Abstract: High boiling hydrocarbon materials are hydrocracked in a multiple stage process having ebullating or fixed catalyst bed hydrogenation reactor stages in series. Between the hydrogenation reactors is an interstage feed of an aromatic solvent and/or a portion of the high boiling hydrocarbon feedstock.

Abstract: A bitumen/steam pre-mixer and atomizing nozzle combine to produce a jet of minute liquid droplets (bitumen) in carrier gas (steam). The jet is injected into a draft tube mixer positioned in a fluid bed of hot coke particles suspended in steam and contained within a fluid coking reactor. The movement of the jet through the draft tube passageway induces a stream of coke particles in steam to be drawn into the passageway, where the jet and stream mix vigorously and bitumen droplets have an enhanced probability of contacting coke particles.

Abstract: A shelf is incorporated into a typical FCC riser that permits the tips of the nozzles to extend past the wall of the riser while preventing the tips from promoting coke build-up and protecting the tips from erosion. The shelf can be part of an angled section that often appears in a transition zone for increasing the internal diameter of the riser to accommodate the volumetric expansion of the feed. The shelf section reduces the non-uniformity in the mixing of the catalyst and feed and minimizes backmixing of the feed injection. The shelf of this invention accomplishes these objectives without recessing the feed injectors into the riser wall which can interfere with the spray pattern.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a continuous process for producing a desired hydrocarbon product using a heterogeneous slurry catalyst, to the product of said process, and to the reactor utilized in such process.

Abstract: An apparatus for mixing a fluid feed stock, such as a heavy oil, and particles of a catalyst for gasifying the heavy oil in a reactor, comprises the reactor having in the upper portion a circular port through which the particles are fed, a moving bed-forming section disposed on and in communication with the reactor for forming the particles into an annular or cylindrical high-velocity moving bed by dropping the particles downwardly into the reactor, while dispersing the particles radially, an external fluid feed section located so as to spray the feed stock over the entire upper outer periphery of the annular or cylindrical moving bed passing through the reactor, and an internal fluid-feed section located so as to spray the fluid over the entire upper inner periphery corresponding to the outer periphery of the annular moving bed.

Abstract: A composition for controlling NOx emissions during FCC processes comprises (i) an acidic oxide support, (ii) cerium oxide, (iii) a lanthanide oxide other than ceria such as praseodymium oxide, and (iv), optionally, an oxide of a metal from Groups Ib and IIb such as copper, silver and zinc.

Abstract: A process for the catalytic cracking in a fluidized bed where the feed stock is fully and previously vaporized before made to contact the cracking catalyst which has its origin in the regenerator. The pre-vaporization of the feed dispenses with the heat exchange with the catalyst in order to vaporize the feed. Thus, coke deposits on the catalyst surface are reduced, the yield of the gasoline unit is improved and the unit may operate under very low contact times (<0.5 seconds). Modes for adjusting the heat balance of the unit as a function of the increase in the feed temperature without harm to the catalyst circulation are also presented.

Abstract: A fluidized particulate solids contacting process for reducing regenerator flue gas NOx emissions and/or permitting operating with an increased equilibrium solids vanadium level, which process may be an FCC process or a fluidized particulate solid hydrocarbon treating process, wherein spent FCC catalyst or other spent solid is in a regenerator with an oxygen-containing regeneration gas under catalyst (solid) regeneration conditions which include a combination of at least a regeneration temperature and an oxygen level in the regeneration gas which is effective to burn off the spent solid a majority of carbonaceous deposits thereon, while substantially preventing the formation of NOx, and thereby produce a regenerated solid having a carbon level reduced from that of the spent solid and a flue gas; maintaining the regenerated solid in a fluidized state with a fluidizing media that substantially prevents any further oxidation or regeneration; and returning the fluidized regenerated solid to the reactor (contactor

Abstract: This invention is to a circulating fluid bed reactor that is designed so as to have the ability to adjust catalyst holdup within the reaction zone of the reactor while maintaining substantially constant catalyst circulation rate through the reaction zone. The ability to adjust catalyst hold up independently of catalyst circulation rate provides an advantage of having the ability to maintain a constant conversion level as catalyst activity or feed rates change.

Abstract: The upstream portion of a reactor (1), contains, between the feeding area of the catalyst flow and the injection area of the charge to be cracked, at least one solid and attached packing element (6, 6′), that extends over all or part of the cross section of the reactor and consists of a network of cells through which pass the catalyst particles. This network makes it possible to create at least one step of division and recombination of the flow of catalyst particles, so as to redistribute the latter in a homogenous manner over the cross section of the reactor.

