Abstract: Methods are disclosed for inhibiting coke formation in pyrolytic reactors or furnaces during the pyrolysis operation. Rare earth elements or compounds thereof, such as cerium and lanthanum elements or compounds, are added to the particular hydrocarbonaceous medium undergoing such pyrolysis.

Abstract: A method for inhibiting the formation of polymeric based fouling deposits normally formed during the caustic washing of hydrocarbons is disclosed. The method comprises adding an effective amount for the purpose of an ethylenediamine compound (e.g., ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, etc.) to the caustic wash system.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process in which the addition of a substantially inert solvent to a heavy petroleum stock permits high conversion hydrocracking and hydrogen addition to be accomplished in the absence of catalyst or additive.

Abstract: Gum and sediment formation in liquid hydrocarbon mediums are inhibited by adding to the medium an alkyl 1,2-dihydroquinoline compound, dimer, trimer or polymer thereof. The invention is particularly well-suited for use in hydrodesulfurizer processes wherein the hydrocarbon medium is typically a naphtha, diesel, kerosene, light gas and or residual fuel charge and the charge or medium is subjected to high temperature and pressure treatment in the presence of a catalyst.

Abstract: Low temperature asphaltene fouling is inhibited in highly paraffinic crude oil, liquified hydrocarbon gases (e.g. LPG, condensates) and blends thereof by the incorporation of an inhibiting amount of an oil soluble overbased magnesium sulfonate.

Abstract: A method for lightening a petroleum hydrocarbon oil by distillation in which 1 part by weight or less of an organic compound having an active mercapto group therein is added to 100 parts by weight of the petroleum hydrocarbon oil when the petroleum hydrocarbon oil is lightened by a thermal treatment.

Abstract: A method for controlling the formation of fouling deposits in a liquid hydrocarbonaceous medium, wherein in the absence of such fouling inhibition, fouling deposits would normally be formed within said medium is disclosed. The method comprises adding to said medium an antifoulant composition comprising a basic antifouling compound, component (1), selected from the group consisting of alkyl phosphonate phenate sulfide, alkaline earth alkyl phosphonate phenate sulfide, an amine neutralized alkyl phsophonate phenate sulfide, or mixtures thereof, and at least one additional antifouling compound selected from components (2), (3) and (4) wherein component (2) is an effective antioxidant compound adapted to inhibit oxygen based polymerization of said hydrocarbon or petrochemical, component (3) is a corrosion inhibiting compound, and component (4) is a metal deactivator. The process comprises adding from about 0.

Abstract: A process for reducing the effects of catalyst bed fouling when a hydrocarbon feedstock is contacted with a catalyst at elevated temperatures comprising adding to the feedstock an effective amount of a higher hydrocarbyl amine, optionally in combination with an alkylarylsulfonic acid.

Abstract: Unclouded solutions of antimony hydrocarbylthiolate suitable for metals passivation are produced utilizing an amine. In one embodiment of the invention the amine is included with the antimony oxide and hydroxyhydrocarbylthiol reactants to produce the passivating agent. In another embodiment of the invention, the metals passivation additive is produced by combining antimony oxide with a hydroxyhydrocarbylthiol to produce a reaction mixture which is thereafter contacted with an amine. The resulting product is useful for the passivation of metals deposited on cracking catalysts.

Abstract: Fouling of heat exchangers in chemical processing or oil refining systems is inhibited by incorporating into a petroleum derived stock an effective antifouling amount of a mixture of(a) a condensation product of an alkylphenol, an aldehyde, and an amine; and(b) a diaminomethane.

Abstract: Triphenylphosphine oxide prevents fouling in ethylene furnaces.

Abstract: Certain Mannich reaction products formed from the reaction of an alkyl substituted catechol, a polyamine, and an aldehyde are used to deactivate copper metal species contained in hydrocarbon fluids. Left untreated, such copper species lead to decomposition resulting in the formation of gummy, polymer masses in the hydrocarbon liquid.

Abstract: Methods for inhibiting coke formation in pyrolytic reactors and furnaces are disclosed wherein effective alkaline earth metal salt coke retardant treatments are used. Exemplary coke retardant treatments include magnesium and calcium salts such as the acetate, chloride, and nitrate, and magnesium sulfate salt.

Abstract: Certain Mannich reaction products (i.e., alkylated phenol, polyoxyalkylenediamine, and an aldehyde) are used to deactivate iron species already present in hydrocarbon fluids. Left untreated, such iron species lead to decomposition resulting in the formation of gummy, polymer masses in the hydrocarbon liquid.

