Abstract: Reaction products of polyalkenyl succinic anhydrides with aromatic secondary amines, then further reacted with aminoalcohols are used as effective antifoulants in liquid hydrocarbonaceous mediums, such as crude oils and gas oils, during processing of such liquids at elevated temperatures. The reaction products are formed via a two-step reaction in which a polyalkenylsuccinic anhydride precursor is reacted with an aromatic secondary amine to form polyalkenylsuccinamide intermediate which, in turn, is reacted with an aminoalcohol.

Abstract: A furnace for cracking of hydrocarbons, comprising one or several tubes through which the hydrocarbons flow during intensive heating and subsequent cracking. The starting material for the process can be e.g. naphtha or propane, mixed with a small amount of steam. When gases flow through the tube or tubes in the furnace, its temperature is increased up to about 850.degree. C. In order to achieve this, the temperature in the furnace compartment is 1100.degree.-1200.degree. C., and the temperature of the gases in the tubes in the furnace can then exceed 1100.degree. C. The tubes are made from an alloy comprising 15-30 weight % chromium, 3-10 weight % aluminum, the remainder of the composition being mainly iron. This alloy allows significant extension of the possible duration of operation without exchange of the tubes. A further improvement can be achieved by the formation on the inner walls of the tubes of a layer of aluminum oxide, obtained by oxidation of the tubes before the furnace is first used.

Abstract: A method for inhibiting the formation of polymeric based fouling deposits normally formed during the caustic washing to hydrocarbons is disclosed. The method comprises adding an effective amount for the purpose of an acetoacetate ester compound to the caustic wash system.

Abstract: Enaminones of polyalkenylsuccinimides are used as effective antifoulants in liquid hydrocarbonaceous mediums, such as crude oils and gas oils, during processing of such liquids at elevated temperatures. The enaminones are formed via reaction of polyalkenylsuccinimide and a dicarbonyl compound. The polyalkenylsuccinimide intermediate is first formed via reaction of polyalkenylsuccinic anhydride and polyamine.

Abstract: A process for separation and removal of stable polycyclic aromatic dimer foulants from refinery process streams by selectively adsorbing the foulants while eluting non-fouling smaller-ringed aromatics. Synchronous Scanning Fluorescence may be used in the identification and monitoring of the stable polycyclic aromatic dimers.

Abstract: A method of decoking the inside walls of a hydrocarbon steam-cracking installation by means of solid particles of very small size, which particles are injected into the hydrocarbon feedstock flowing through tubes (12) of the steam-cracking furnace (10) and through indirect quench means (16). A cyclone (28) at the outlet from said indirect-quench means serving to separate the solid particles from the gaseous products and enabling the solid particles to be recycled through the installation after being mixed with a liquid or a gas and after their pressure has been raised. The invention also relates to a steam-cracking installation enabling the method to be performed.

Abstract: Glyoxylic acid/alkylphenol derivatives of polyalkenylsuccinimides are used as effective antifoulants in liquid hydrocarbonaceous mediums, such as crude and gas oil distillates during processing of such liquids at elevated temperatures.

Abstract: Reaction products of (a) polyalkenylsuccinic anhydride; (b) secondary, aromatic amines, and (c) hindererd alcohols are used as effective antifoulants in liquid hydrocarbonaceous mediums, such as crude oils and gas oils, during processing of such liquids at elevated temperatures. The reaction products are formed via a two-step reaction in which the polyalkenylsuccinic anhydride is reacted with the secondary, aromatic amine as a first step. The resulting polyalkenylsuccinimide is then reacted with a hindererd alcohol to form the desired antifoulant.

Abstract: Reaction products of (a) hydrocarbon substituted succinic acid or anhydride, (b) mono to hexa-hydroxy alcohols, (c) primary or secondary hydroxy substituted amines, (d) polyalkenylsuccinimide, and (e) a polyoxyalkyleneamine, are effective antifoulants in liquid hydrocarbonaceous mediums, such as in crude oils and gas oils. The reaction products are fed to the liquid hydrocarbon during elevated heat temperature processing of the hydrocarbon so as to inhibit fouling that would otherwise occur.