Abstract: High boiling hydrocarbon materials are hydrocracked in a multiple stage process having ebullating catalyst bed hydrogenation reactor stages in series. Between the hydrogenation reactors is an interstage separator/stripper to separate a vapor phase and to strip the liquid phase with hydrogen to produce a heavier, more concentrated liquid phase as the feed to the next ebullating bed reactor stage in the series. The feed to the second stage may be blended with an aromatic solvent and/or a portion of the high boiling hydrocarbon feedstock.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for atomizing a fluid is disclosed. The processes and apparatuses are useful for atomizing a feed oil for a fluid cat cracking (FCC) or other suitable process.

Abstract: This invention teaches an improved ebullated-bed reactor hydrotreating/hydrocracking process for treating heavy vacuum gas oil (HVGO) and deasphalted oil (DAO) feeds. The reactor is designed to operate at minimum catalyst bed expansion so as to maximize reactor kinetics and approach plug flow reactor process performance. Further, the invention allows for the production of a uniform product quality and production output that does not substantially vary with time.

Abstract: A two-stage process for converting petroleum residua and other low value oils to high valued gasoline blendstocks and light olefins. The first stage is comprised of a thermal process unit containing a reaction zone comprised of a horizontal moving bed of fluidized hot particles operated at temperatures from about 500 to 600° C. and having a short vapor residence time, and the second stage is comprised of a catalytic conversion zone operated at a temperature of about 525° C. to about 650° C., and also having a short vapor residence time, preferably shorter than that of the first stage reaction zone.

Abstract: An atomizing gas, such as steam, and a hot fluid comprising a hot liquid to be atomized, are passed under pressure, through separate fluid conduits in a heat exchange means, in which the hot liquid heats the steam to a superheat temperature, by indirect heat exchange. The superheated steam is then injected into the hot fluid, which comprises a two-phase fluid comprising steam and the hot liquid, subsequent to the superheated steam injection. The two-phase fluid is passed through an atomizing means, such as an orifice, into a lower pressure atomizing zone, which causes the steam to expand and atomize the liquid into a spray of liquid droplets. The two-phase fluid is formed before or as a consequence of the superheated steam injection and is preferably steam-continuous when passed through the atomizing means. This process is useful for atomizing a hot feed oil for a fluid cat cracking (FCC) process.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a continuous process for producing a desired hydrocarbon product using a heterogeneous slurry catalyst, to the product of said process, and to the reactor utilized in such process.

Abstract: A process for the catalytic cracking in a fluidized bed where the feed stock is fully and previously vaporized before made to contact the cracking catalyst which has its origin in the regenerator. The pre-vaporization of the feed dispenses with the heat exchange with the catalyst in order to vaporize the feed. Thus, coke deposits on the catalyst surface are reduced, the yield of the gasoline unit is improved and the unit may operate under very low contact times (<0.5 seconds). Modes for adjusting the heat balance of the unit as a function of the increase in the feed temperature without harm to the catalyst circulation are also presented.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for atomizing a fluid is disclosed. The processes and apparatuses are useful for atomizing a feed oil for a fluid cat cracking (FCC) or other suitable process.

Abstract: A process for catalytic multi-stage hydrogenation of heavy carbonaceous feedstocks using catalytic ebullated bed reactors is operated at selected flow and operating conditions so as to provide improved reactor operations and produce increased yield of lower boiling hydrocarbon liquid and gas products. The disclosed process advantageously takes advantage of an external gas/liquid separation unit associated with the first stage reactor to allow for a more efficient and effective catalytic hydrocracking process. The more efficient process is primarily a result of the increased catalyst loading and lower gas hold-up in the ebullated reactors.

Abstract: An atomizing gas, such as steam, and a hot fluid comprising a hot liquid to be atomized, are passed under pressure, through separate fluid conduits in a heat exchange means, in which the hot liquid heats the steam to a superheat temperature, by indirect heat exchange. The superheated steam is then injected into the hot fluid, which comprises a two-phase fluid comprising steam and the hot liquid, subsequent to the superheated steam injection. The two-phase fluid is passed through an atomizing means, such as an orifice, into a lower pressure atomizing zone, which causes the steam to expand and atomize the liquid into a spray of liquid droplets. The two-phase fluid is formed before or as a consequence of the superheated steam injection and is preferably steam-continuous when passed through the atomizing means. This process is useful for atomizing a hot feed oil for a fluid cat cracking (FCC) process.