Abstract: The formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process is reduced by contacting such metals with an antifoulant selected from the group consisting of an organic compound of chromium, a combination of tin and elemental chromium or an organic compound of chromium, a combination of antimony and elemental chromium or an organic compound of chromium and a combination of tin, antimony and elemental chromium or an organic compound of chromium.

Abstract: A composition having the formula ##STR1## wherein n has an average value of one to about five, is disclosed for use in reducing or eliminating the formation of reactor scale during the polymerization of vinyl chloride and comonomers. The composition is prepared by reacting phenothiazine with formaldehyde in the presence of a liquid diluent that is a solvent for the phenothiazine, but a non-solvent for the dimer of phenothiazine and formaldehyde. The process of the invention is preferably conducted in the presence of a strong acid catalyst. The formaldehyde is preferably added slowly to the reaction mixture over the course of the reaction. The product can be filtered and dried.

Abstract: An improved method for reducing fouling and corrosion of ethylene cracking furnaces petroleum feedstocks, the improvement comprising treating the petroleum feed stock with at least 10 ppm of a combination of a phosphorous antifoulant compound and a filming inhibitor. The antifoulant compound is chosen from the group consisting of phosphite esters, phosphate esters, thiophosphite esters, thiophosphate esters and mixtures thereof, said esters being characterized by the formulas ##STR1## where X equals S or O, and R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.3, are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, water soluble amine, alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, and aralkyl group provided that in at least one and not more than two of each R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.3 are water soluble amines having partition coefficients greater than 1.0 mixed with a filming amount of at least 2-20 ppm imidazoline filming inhibitor prepared preferably from naphthenic or fatty acids and poly amines.

Abstract: This invention relates to processes for inhibiting the degradation, particulate and gum formation of distillate fuel oils prior to or during processing which comprises adding to the distillate fuel oil an effective inhibiting amount of a mixture of (a) a phosphite compound having the formula ##STR1## wherein R, R' and R" are the same or different and are alkyl, aryl, alkaryl or aralkyl groups, and (b) an effective amount of hydroxylamine, having the formula. ##STR2## wherein R.sup.III and R.sup.IV are the same or different and are hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkaryl or aralkyl groups, wherein the weight ratio of (a):(b) is from about 1:10 to about 10:1.

Abstract: A process of thermally cracking a heavy petroleum oil wherein the heavy petroleum oil is treated successively in a cracking furnace and then in a perfect mixing type tank reactor. The thermal cracking in the cracking furnace is performed at a temperature at the outlet of the cracking furnace of 450.degree.-520.degree. C. with a conversion of at least 60-75% of the overall conversion rate while the thermal cracking in the tank reactor is performed at a temperature of 400.degree.-450.degree. C. a pressure of from ambient pressure to 1 kg/cm.sup.2 for a period of time of less than 30 minutes but not less than 10 minutes while feeding steam having a temperature of 435.degree.-700.degree. C. to the tank reactor in an amount of 8-20% by weight of the heavy petroleum oil fed to the cracking furnace.

Abstract: A method for controlling the formation of fouling deposits in a liquid hydrocarbonaceous medium during processing at elevated temperatures is disclosed. The method comprises adding to said medium an antifoulant compound comprising an alkaline earth alkyl phosphonate phenate sulfide, an alkyl phosphonate phenate sulfide, an amine neutralized alkyl phosphonate phenate sulfide, or mixtures thereof.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for determining the fouling tendency of a crude petroleum oil feed, comprising the steps of:(a) mixing a selected volume of crude petroleum oil sample with a selected volume of a solvent medium,(b) agitating the resulting mixture to solubilize fouling-determining materials in the solvent medium,(c) removing a sample of the resulting solvent medium,(d) determining absorbance of the resulting solvent medium at 230-270 nm and subtracting from the absorbance that of control solvent medium to obtain corrected absorbance of the resulting solvent medium and(e) determining the fouling tendency of the crude petroleum oil sample by correlating the corrected absorbance of the resulting solvent medium with calibration data specific for the solvent medium used, the ratio of oil sample to polar solvent and the wavelength at which absorbance is determined.

Abstract: Alkoxylated Mannich product compositions and methods of use of same as process antifoulants are disclosed. The alkoxylated Mannich products deactivate metals and inhibit oxygen promoted polymerization in hydrocarbons and petrochemicals.