Abstract: Polyalkenylsuccinimide-maleic anhydride reaction products are used as effective antifoulants in liquid hydrocarbonaceous mediums, such as crude oils and gas oils, during processing of such liquids at elevated temperatures. The reaction products are formed via a two-step reaction in which a polyalkenylsuccinic anhydride precursor is reacted with an amine to form polyalkenylsuccinimide intermediate which, in turn, is reacted with maleic anhydride.

Abstract: A process for heat treatment of high temperature steels in which the steels are heated to temperatures of at least 1800.degree. F. in the presence of hydrogen gas, methane, hydrogen sulfide, and steam. Articles made by the process have a unique layer enriched in chromium oxide, and reactor components made from the treated steel may be used in a process for the pyrolysis of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons to inhibit coking.

Abstract: Gum and sediment formation in liquid hydrocarbon mediums are inhibited by adding to the medium a branched or straight chain C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 aminoalcohol. The invention is particularly well-suited for use in hydrodesulfurizer processes wherein the hydrocarbon medium is typically a naphtha, diesel, kerosene, light gas and or residual fuel charge and the charge or medium is subjected to high temperature and pressure treatment in the presence of a catalyst. The invention also shows particular advantage in distillate fuels, such as in blended diesel fuels, both before and during heat treatment processing thereof.

Abstract: Phosphorus derivatives of polyalkenylsuccinimides and methods of use of such derivatives as antifoulants in liquid hydrocarbonaceous mediums, such as crude oil, during processing at elevated temperatures are disclosed. The derivatives are formed via reaction of a polyalkenylsuccinimide intermediate with formaldehyde and a phosphorus compound having at least one acidic hydrogen P--H bond. The intermediate is first formed via reaction of polyalkenylsuccinic anhydride and polyamine.

Abstract: More uniform premium coke is obtained in a delayed coking process by oxygenating the latter portion of the premium coking feed introduced to the coking drum.

Abstract: Methods and compositions are provided for inhibiting the formation and deposition of pyrolytic coke on metal surfaces in contact with a hydrocarbon feedstock undergoing pyrolytic processing. Coke inhibition is achieved by adding a coke inhibiting amount of a combination of a boron compound and a dihydroxybenzene compound.

Abstract: A fluidized catalytic cracking process and apparatus operates with a two stage hot stripper between the reactor and catalyst regenerator. Addition of hot, regenerated catalyst to spent catalyst from the reactor heats the spent catalyst in the first stripping stage, which preferably uses steam stripping gas. The second stage of stripping occurs about a heat removal stab-in heat exchanger tube bundle, which removes heat from the catalyst during the second stage of stripping. Steam or flue gas may be used in the second stripping stage to fluidize catalyst, improve heat transfer and simultaneously strip the catalyst.

Abstract: Potential problems associated with the formation of polynuclear aromatic compounds during hydrocracking of residual oils are eliminated by operating at high conversion rates with a high hydrogen concentration followed by a unique separation method. The feed to the final product recovery column is preferably highly vaporized before or within the column. All of the net bottoms stream of the product recovery column, which is equal to less than 5 vol. percent of the feed, is withdrawn from the process. Only PNA free distillate is recycled.

Abstract: An improved hydrocracking process, in a process for conversion of components of a heavy hydrocarbon feed to lighter, more valuable products, wherein the feed comprises foulant, the process comprising: (a.) contacting the feed with hydrogen, in the presence of a hydrocracking catalyst, at an elevated temperature and pressure in a hydrocracker, to produce a hydrocracker effluent comprising foulant; (b.) cooling and depressurizing the hydrocracker effluent to form a cooled, depressurized hydrocracker effluent comprising foulant; (c.) separating the cooled, depressurized hydrocracker effluent into the products of the conversion and an unconverted portion of the hydrocracker effluent which comprises foulant; and (d.) recycling, as effluent recycle to the hydrocracker, the unconverted portion of the hydrocracker effluent to the hydrocracker, wherein the concentration of foulant in the hydrocracker effluent is increased; the improvement comprising: (i.