Abstract: A process for converting a heavy hydrocarbon fraction comprises a step a) for treating a hydrocarbon feed in a hydroconversion section in the presence of hydrogen, the section comprising at least one three-phase reactor containing at least one ebullated bed of hydroconversion catalyst operating in riser mode for liquid and for gas, said reactor comprising at least one means for extracting used catalyst from said reactor and at least one means for adding fresh catalyst to said reactor, b) a step for treating fresh catalyst and conditioning the catalyst using a process leading to a gain in the activity of the catalyst during treatment of the feed in said conversion reactor. This process for conditioning the catalyst before adding it to the reactor can comprise a step for impregnating the catalyst with a chemical substance, or a complete sulphurisation step, or a step for adding an additive mixed with the fresh catalyst which is added.

Abstract: An apparatus for mixing a fluid feed stock, such as a heavy oil, and particles of a catalyst for gasifying the heavy oil in a reactor, comprises the reactor having in the upper portion a circular port through which the particles are fed, a moving bed-forming section disposed on and in communication with the reactor for forming the particles into an annular or cylindrical high-velocity moving bed by dropping the particles downwardly into the reactor, while dispersing the particles radially, an external fluid feed section located so as to spray the feed stock over the entire upper outer periphery of the annular or cylindrical moving bed passing through the reactor, and an internal fluid-feed section located so as to spray the fluid over the entire upper inner periphery corresponding to the outer periphery of the annular moving bed.

Abstract: A novel apparatus and process, including a perforated-pipe sparger, for atomizing a liquid stream is disclosed. This novel apparatus and process can be utilized in a fluidized catalytic cracking process or in a coking process for atomizing an oil stream prior to contact with a fluidized catalyst.

Abstract: An arrangement for the controlled production of an essentially linear array of hydrocarbon feed injection jets maintains stable and reliable jets by passing individual piping for each jet through a support shroud that is located in a contacting vessel. Controlled atomization is provided by independently injecting a uniform quantity of gas medium into each of the plurality of uniformly created feed injection streams upstream of a discharge nozzle that separately discharges each mixed stream of hydrocarbons and gas medium into a stream of catalyst particles at or about the inner end of the support shroud. The feed injection jets are suitable for positioning in an inner location of a large contacting vessel. Uniformity of distribution is obtained by dividing the hydrocarbons streams from an oil chamber into an individual oil conduit for each spray injection nozzle. The individual oil conduits receive separate streams of a gas phase fluid that mixes with feed to pass the mixture to a spray nozzle.

Abstract: An dilute phase transport riser for the contacting of particles with a gas uses redistributors along the length of the riser to prevent the formation of localized regions of high particle concentration along the wall of the riser. A series of redistributors extend transversely across the riser to redistribute the particles and the gas. The redistributor can comprise radially extended spokes or simple rectangular grates spaced at regular intervals along the length of the riser. The arrangement is particularly suited for FCC application where the catalyst tends to form pickets or streamers of catalyst that may slip backward along the length of a vertical riser.

Abstract: A process is described for catalytic cracking of a petroleum feed in which a catalyst from a regeneration zone 4 is caused to flow in a dense fluidized bed conditioning zone 2 upstream of an injection zone 10, the fluidization rate being 0.1 to 30 cm/s. The throughput of catalyst into injection zone 10 is regulated by a constriction means 11. The hydrocarbon feed 12 is injected below the constriction means and flows counter-current to the direction of flow of the shaped catalyst flow. The hydrocarbon feed 12 is injected at a set injection angle depending on the movement of the feed and the catalyst.

Abstract: Atomization of a high boiling point, hot liquid, such as a hydrocarbon feed oil for a fluid cat cracker, is enhanced by injecting subcooled water into the hot liquid, to form a two-phase fluid of the liquid and steam, upstream of the atomization. The hot liquid is at conditions of temperature and pressure effective for the injected, subcooled water to vaporize into steam, when the water contacts it. Typically this means that the hot liquid is hotter and at a lower pressure than the water. In an FCC process, the subcooled water is sparged into the flowing hot oil in a conduit in a riser feed injector. This produces a spray of hot oil in the riser reaction zone in which the oil drops are smaller and more uniformly distributed in the spray.

