Abstract: A process of thermally cracking a heavy petroleum oil wherein the heavy petroleum oil is treated successively in a cracking furnace and then in a perfect mixing type tank reactor. The thermal cracking in the cracking furnace is performed at a temperature at the outlet of the cracking furnace of 450.degree.-520.degree. C. with a conversion of at least 60-75% of the overall conversion rate while the thermal cracking in the tank reactor is performed at a temperature of 400.degree.-450.degree. C. a pressure of from ambient pressure to 1 kg/cm.sup.2 for a period of time of less than 30 minutes but not less than 10 minutes while feeding steam having a temperature of 435.degree.-700.degree. C. to the tank reactor in an amount of 8-20% by weight of the heavy petroleum oil fed to the cracking furnace.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for determining the fouling tendency of a crude petroleum oil feed, comprising the steps of:(a) mixing a selected volume of crude petroleum oil sample with a selected volume of a solvent medium,(b) agitating the resulting mixture to solubilize fouling-determining materials in the solvent medium,(c) removing a sample of the resulting solvent medium,(d) determining absorbance of the resulting solvent medium at 230-270 nm and subtracting from the absorbance that of control solvent medium to obtain corrected absorbance of the resulting solvent medium and(e) determining the fouling tendency of the crude petroleum oil sample by correlating the corrected absorbance of the resulting solvent medium with calibration data specific for the solvent medium used, the ratio of oil sample to polar solvent and the wavelength at which absorbance is determined.

Abstract: Alkoxylated Mannich product compositions and methods of use of same as process antifoulants are disclosed. The alkoxylated Mannich products deactivate metals and inhibit oxygen promoted polymerization in hydrocarbons and petrochemicals.

Abstract: Multifunctional process antifoulant compositions and methods are disclosed. The compositions comprise (1) a polyalkenylthiophosphonic acid or ester thereof, and at least one additional antifouling component selected from the groups (2), (3) and (4) wherein (2) is an effective antioxidant compound adapted to inhibit oxygen based polymerization of said hydrocarbon or petrochemical, (3) is a corrosion inhibiting compound, and (4) is a metal deactivator. The process comprises adding from about 0.5-10,000 parts of the combination of (1) and additional antifoulant component(s) to the particular petrochemical or hydrocarbon for which multifunctional antifouling protection is desired.

Abstract: Methods for controlling the formation of fouling deposits in petroleum hydrocarbons or petrochemicals during processing at elevated temperatures are disclosed. The methods comprise adding from about 0.5-10,000 ppm of a Group II(a) cation salt of polyalkenylthiophosphonic acid to the desired petrochemical or hydrocarbon.

Abstract: This invention concerns a process for the thermal treatment of hydrocarbon charges having a high content of asphaltenes in the presence of additives which prevent coke formation. The additive according to the invention is a salt of a metal selected from V, Mo, Cr, W, Fe, Co and Ni at a concentration between 100 and 2500 ppm of metal relative to the charge either in the form of a suspension of solid particles, in solution or as an emulsion. These additives prevent the coke formation in all thermal treatments of which the temperature is above about 420.degree. C., such as viscoreduction or hydro viscoreduction.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of reducing fouling and corrosion in furnaces during the thermal cracking of hydrocarbons. The method generally comprises adding to the hydrocarbon an effective amount of boron or boron compounds. The preferred boron materials are the oxides, borates, borate esters, peroxyborates, boranes, organoboranes, borazine and salts of boron oxides. The oxides, borates or salts thereof, are preferable in non-mono-alcohol solvents.

Abstract: Certain Mannich reaction products (i.e., alkylated phenol, polyamine, and an aldehyde) are used to deactivate first row transition metal species contained in hydrocarbon fluids. Left untreated, such metals lead to decomposition resulting in the formation of gummy, polymer masses in the hydrocarbon liquid.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of inhibiting the formation of coke during the elevated temperature cracking of hydrocarbons. The method generally comprises adding to the hydrocarbon an effective amount of an ammonium borate, particularly ammonium biborate and ammonium pentaborate. Preferably, the ammonium borates are in a glycollic solvent or water.

Abstract: An improved catalytic reforming process. The process is operated at high severity in order to obtain a reformate product having an enhanced octane rating. Higher octane reformate is required to compensate for the reduction or total elimination of lead-based additives used in motor gasoline for increasing octane rating, since reformate is a primary component of motor gasoline. High severity operation results in the formation of quantities of polycyclic aromatic compounds whose presence is highly undesirable. These compounds are removed from the vaporous products of the catalytic reforming process by adsorption on an appropriate material. It was totally unexpected to find that these very high molecular weight compounds are present in vapor streams comprised of hydrogen and light normally-gaseous hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, and propane.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to methods and compositions for controlling undesirable coke formation and deposition commonly encountered during the high temperature processing of hydrocarbons. During the processing of hydrocarbon, coke formation and, in particular, filamentous coke formation can be inhibited by adding a sufficient amount of a boron compound from the group of metal borides, boron oxide compounds, and boric acid which is substantially free of water. The boron oxide compounds are particularly effective, especially when utilized in a non-polar organic liquid carrier.