Abstract: An improved delayed coking process is described in which sludge and oxygen contact hot coke during the quench cycle at conditions which cause at least a portion of the organics contained in the sludge to oxidize. Preferably, a portion of the sludge is combusted and the heat generated is used to help remove, during the quench cycle, entrapped liquids contained in the coke bed and to enhance thermal conversion of hazardous materials contained in the sludge to less harmful materials.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for sludge addition to a coking zone in which the sludge is contacted with oxygen. The sludge is then contacted with feed, liquid derived from the feed, or vapor derived from the feed. Oxygen also contacts the feed, liquid derived from the feed, or vapor derived from the feed to help maintain reaction temperature in the coking zone.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for fluidized catalytic cracking of heavy oils is disclosed. The long transfer line connecting the catalytic cracking reactor to the main fractionator is modified to include a cooling means, such as a quench drum or a heat exchanger. Cooling hot cracked products from the FCC reactor upstream of the main fractionator prevents thermal cracking in the transfer line, improves yields, and permits higher catalytic cracking reactor temperatures.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for upgrading a hydrocarbonaceous material having an initial boiling point of at least about 625.degree. F. to a product having a lower boiling point than the initial boiling point of said hydrocarbonaceous material and/or a higher boiling point than the final boiling point of said hydrocarbonaceous material, the process comprising heating a mixture comprising said hydrocarbonaceous material and at least one organic solvent in an enclosed space in the absence of externally supplied water or hydrogen at a temperature in the range of about 750.degree. F. to about 1300.degree. F. and a pressure in excess of about 1200 psig for an effective period of time to yield said product, said pressure being sufficient to maintain the specific gravity of the contents of said enclosed space in the range of about 0.05 to about 1.

Abstract: A process is disclosed wherein at least two separate gaseous oxygen streams are passed into a coker transfer line to effect oxidation of a portion of the feed passing through the transfer line. Another aspect of the process is disclosed wherein gaseous oxygen is passed into a coking process and sludge is also passed into the coking process.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a composition and methods for controlling undesirable coke formation and deposition commonly encountered during the high temperature processing of hydrocarbons. Coke formation can be inhibited by adding a sufficient amount of a combination of a boron compound and a dihydroxyphenol.

Abstract: A heat exchanger for cooling cracked gas has a nest of heat-exchange tubes (1) that the gas flows through and that are secured at the ends in bases (2 and 3) and surrounded by a jacket (4) that demarcates in conjunction with the bases a chamber occupied by evaporating water. Each heat-exchange tube has two sections (10 and 11) that differ in diameter and communicate through a cone (12). The section (11) with the longest diameter is at the emerging-gas end of the heat-exchange tube.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for inhibiting coke formation in pyrolytic reactors or furnaces during the pyrolysis operation. Rare earth elements or compounds thereof, such as cerium and lanthanum elements or compounds, are added to the particular hydrocarbonaceous medium undergoing such pyrolysis.

Abstract: A catalytic hydrocracking process which comprises: (a) contacting a hydrocarbonaceous feedstock having a propensity to form 11.sup.+ ring heavy polynuclear aromatic compounds and a liquid recycle stream in a hydrocracking zone with added hydrogen and a metal promoted hydrocracking catalyst at elevated temperature and pressure sufficient to convert a substantial portion of the feedstock to lower boiling hydrocarbon products; (b) partially condensing the hydrocarbon effluent from the hydrocracking zone to produce a gaseous hydrocarbon stream comprising hydrogen, and an unconverted hydrocarbon stream having components boiling above about 400.degree. F. (204.degree. C.) and comprising trace quantities of 11.sup.

Abstract: A method for inhibiting the formation of polymeric based fouling deposits normally formed during the caustic washing of hydrocarbons is disclosed. The method comprises adding an effective amount for the purpose of an ethylenediamine compound (e.g., ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, etc.) to the caustic wash system.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process in which the addition of a substantially inert solvent to a heavy petroleum stock permits high conversion hydrocracking and hydrogen addition to be accomplished in the absence of catalyst or additive.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the removal of iron from hydrocarbonaceous feedstock comprising passing the feedstock over inert, fibrous material in the presence of sulfur to induce the deposition of iron sulfide on the fibrous material through autocatalytic homoepitaxy.