Abstract: An effective hydrotreating process is provided to minimize precipitation of asphaltenic solids in the product oil. In the preferred process, an aromatic diluent, preferably comprising decanted oil, is injected into one or more of the fractionators downstream of the reactor.

Abstract: Methods for controlling the formation of fouling deposits in petroleum hydrocarbons or petrochemicals during processing at elevated temperatures are disclosed. The methods comprise adding from about 0.5-10,000 ppm of an amine salt of polyalkenylthiophosphonic acid to the desired petrochemical or hydrocarbon.

Abstract: Combinations of gallium and tin as antifoulant compositions for use in thermal cracking.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a process for stabilizing the liquid resulting from the thermal treatment of a hydrocarbon resid by coking, visbreaking or thermal cracking. The liquid product is contacted with a gaseous stream of hydrocarbons from an exterior source containing alkyl such as methyl CH.sub.3. free-radicals. The free radicals are derived by contacting methane, ethane, propane or a mixture thereof with a magnesia catalyst at a temperature of about 500.degree. C.

Abstract: Poisoning of a cracking catalyst by contaminant metals such as nickel, vanadium and iron during fluid catalytic cracking of hydrocarbon charge stock containing the contaminant metals is suppressed by depositing minor amounts of a bismuth-containing passivating agent on the catalyst, desirably, a weight ratio of bismuth to nickel equivalents (nickel+0.2 vanadium+0.1 iron) of about 0.01:1 to about 1:1. The passivating agent can also comprise mixtures of compounds of bismuth and antimony, bismuth and tin.

Abstract: The oxidation stability of a refined hydrocarbon oil can be sigificantly improved by adding at least one cyclic sulfide and at least one aromatic compound to said oil.

Abstract: Multifunctional process antifoulant compositions and methods are disclosed. The compositions comprise (1) a polyalkenylthiophosphonic acid or ester thereof, and at least one additional antifouling component selected from the groups (2), (3) and (4) wherein (2) is an effective antioxidant compound adapted to inhibit oxygen based polymerization of said hydrocarbon or petrochemical, (3) is a corrosion inhibiting compound, and (4) is a metal deactivator. The process comprises adding from about 0.5-10,000 parts of the combination of (1) and additional antifoulant component(s) to the particular petrochemical or hydrocarbon for which multifunctional antifouling protection is desired.

Abstract: Methods for controlling the formation of fouling deposits in petroleum hydrocarbons or petrochemicals during processing at elevated temperatures are disclosed. The methods comprise adding from about 0.5-10,000 ppm of a Group II(a) cation salt of polyalkenylthiophosphonic acid to the desired petrochemical or hydrocarbon.

Abstract: This invention concerns a process for the thermal treatment of hydrocarbon charges having a high content of asphaltenes in the presence of additives which prevent coke formation. The additive according to the invention is a salt of a metal selected from V, Mo, Cr, W, Fe, Co and Ni at a concentration between 100 and 2500 ppm of metal relative to the charge either in the form of a suspension of solid particles, in solution or as an emulsion. These additives prevent the coke formation in all thermal treatments of which the temperature is above about 420.degree. C., such as viscoreduction or hydro viscoreduction.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of reducing fouling and corrosion in furnaces during the thermal cracking of hydrocarbons. The method generally comprises adding to the hydrocarbon an effective amount of boron or boron compounds. The preferred boron materials are the oxides, borates, borate esters, peroxyborates, boranes, organoboranes, borazine and salts of boron oxides. The oxides, borates or salts thereof, are preferable in non-mono-alcohol solvents.

Abstract: This invention relates to processes for inhibiting the degradation, particulate and gum formation of distillate fuel oils prior to or during processing which comprises adding to the distillate fuel oil an effective inhibiting amount of a mixture of (a) a phosphite compound having the formula ##STR1## wherein R, R' and R" are the same or different and are alkyl, aryl, alkaryl or aralkyl groups, and (b) an effective carboxylic acid having from 2 to about 20 carbon atoms, wherein the weight ratio of (a):(b) is from about 1:5 to about 1000:1.

Abstract: A method for determining the fouling tendency of an asphaltene containing petroleum stream such as crude oil by the use of thin layer chromatography. The chromatogram of a crude oil formed in the presence of an asphaltene antisolvent which exhibits a fouling tendency developed a distinct, dark ring or disk.

Abstract: A method for determining the fouling tendency of an asphaltene containing hydrocarbon stream such as crude oil by the use of thin layer chromatography. The chromatogram of a crude oil exhibiting a fouling tendency developed a distinct, dark ring or disk.

