Abstract: Vinyl aromatic compounds are stabilized against undesired polymerization by adding to the vinyl aromatic compounds small amounts of a N,N-dialkylhydroxylamine and an alkyl benzene sulfonic acid.

Abstract: An antifouling compound comprising a phthalocyanine compound is disclosed for use in high temperature coke producing petroleum reactions wherein said coke is unwanted and acts as a fouling agent in the associated reaction apparatus.

Abstract: The coking tendencies of heavy hydrocarbon feedstocks are reduced by treatment with a free radical removing catalyst such as a transition metal naphthenate, preferably at temperatures below 350.degree. C. The treated product has improved stability as such and may be treated in subsequent processing operations such as catalytic cracking and thermal cracking, including visbreaking and coking, with improved liquid yield and reduced coke production.

Abstract: Specified sulfur compounds such as N,N-diethylthiourea, N,N-dibutylthiourea, tetramethylthiuram monosulfide, tetrabutylthiuram monosulfide, tetraethylthiuram disulfide, tetrabutylthiuram disulfide are supplied as a coking inhibitor for preventing coking in equipment used in hydrocarbon treatment processes wherein a hydrocarbon is treated at a temperature of from about 250.degree. C. to 950.degree. C. to produce petroleum products, petrochemical products and/or their intermediate products.

Abstract: Deposit formation on the contact surfaces of structures containing heated hydrocarbon fluids such as refinery units, particularly units associated with the distilling process such as preheating stages, is inhibited by incorporating in the feed stock from 0.0001 to 0.01 weight percent of thiophene-containing polycondensed aromatic/naphthenic compounds of number average molecular weight (Mn) from 200 to 1000 and if desired at least one other additive such as an oil-soluble dispersant, antioxidant, antipolymerant, antifoulant and mixtures thereof into said hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: Deposit formation on the contact surfaces of structures containing heated hydrocarbon fluids such as refinery units, particularly units associated with the distilling process such as preheating stages, is inhibited by incorporating in the feed stock from 0.0001 to 0.01 weight percent of the combination of thiophene-containing polycondensed aromatic/naphthenic compounds of number average molecular weight (Mn) from 200 to 1000 and a macrocyclic polyamine of 2 to 8 nitrogen atoms per molecule and, if desired, at least one other additive such as an oil-soluble dispersant, antioxidant, antipolymerant, anti-foulant and mixtures thereof into said hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: The formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process is reduced by contacting such metals with an antifoulant selected from the group consisting of a combination of tin and copper, a combination of antimony and copper and a combination of tin, antimony and copper.

Abstract: A method for controlling the formation of fouling deposits in a petroleum hydrocarbon or a petrochemical during processing at elevated temperatures, comprising dispersing within said petroleum hydrocarbon or petrochemical an antifouling amount of a polyalkenylthiophosphonic acid or ester thereof.

Abstract: Fouling of tubes carrying refinery and petrochemical process streams, especially at high operating temperatures, is reduced by introducing aluminum stearate or aluminum acetate into the stream.

Abstract: A product for eliminating soot from chimneys and smoke ducts in general by inducing the complete combustion thereof, for use in the form of tablets which are introduced into the hearth of the combustion appliance. Said tablets are constituted essentially by a mixture of the following components: cupric chloride, ammonium chloride, stearin and/or paraffin, sulphur and tableting binders and auxiliaries such as talc and starch.

Abstract: Deposit formation on the interior surfaces of structures confining heated hydrocarbon fluids such as refinery units, particularly preheating stages associated with process units such as distillation units, hydrotreaters and thermal crackers, is inhibited by incorporating in the feed stock a small percentage (usually at least about 0.0005 weight percent) of a macrocyclic polyamine formed by cyclodehydration of reaction products of hydrocarbon substituted succinic anhydrides or carboxylic acids with poly 3-amino propyl compounds or by acylation of macrocyclic polyamine and polycyclic polyamines with hydrocarbon substituted succinic anhydride or carboxylic acids. It is desirable in some instances to dissolve additionally in the hydrocarbon fluid such as a feed stock along with the macrocyclic polyamine an oil-soluble dispersant, antioxidant and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon processing equipment is protected against fouling during the processing of hydrocarbons at elevated temperatures by adding to the equipment small amounts of mixtures of N,N'-dimer of phenothizine or substituted phenothiazine and one or more N,N diaromatic substituted hydroxylamines.