Abstract: A process for the fluid catalytic cracking of heavy feeds under a heat balance regime is described, where one or more catalyst coolers external to the regenerator cool a stream of regenerated catalyst. A portion of said stream returns to the regenerator and a portion of the cooled regenerated catalyst is admixed to the non-cooled regenerated catalyst at a temperature substantially lower than the regenerator temperature, said admixture being brought into contact with the hydrocarbon feed to be cracked. As a result, the control of the catalyst circulation is rendered independent from the heat balance of the unit, with minimization of the thermal cracking, and therefore lower coke and fuel gas products.

Abstract: An object is to increase cracking rate of heavy fraction oils while producing a lessened amount of dry gases generated by the hydrogen transfer reaction and by the overcracking to obtain light fraction olefins in a high yield. A process for the fluid catalytic cracking of heavy fraction oils, which comprises steps of feeding the heavy fraction oils to a raw oil introducing portion provided at a reaction zone inlet; feeding a part of a regenerated catalyst taken out of a catalyst-regenerating zone to a catalyst introducing portion provided at a reaction zone inlet; and feeding another part of the regenerated catalyst taken out of the catalyst-regenerating zone to at least one catalyst introducing portion which is provided between the catalyst introducing portion provided at the reaction zone inlet and reaction zone outlet, the catalytic cracking in the reaction zone being carried out under conditions of a contact time of 0.1 to 3.0 sec. a reaction zone outlet temperature of 530 to 700.degree. C.

Abstract: The invention relates ro a method of converting hydrocarbons. According to the method, a gaseous or liquid hydrocarbon feed is passed into a circulating fluidized-bed reactor, wherein the feed is converted at a high temperatue under the influence of particulate matter kept in a fluidized state, and the converted hydrocarbon products are removed from the reactor in a gaseous phase. According to the invention, a circulating fluidized-bed reactor (1-3; 41-43) is used having an axially annular cross section and being equipped with a multiport cyclone (14,17; 52,63) for the separation of the particulate matter from the gas-phase reaction products. The reaction space comprises an intershell riser space (13; 50) formed between two concentrically located cylindrical and/or conical envelope surfaces. The separation of particulate matter from the gas-phase reaction products is performed by means of a multiport cyclone equipped with louvered vanes (14; 63).

Abstract: An FCC feed injection arrangement injects feed transversely from the sides of a restricted opening into a stream of FCC catalyst to provide good feed and catalyst contacting in an arrangement that simplifies external pipe configurations and maintenance of the feed injection system. The invention forms a venturi or restricted opening by forming a generally square opening between two parallel extended chords on opposite sides of the riser. A venturi area may be built out of refractory lining or other abrasion resistant structures. The invention may use horizontally extended pipes that are tangentially positioned apart from each other across from the restricted opening to provide a simple construction for the feed injection arrangement. The pipes are easily inserted and withdrawn from the riser to permit easy maintenance of the nozzles in the highly erosive environment.

Abstract: Compositions which contain a titania component have been found which provide reduction of sulfar levels in the gasoline resulting from FCC processes (and other cracking processes conducted in the absence of added hydrogen) without the need for feedstock pretreatments nor added hydrogen. The compositions preferably also contain an alumina supported Lewis acid component. These compositions are preferably used as particles in admixture with catalytic cracking catalyst particles in the circulating catalyst inventory.

Abstract: A process for upgrading a heavy hydrocarbon feed includes the steps of: providing a hydrocarbon feedstock including a fraction having a boiling point greater than or equal to about 320.degree. C.; mixing the feedstock with steam so as to provide a reaction feedstock; providing a catalyst including a first metal selected from the group consisting of Group VIII non-noble metals and a second metal selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, the first and second metals being supported on a support selected from the group consisting of kaolin, alumina, silica, carbon, petroleum cokes and mixtures thereof; and contacting the reaction feedstock with the catalyst at steam conversion conditions so as to provide a reaction product including an upgraded hydrocarbon fraction.

Abstract: An FCC process provides ultrashort catalyst and feed contacting in an FCC riser by recovering a short contact product stream in an intermediate section of the riser. The remainder of the catalyst and gas mixture continues through the riser along a continuous flow path for further for controlled cracking of the heavier adsorbed hydrocarbons and entrained hydrocarbons. Residual catalyst separated from the recovery of the short contact product stream returns to the upstream end of the riser for recycle. The section of the riser downstream of the short contact product recovery may receive additional feed to perform secondary cracking reactions. The riser arrangement greatly simplifies methods for performing ultra short FCC feed and catalyst contacting.