Abstract: Certain Mannich reaction products (i.e., alkylated phenol, polyamine, and an aldehyde) are used to deactivate first row transition metal species contained in hydrocarbon fluids. Left untreated, such metals lead to decomposition resulting in the formation of gummy, polymer masses in the hydrocarbon liquid.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of inhibiting the formation of coke during the elevated temperature cracking of hydrocarbons. The method generally comprises adding to the hydrocarbon an effective amount of an ammonium borate, particularly ammonium biborate and ammonium pentaborate. Preferably, the ammonium borates are in a glycollic solvent or water.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to antioxidant materials and their use in petroleum and petrochemical processes to reduce and/or control fouling problems specifically as regards hydrocarbons having a bromine number of greater than 10 and containing oxygen. The inventive antioxidant materials are composed of non-hindered or partially hindered phenols in combination with a strongly basic material such as an organo amine.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to methods and compositions for controlling undesirable coke formation and deposition commonly encountered during the high temperature processing of hydrocarbons. During the processing of hydrocarbon, coke formation and, in particular, filamentous coke formation can be inhibited by adding a sufficient amount of a boron compound from the group of metal borides, boron oxide compounds, and boric acid which is substantially free of water. The boron oxide compounds are particularly effective, especially when utilized in a non-polar organic liquid carrier.

Abstract: Fouling of metallic surfaces contacted with hydrocarbon oils at elevated temperatures is reduced by combining the oils with foulant-inhibiting amounts of thiadiazole compounds or triazole compounds, or aluminum compounds in combinations containing thiadiazole, triazole and acid compounds.

Abstract: In the thermal cracking of or heating of hydrocarbons, for example naphtha, a carbonization reaction incidentally takes place due to the fact that Ni, Fe and Co contained in, for example, the conduits of the thermal cracking apparatus have a catalytically carbonizing action. The aim of the present invention is to effectively suppress carbon deposition promoted by these elements, to provide for the incorporation of an inhibitor element, e.g. Li, Na, Ba, Be, Ca, Mg or their oxides, into the heat-resistant alloy, and to form on the surface of this alloy a carbon deposition suppressing layer which comprises an inhibitor element.

Abstract: The formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process is reduced by contacting such metals with an antifoulant selected from the group consisting of a combination of tin and silicon, a combination of antimony and silicon and a combination of tin, antimony and silicon.

Abstract: The formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process is reduced by contacting such metals with an antifoulant selected from the group consisting of a combination of elemental indium or an organic compound of indium and tin and a combination of elemental indium or an organic compound of indium and antimony.

Abstract: The formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process is reduced by contacting such metals with an antifoulant selected from the group consisting of a combination of tin and aluminum, a combination of aluminum and antimony and a combination of tin, antimony and aluminum.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of inhibiting the formation of coke during the elevated temperature cracking of hydrocarbons. The method generally comprises adding to the hydrocarbon an effective amount of an ammonium borate, particularly ammonium biborate and ammonium pentaborate. Preferably, the ammonium borates are in a glycollic solvent or water.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to the use of hydroxylamine, its acid salts or mixtures thereof to prevent fouling during the basic washing of hydrocarbons containing oxygenated compounds. More specifically, oxygenated compounds such as carbonyl containing organics have a tendency to polymerize, producing fouling elements when such are contained in hydrocarbons being washed with basic materials. The hydroxylamine and its salts are quite effective in reducing the fouling tendencies due to these specific mechanisms.

Abstract: Fouling of equipment used for processing of organic feed streams containing olefinic compounds is controlled by inhibiting polymerization of the olefinic compounds by carrying out the processing in the presence of from about 20 ppb to less than 1000 ppb of a stable free radical, such as a nitroxide.

Abstract: The formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process is reduced by contacting such metals with an antifoulant selected from the group consisting of a combination of gallium and tin and a combination of gallium and antimony.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of inhibiting the formation of coke during the elevated temperature processing of hydrocarbons. The method generally comprises adding to the hydrocarbon an effective amount of an ammonium borate, particularly ammonium biborate and ammonium pentaborate. Preferably, the ammonium borates are in a glycollic solvent or water.

Abstract: Vinyl aromatic compounds are stabilized against undesired polymerization by adding to the vinyl aromatic compounds small amounts of mixtures of alkyl-substituted p-nitrosophenols and p-nitrosophenol.