Abstract: The formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process is reduced by contacting such metals with an antifoulant selected from the group consisting of a combination of tin and copper, a combination of antimony and copper and a combination of tin, antimony and copper.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for reducing the fouling in a heat exchanger in which a hydrocarbon stream is heated or cooled as it passes through the heat exchanger. From 1 to 500 parts per million of an organic hydroxylamine is added to the stream to reduce fouling.

Abstract: The formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process is reduced by contacting such metals with an antifoulant selected from the group consisting of a combination of tin and phosphorus, a combination of phosphorus and antimony and a combination of tin, antimony and phosphorus.

Abstract: The formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process is reduced by contacting such metals with an antifoulant selected from the group consisting of a combination of tin and aluminum, a combination of aluminum and antimony and a combination of tin, antimony and aluminum.

Abstract: An improved method of reducing fouling and corrosion in ethylene cracking furnaces using petroleum feedstocks, the improvement comprising treating the petroleum feedstock with at least 10 ppm of a compound chosen from the group consisting of phosphite esters, phosphate esters, thiophosphite esters, thiophosphate esters and mixtures thereof, said esters being characterized by the formulas: ##STR1## where X equals S or O, and R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.3, are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, water soluble amine, alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, and aralkyl group provided that in at least one and not more than two of each R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.3 are water soluble amines having partition coefficients greater than 1.0.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon processing equipment is protected against fouling during the processing of hydrocarbons at elevated temperatures by adding to the equipment small amounts of the N,N'-dimer of phenothiazine or a substituted phenothiazine.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon processing equipment is protected against fouling during the processing of hydrocarbons at elevated temperatures by adding to the equipment small amounts of the N,N'-dimer of phenothiazine and at least one mono- or ditertiary alkyl catechol and/or at least one mono- or ditertiary alkylhydroquinone.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon processing equipment is protected against fouling during the processing of hydrocarbons at elevated temperatures by adding to the equipment small amounts of at least one N,N'-dimer of phenothiazine or a substituted phenothiazine and at least one mono- or ditertiary alkylphenol.

Abstract: The formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process is reduced by contacting such metals with an antifoulant selected from the group consisting of an organic compound of chromium, a combination of tin and elemental chromium or an organic compound of chromium, a combination of antimony and elemental chromium or an organic compound of chromium and a combination of tin, antimony and elemental chromium or an organic compound of chromium.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for reducing the fouling in a heat exchanger in which a hydrocarbon stream is heated or cooled as it passes through the heat exchanger. From 1 to 500 parts per million of a saturated sulfoxide is added to the stream to reduce fouling.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon process equipment is protected against fouling by incorporating into the hydrocarbon being processed small amounts of a composition comprised of a dialkylhydroxylamine and a tertiary alkylcatechol.

Abstract: The precipitation of sediment in the unconverted residuum derived from a virgin residuum conversion process is reduced significantly by blending with the uncoverted residuum an effective amount of a virgin residuum having an asphaltene content of at least about 8% by weight of the virgin residuum at a temperature sufficient to render both residua during blending at a viscosity of no greater than 100 centistokes.A blend of 1-20% virgin residuum containing at least 8% asphaltene with 80-99% unconverted residuum from a virgin residuum conversion operation, which will contain little, if any sediment, can be used as heavy fuel for power plants.

Abstract: Fouling of metallic surfaces contacted with hydrocarbon oils at elevated temperatures is reduced by combining with the oil foulant-inhibiting amounts of at least one tri-substituted phosphate.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon process equipment is protected against fouling by incorporating into the hydrocarbon being processed small amounts of a composition comprised of a dialkylhydroxylamine and an organic surfactant.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for reducing the fouling in a heat exchanger in which a hydrocarbon stream is heated or cooled as it passes through the heat exchanger. From 1 to 500 parts per million of an alkylamino alkylphenol is added to the stream to reduce fouling.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for reducing the fouling in a heat exchanger in which a hydrocarbon stream is heated or cooled as it passes through the heat exchanger. From 1 to 500 parts per million of the reaction product of a polyalkylene amine and a hydroxy fatty acid are added to the stream to reduce fouling.