Abstract: This invention discloses a dispersing-type catalyst for catalytic hydrocring of heavy oil and residuum, the preparation method thereof and a suspension bed hydrocracking process for hydrocracking of heavy oil and residuum using said catalyst. Said catalyst comprises 2 to 15 wt % Mo, 0.1 to 2 wt % Ni and 0.1-3 wt % P. The preparation method comprises dissolving oxides or salts of metals such as Mo, Ni in water. The process comprises mixing the heavy oil and residuum feedstock with the catalyst, heating the mixture and introducing the mixture into a suspension bed reactor, performing the hydrocracking reaction at 380-460.degree. C. under 10-15 MPa of hydrogen pressure, in which the catalyst is added in an amount to provide 150-150O ppm active metals. The yield of light oil according to the process is more than 70 wt %, substantially without coking.

Abstract: A process for thermally and catalytically upgrading a heavy feed in a single riser reactor FCC unit is disclosed. A heavy feed is cracked in the base of the riser at higher than normal cracking temperatures for at least 1.0 seconds of vapor residence time, then quenched. Quenching with large amounts of quench, preferably downstream of the mid point of the riser, increases conversion as compared to use of the same amount of quench within one second. Small amounts of quench, near the riser outlet, crack heavy feed roughly as well as large amounts of quench, near the base of the riser. High velocity, atomizing quench nozzles reduce riser pressure and/or catalyst slip in downstream portions of the riser, further increasing gasoline selectivity and reducing coke yields.

Abstract: A nozzle, and hydrocarbon conversion process using the nozzle for atomizing heavy feed to conversion zone, are disclosed. A liquid feed stream is atomized by radial out-to-in impingement of atomizing vapor, discharged onto an imperforate central region of a perforated plate in one end of a nozzle barrel, then sprayed through an outlet in the other end of the nozzle barrel. Preferably two perforate plates are used, a first at one end of the nozzle barrel and a second between the first plate and the outlet, which is preferably an elliptical orifice.

Abstract: A process for the dual riser contacting of a primary feed and a secondary recycle feed fraction uses independent recovery of the separate streams from the riser cracking zone to improve the product yields and properties. Separate recovery segregates the upgraded recracked components from the rest of the primary cracked products. The benefits of selective of recracking are lost if the upgraded products from the recycle stream become recombined with the primary cracked product. The selectively recovered recycle feed may undergo hydroprocessing to hydrogenate, hydrocrack and/or hydrotreatmement before recracking. The process can also make highly efficient use of the high residual activity in the catalyst that has contacted the secondary feed.

Abstract: A transition metal salt, preferably ammonium heptamolybdate, is dissolved in water to provide a solution containing the dispersed catalyst precursor. The solution is atomized by passing it through an atomizing nozzle submerged in hot oil. The minute atomized droplets are delivered into the hot oil and the water is flashed to form steam bubbles. The precursor forms catalytic particles distributed in the oil.

Abstract: A process for steam conversion of a hydrocarbon feedstock in the presence of a catalyst includes the steps of (a) providing a catalytic emulsion comprising a water in oil emulsion containing a first alkali metal and a second metal selected from the group consisting of Group VIII non-noble metals, alkaline earth metals and mixtures thereof; (b) mixing the catalytic emulsion with a hydrocarbon feedstock to provide a reaction mixture; and (c) subjecting the reaction mixture to steam conversion conditions so as to provide an upgraded hydrocarbon product. A catalytic emulsion and process for preparing same are also provided.

Abstract: A two-stage process for obtaining a substantial amount of olefinic product from a residua feedstock. The first stage is comprised of a thermal process unit containing a reaction zone comprised of a horizontal moving bed of fluidized hot particles operated at temperatures from about 500.degree. to 600.degree. C. and having a short vapor residence time, and the second stage thermal conversion zone operated at a temperature of about 700.degree. C. to about 1100.degree. C., and also having a short vapor residence time.

Abstract: A two-stage process for obtaining a substantial amount of olefinic product from a residua feedstock. The first stage is comprised of a thermal process unit containing a reaction zone comprised of a horizontal moving bed of fluidized hot particles operated at temperatures from about 500.degree. to 600.degree. C. and having a short vapor residence time, and the second stage thermal conversion zone operated at a temperature of about 700.degree. C. to about 1100.degree. C., and also having a short vapor residence time.

