwing power. The formation of the alloy with layers of other metallic constituents is obtained by thermal diffusion. The provision of aluminum is controlled in the form of particles by immersing, by spraying or “painting.” The structures according to the invention are particularly intended to be used as catalyst supports or filtering agents.

Abstract: Using a chrome plating bath containing organic sulfonic acid, plating is conducted by application of a pulse current to thereby form a crack-free lower chrome layer on a steel substrate. The lower chrome layer has a compressive residual stress of 100 MPa or more and a crystal grain size of from 9 nm to less than 16 nm. Subsequently, by application of a direct current, a cracked upper chrome layer is formed on the lower chrome layer, to thereby obtain a chrome plated part. The lower chrome layer imparts the chrome plated part with heat resistance and corrosion resistance, and the upper chrome layer imparts the chrome plated part with wear resistance and good sliding properties.