Abstract: The hydroconversion of a heavy hydrocarbon charge containing asphaltenes and metal, sulfur and nitrogen impurities is performed in the presence of a catalyst comprising:(a) soot particles of the cenosphere type(b) a compound of a metal selected from the groups V B, VI B, VII B and VIII of the periodic classification.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon process equipment is protected against fouling during processing of high sulfur-containing hydrocarbon feedstocks by incorporating into the hydrocarbon being processed small amounts of a composition comprised of an alkyl ester of a phosphorus acid and a hydrocarbon sulfonic acid.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for reducing the fouling in a heat exchanger in which a hydrocarbon stream is heated or cooled as it passes through the heat exchanger. From 1 to 500 parts per million of a dialkyl fatty-acid amide is added to the stream to reduce fouling.

Abstract: The formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process is reduced by contacting such metals with an antifoulant selected from the group consisting of tin, a combination of tin and antimony, a combination of germanium and antimony, a combination of tin and germanium and a combination of tin, antimony and germanium.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for reducing the fouling in a heat exchanger in which a hydrocarbon stream is heated or cooled as it passes through the heat exchanger. From 1 to 500 parts per million of poly(oxyalkylene) carbamate is added to the stream to reduce fouling.

Abstract: Fouling of metallic surfaces contacted with petroleum oils at elevated temperatures is reduced by adding to the oil small amounts of an oil-soluble N-alkylamino-alkylbenzene sulfonate, a heterocyclic amine, and phenylhydrazine.

Abstract: An improved process is described for the hydrocracking of heavy hydrocarbon oil, such as oils extracted from tar sands. The charge oil in the presence of an excess of hydrogen is passed through a tubular hydrocracking zone, and the effluent emerging from the top of the zone is separated into a gaseous stream containing a wide boiling range material and a liquid stream containing heavy hydrocarbons. According to the novel feature, the charge stock is in the form of a slurry of heavy hydrocarbon oil and finely divided fly ash or high ash coal fines. The presence of this ash in the charge stock serves to greatly reduce coke precursors and thereby prevent the formation of carbonaceous deposits in the reaction zone.

Abstract: The viscosity of a heavy oil such as a crude petroleum oil is reduced by subjecting the oil to a visbreaking treatment in the presence of a chain transfer agent and a free radical initiator.

Abstract: A solids dispersant comprising an oil-soluble salt is added to catalytic slurry of hydrocarbonaceous charge stock to reduce coke deposits in conversion at temperatures above about 400.degree. F. Dosage is about 0.0001% to 1% of a condensation product of an epihalohydrin and equimolar amount of C.sub.12 -C.sub.40 alkylamine.

Abstract: Contaminants such as petroleum sulfonates, anticorrosion amines, and silicone oils are removed from a contaminated feedstock stream by contacting said feedstock stream with an adsorbent comprising bauxite. In a further aspect, a thus purified petroleum feedstock stream is hydrodesulfurized.

Abstract: A method for destructive distillation of hydrocarbonaceous distilland is disclosed wherein a dienophile is introduced into the vaporous phase to reduce the production of non-distillable polymeric product. Specifically dienophiles available economically in large amounts such as maleic anhydride are disclosed. The introduction of additional sulfide to further reduce production of asphaltenic polymeric product is also described.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon cracking process employing a catalyst treated with an antimony tris (hydrocarbyl sulfide) to passivate thereon contaminating metals, e.g., vanadium iron, and/or nickel is disclosed. Used or unused catalyst can be treated and then employed in the process.