Abstract: An improved ebullated bed hydroconversion process is disclosed that utilizes a bimodal heterogeneous catalyst and a metal containing oil-miscible-catalysts compound to achieve a reduction in sediment, an increase in conversion, a reduction in the energy utilized to maintain reaction conditions and increases the stability of the ebullated catalyst bed. The oil-miscible compound may be provided in a concentration so as to provide about 1 to about 60 wppm metal based on the charge hydrocarbon oil.

Abstract: A fluid cat cracking process for catalytically cracking a feed containing vanadium into lower boiling products, includes a cat cracker and a regenerator, with the feed entering the catalytic cracking zone preheated by indirect heat exchange with spent, stripped catalyst particles being recycled from the cracking reactor to the regenerator. Operating the regenerator at a temperature no higher than about 1150.degree. F. permits the amount of vanadium in the feed to be substantially increased with no loss of catalytic activity due to vanadium poisoning of the catalyst, when compared to a higher regenerator temperature of 1365.degree. F. Using the stripped, spent catalyst for heating the feed reduces feed coking and heat exchanger fouling, compared to using the hotter regenerated catalyst for feed preheat.

Abstract: An improved apparatus and method for the fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) of hydrocarbons. Turbulence generation means disposed on the internal surface of an FCC riser-reactor are utilized to provide for a more uniform catalyst flow pattern within the riser-reactor and to thereby provide for a better conversion and product slate.

Abstract: A process for selective catalytic cracking of a petroleum-based feedstock to produce a product having a high yield of liquified petroleum gas (LPG) and light olefins having 3 to 4 carbons includes providing a fluidized bed reactor which is a high velocity riser, continuously circulating fluidized bed reactor; providing a solid acidic catalyst comprised of: from 1 to 6% by wt. of ultra stable Y-zeolite; from 8-25% by wt. of Pentasil zeolite which is shape selective; from 0-8% by wt. of an active material which is bottom selective; from 0-1% by wt. of rare earth constituents; and from 91 to 60% by wt. of nonacidic constituents and binder; charging the fluidized bed reactor with the solid acidic catalyst and the petroleum-based feedstock; and cracking the petroleum-based feedstock in the presence of the solid acidic catalyst in the fluidized bed reactor. The reactor is operated at a Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) ranging from 40 to 120 hr.sup.

Abstract: The invention is a process and apparatus for rapidly and efficiently separating a fluidized catalytic cracking mixture into cracking catalysts and hydrocarbon vapor. The invention decreases the production of unwanted hydrocarbon byproducts by decreasing the contact time between the separated hydrocarbon vapor and the cracking catalyst.

Abstract: A catalyst for use in a process for steam conversion of a heavy hydrocarbon feedstock includes the steps of: providing a heavy hydrocarbon feedstock; providing a catalytically active phase comprising a first metal and a second metal wherein said first metal is a non-noble Group VIII metal and said second metal is an alkali metal; and contacting said feedstock with steam at a pressure of less than or equal to about 300 psig in the presence of said catalytically active phase so as to provide a hydrocarbon product having a reduced boiling point. The catalyst may be supported on a support material or mixed directly with the feedstock and comprises a first metal selected from the group consisting of non-noble Group VIII metals and mixtures thereof and a second metal comprising an alkali metal wherein said catalyst is active to convert said heavy hydrocarbon at a pressure of less than or equal to about 300 psig.

Abstract: An intermediate distillate fraction is subjected to fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) to yield liquid fuel and lighter. The C.sub.7 -C.sub.10 paraffin lift fluid is converted to C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 olefins and naphtha of enhanced octane.

Abstract: An FCC feed distributor mixes fresh catalyst entering the riser with steam to cream a dense bubbling bed of catalyst. Fluidized catalyst rises from the dense bed around a conical section supported from the bottom of the riser. The conical section accelerates the catalyst by reducing the flow area into a small width annulus. As fast fluidized catalyst flows to the annulus, a diverter outwardly redirects an axially flowing feed stream to discharge feed radially into the catalyst as it flows by the annular section. A narrow width of the annular section provides good penetration of the catalyst stream by the feed to quickly and completely mix the catalyst and feed. A tapered conical section above the narrow annular section provides an extended region of gradually increasing flow area that controls downstream acceleration of the gas and catalyst mixture by permitting expansion and preventing back mixing over the initial stages of the cracking reaction.