Abstract: A method for lightening a petroleum hydrocarbon oil by distillation in which 1 part by weight or less of an organic compound having an active mercapto group therein is added to 100 parts by weight of the petroleum hydrocarbon oil when the petroleum hydrocarbon oil is lightened by a thermal treatment.

Abstract: A catalytic hydrocracking process which comprises: (a) contacting a hydrocarbonaceous feedstock having a propensity to form heavy polynuclear aromatic compounds and a liquid recycle stream in a hydrocracking zone to convert a substantial portion of the hydrocarbonaceous components in the feedstock to lower boiling products; (b) recovering a hydrocarbon effluent from the hydrocracking zone and partially condensing the hydrocarbon effluent from the hydrocracking zone and separating the same into a lower boiling hydrocarbon product stream and an unconverted hydrocarbon stream having at least a portion boiling above about 400.degree. F. (204.degree. C.

Abstract: A method for controlling the formation of fouling deposits in a liquid hydrocarbonaceous medium, wherein in the absence of such fouling inhibition, fouling deposits would normally be formed within said medium is disclosed. The method comprises adding to said medium an antifoulant composition comprising a basic antifouling compound, component (1), selected from the group consisting of alkyl phosphonate phenate sulfide, alkaline earth alkyl phosphonate phenate sulfide, an amine neutralized alkyl phsophonate phenate sulfide, or mixtures thereof, and at least one additional antifouling compound selected from components (2), (3) and (4) wherein component (2) is an effective antioxidant compound adapted to inhibit oxygen based polymerization of said hydrocarbon or petrochemical, component (3) is a corrosion inhibiting compound, and component (4) is a metal deactivator. The process comprises adding from about 0.

Abstract: The residue or residue fraction left behind during vacuum distillation in a crude oil refinery is further processed, in that it undergoes thin-film short-path distillation at a higher temperature and under a fine vacuum. Raising the temperature leads to a rise in the feed rate and to an improvement in the distillate/residue ratio.

Abstract: A process for reducing the effects of catalyst bed fouling when a hydrocarbon feedstock is contacted with a catalyst at elevated temperatures comprising adding to the feedstock an effective amount of a higher hydrocarbyl amine, optionally in combination with an alkylarylsulfonic acid.

Abstract: This invention is an improvement of the prior art in that the properties, as well as the molecular structure of the coker heater charge material are altered by hydrogeneration under conidtions of pressure and temperature typically operated for a conventional delayed coking process. Hydrogeneation of the heater charge material is accomplished in a soaking pipe provided with static mixers for up to 90 minutes fluid residence time thereby improving the quality and yields of products from the process.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for on-line decoking of flame-cracking reactors whereby decoking is achieved without interruption of the normal operation of such reactors and without the necessity to change feed equipment and/or disassemble reactor components. While maintaining the temperature of the effluent at 1000.degree. C. to 2000.degree. C., the flow of the hydrocarbon feedstock in the reactor is periodically stopped for a time sufficient to reduce the carbon deposits to an acceptable level.

Abstract: A method for removing furfural-derived coke from metallic surfaces by heating in an oxygen-containing gas, such as air, for a time and at a temperature sufficient to change the crush strength of the furfural coke to a point which will permit easy removal of such coke, without such an evolution of heat that the metallurgical properties of said metal surfaces are undesirably changed.

Abstract: A method for removing furfural-derived coke from metallic surfaces by heating in an oxygen-containing gas, such as air, for a time and at a temperature sufficient to change the crush strength of the furfural coke to a point which will permit easy removal of such coke, without such an evolution of heat that the metallurgical properties of said metal surfaces are undesirably changed.

Abstract: Triphenylphosphine oxide prevents fouling in ethylene furnaces.