Abstract: A cracking catalyst is treated with an antimony tris(dihydrocarbyl phosphite) to passivate contaminating metals whenever these metals have been deposited on the catalyst. Unused or used catalyst can be treated. A process for cracking a hydrocarbon, e.g., a petroleum oil with such a catalyst is also disclosed.

Abstract: Reduction of SO.sub.x emissions from the regenerator associated with the fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) unit for converting hydrocarbon feedstocks into more valuable products is achieved by introducing into the FCC cycle one or more organic, aluminum-containing compounds in dissolved form. In the catalytic cracking zone, the dissolved aluminum-containing compounds are converted to aluminum compounds that deposit relatively uniformly upon the catalyst particles. Also depositing upon the catalyst particles in the catalytic cracking zone are deactivating quantities of sulfur-containing coke. When such catalyst particles are introduced into the regenerator, wherein the sulfur-containing coke present on the catalyst surfaces is removed by combustion, thereby activating the catalyst particles, the SO.sub.x so produced reacts with the deposited aluminum compounds to form one or more stable, sulfur-aluminum oxidic compounds, thus desulfurizing the regenerator flue gas.

Abstract: Xylenes can by merely being contacted with air over a period of time or during storage at temperatures upward from 60.degree. C. develop from 55 to 60 ppm of tolualdehyde. Such tolualdehyde formation can be suppressed by dissolving in the xylene a small amount of thiodipropionic acid or a di(alkyl)ester thereof.

Abstract: A process is provided for minimizing the deposition of materials like naphthalene and tar in the ammonia liquor coolers of the primary cooler in a by-product recovery process for coking carbonaceous materials. The ammonia liquor coming from the primary cooler, wherein it is used to cool the coke oven gas, has added to it light oil before it reaches the ammonia liquor coolers, where it is cooled indirectly with water. The addition of the light oil keeps the naphthalene and tar in solution at the lower temperatures of the ammonia liquor coolers, thereby reducing or preventing the deposition of the naphthalene and tar in the ammonia liquor coolers.

Abstract: A method of inhibiting the polymerization of styrene which comprises mixing with the styrene a minor but effective quantity of an inhibitor compound selected from the group consisting of 2-methylbenzoquinone-4-oxime, 2,3,5-trimethylbenzoquinone-4-oxime and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A process for suppressing the coking tendency of heavy crudes and resids in visbreaking operations comprising treating the charge stock with an inorganic sulfide.

Abstract: Method for inhibiting the formation of foulants on petrochemical equipment which involves adding to the petrochemical, during processing, a composition comprising a thiodipropionate and either a dialkyl acid phosphate ester or a dialkyl acid phosphite ester.

Abstract: The invention relates to anti-fouling agents capable of decreasing the fouling of equipment in contact with a hydrocarbon charge.These agents comprise at least one compound selected from the group consisting of substances having the formula: ##STR1## where R and R' are linear or branched alkyl radicals having between 4 and 12 carbon atoms and where M is a metal atom of Groups IA and IIA of the Periodic Table, withn=1, when the metal M is a metal of Group 1A, andn=2, when the metal M is a metal of Group IIA.An example of such an agent is sodium di-2-ethylhexylsulfosuccinate.

Abstract: According to this invention, there is provided a method of suppressing the rise in surface temperature of the heating tubes in a fractionation apparatus for a crude oil, characterized in that an aqueous solution containing ammonia or ammonium ion is injected into the upstream line of the crude heater in an amount of 1 to 20 ppm in terms of ammonia based on the crude oil.

Abstract: A method for preventing fouling of equipment used in hydrocarbon processing is provided comprising adding to said hydrocarbon a polyalkyleneoxy sulfoxy salt represented by the formula: ##STR1## wherein R is a linear alkyl radical having from about 6 to 15 carbon atoms or an alkyl phenyl radical wherein the alkyl group contains from about 8 to 10 carbon atoms, R.sub.1 is H or CH.sub.3, n is a number from 3 to 8, x is 3 or 4 and M.sup.+ is an ammonium or an alkali metal cation.An antifouling formulation is also provided which comprises an alcohol-water dispersion of the above antifouling agent and a surfactant comprising a fatty acid dialkanol amide.