Abstract: A process for preparing a baseoil blend of predetermined coking tendency, and for measuring the effectiveness of additives for reducing coking tendency in baseoils, utilizing the relationship of the content of volatile fractions and how boiling fractions in baseoil to the onset and/or progression of asphaltene formation.

Abstract: Certain Mannich reaction products formed from the reaction of an alkyl substituted catechol, a polyamine, and an aldehyde are used to deactivate copper metal species contained in hydrocarbon fluids. Left untreated, such copper species lead to decomposition resulting in the formation of gummy, polymer masses in the hydrocarbon liquid.

Abstract: Methods for inhibiting coke formation in pyrolytic reactors and furnaces are disclosed wherein effective alkaline earth metal salt coke retardant treatments are used. Exemplary coke retardant treatments include magnesium and calcium salts such as the acetate, chloride, and nitrate, and magnesium sulfate salt.

Abstract: Method of producing a baseoil having a reduced coking tendency by removing precursors from the baseoil. Baseoil having reduced coking tendencies which comprises a substantially no coking precursors therein.

Abstract: Crude oils are normally so viscous that they cannot be pumped through pipelines without periodic heating. The usual practice is to pump the oil from one heat station to another, with part of the crude oil being used to generate heat. This problem is solved by reducing the viscosity of the crude oil. The viscosity reduction is effected using reactors for partially cracking crude oil, mixing the partially cracked oil with incoming crude oil, separating gases from the liquid in the mixture in a flash vessel, condensing the gases to yield liquid hydrocarbons, and mixing the latter with untreated crude oil and liquid residue from the flash vessel to yield a flowable, relatively low viscosity mixture. Coke produced in the reactors is periodically reacted with superheated steam to yield hydrogen, which is used to improve the quality of some of the residue from the flash residue. The thus treated flash vessel residue is used to feed the reactors.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon converter furnace has an upper convection heating zone and a lower radiant heating zone, and tubing extends in those zones to convey a fluid hydrocarbon feed and steam in sequence through the convection and radiant heating zones. The tubing includes a feed section and branches therefrom in the radiant section of the furnace, the feed section and branches arranged so that the hydrocarbon and steam flow from the feed section to said branches; also provided is valving for controlling the relative rates of flow in the branches to reduce differential coking in the branches.

Abstract: A heat exchanger is especially for cooling cracked gases with boiling water. It consists of pipes (1) that the gas to be cooled flows through and that are surrounded by a cooling jacket with a coolant flowing through it. The end of each pipe that faces the gas intake is surrounded by a sleeve. The coolant flows through the sleeve. The volume of coolant flowing through the sleeve is less than the heat supplied from the gas being cooled. (FIG. 1).

Abstract: A process for abating corrosion caused by ammonium bisulfate in a crude column overhead transfer line operated at a temperature above the nominal aqueous dew point and in contact with a crude oil feed stream containing sulfur oxides, ammonia and a hydrochloric acid neutralizing amine, which process comprises maintaining a chloride level in said crude oil feed stream sufficient to provide a mole ratio of ammonium chloride to ammonium bisulfate of greater than about 20 in said crude column overhead transfer line.

Abstract: Crude oil (one of which is a high fouling crude oil) are blended to maintain the incompatible asphaltene thereof below a predetermined level thereby reducing the fouling tendency of the high fouling crude oil. Paraffinic liquids, LPG's, and condensates may also be blended with crude oil, while monitoring and controlling incompatible asphaltenes thereof.

Abstract: This invention relates to processes for inhibiting the degradation, particulate and gum formation of distillate fuel oils prior to or during processing which comprises adding to the distillate fuel oil an effective inhibiting amount of a mixture of (a) a phosphite compound having the formula ##STR1## wherein R, R' and R" are the same or different and are alkyl, aryl, alkaryl or aralkyl groups, and (b) an effective amount of hydroxylamine, having the formula. ##STR2## wherein R.sup.III and R.sup.IV are the same or different and are hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkaryl or aralkyl groups, wherein the weight ratio of (a):(b) is from about 1:10 to about 10:1.