Abstract: A process for recovering heat from a tar-containing gas while simultaneously cooling the gas in a 3-stage cooling step by (1) directing a tar-containing gas through a jet cooler comprising a bed of solid particles so that the gas contacts the solid particles and forms a fluidized bed with the flow of the tar-containing gas, which jet cooler comprises a central draft tube into which the gas is directed and indirect heat exchange lines containing a liquid coolant therein disposed inside the central draft tube and wherein the gas and solid particles are cooled by such indirect heat exchange lines such that the tar from the gas condenses on the solid particles; (2) directing the gas through a tar cooler in the second stage wherein the gas-containing residual tars and other impurities resulting from the treatment in the jet cooler are sprayed with a circulating tar from a nozzle to remove a residual tars and impurities from the gas and wherein the gas is further cooled in said tar cooler by means of an indirect he

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of inhibiting the formation of coke during the elevated temperature cracking of hydrocarbons. The method generally comprises adding to the hydrocarbon an effective amount of an ammonium borate, particularly ammonium biborate and ammonium pentaborate. Preferably, the ammonium borates are in a glycollic solvent or water.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to the use of hydroxylamine, its acid salts or mixtures thereof to prevent fouling during the basic washing of hydrocarbons containing oxygenated compounds. More specifically, oxygenated compounds such as carbonyl containing organics have a tendency to polymerize, producing fouling elements when such are contained in hydrocarbons being washed with basic materials. The hydroxylamine and its salts are quite effective in reducing the fouling tendencies due to these specific mechanisms.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of inhibiting the formation of coke during the elevated temperature processing of hydrocarbons. The method generally comprises adding to the hydrocarbon an effective amount of an ammonium borate, particularly ammonium biborate and ammonium pentaborate. Preferably, the ammonium borates are in a glycollic solvent or water.

Abstract: An antifouling compound comprising a phthalocyanine compound is disclosed for use in high temperature coke producing petroleum reactions wherein said coke is unwanted and acts as a fouling agent in the associated reaction apparatus.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for deactivating or removing aromatic compounds from a kerosene or gas oil, which aromatics are coke precursors in a steam cracking process (conducted in the absence of a catalyst) to convert the hydrocarbons contained in the kerosene or gas oil to hydrocarbons of smaller molecules. The excising occurs by contacting the kerosene or gas oil, before admission to the steam cracking zone, with particulate size activated carbon of 4 mesh to 50 mesh size and physically removing the activated carbon (with at least a portion of the aromatic content of the coke derived from the kerosene or gas oil absorbed thereon) from the slurry before passage of the kerosene or gas oil to the steam cracking furnace.

Abstract: Deposit formation on the contact surfaces of structures containing heated hydrocarbon fluids such as refinery units, particularly units associated with the distilling process such as preheating stages, is inhibited by incorporating in the feed stock from 0.0001 to 0.01 weight percent of thiophene-containing polycondensed aromatic/naphthenic compounds of number average molecular weight (Mn) from 200 to 1000 and if desired at least one other additive such as an oil-soluble dispersant, antioxidant, antipolymerant, antifoulant and mixtures thereof into said hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: A method, together with suitable apparatus therefor, is provided useful in recovering heat from a high temperature cracked hydrocarbon gas, in which a liquid wash is injected into the tubes of a vertically oriented multitube transfer line heat exchanger to minimize deposition of coke. The wash liquid is introduced into a plenum chamber located above the top tube sheet and it then flows through a perforated plate. This distributes the liquid uniformly over the plate where it flows into the tubes to dissolve and/or flux condensates and coke.

Abstract: This invention relates to an apparatus and a method for pyrolytic decomposition of polymeric materials into lower molecular weight products involving the heat treatment of raw polymeric material within reactive conduits submerged in a fluidized bed furnace operated at pyrolizing temperatures.

Abstract: A bundled-tube heat exchanger of the vertical arrangement type has a gas inlet chamber and a gas outlet chamber. These gas chambers are connected by gas transfer tubes. The gas transfer tubes are surrounded by cooling medium tubes within a housing chamber. Each of the cooling medium tubes opens out into a respective connecting chamber that is formed between the casing chamber, the gas inlet chamber, and the gas outlet chamber. A gas transfer tube that is open to the casing chamber connects the casing chamber to a connecting chamber.

Abstract: A continuous process for thermally cracking a heavy hydrocarbon oil, including heat-treating the heavy hydrocarbon oil in a first thermal cracking zone for obtaining a first cracked product, and introducing the first cracked product into a second thermal cracking zone where it is thermally cracked by direct contact with a gaseous heat transfer medium to form distillable cracked components and a mesophase-containing pitch. The liquid phase in the second thermal cracking zone, including the mesophase-containing pitch, is withdrawn therefrom and separated into a mesophase-rich pitch and a matrix pitch having a low concentration of mesophase. The matrix pitch is recycled to the second thermal cracking zone. The distillable cracked components are stripped from the liquid phase in the second thermal cracking zone with the heat transfer medium, and the resulting gas phase is discharged overhead therefrom and then separated into a light fraction and a heavy fraction.

Abstract: A method of operating a heat exchange system of the type adapted to receive a hot fluid and a cool fluid therethrough accomplishes cleaning of the system by terminating cool fluid flow to a portion of the system. Both fluids are passed through the entire system for a period of time. Flow of the cool fluid is then terminated to a portion of the system while continuous flow of the hot fluid is maintained through the entire system. Thus, the operating temperature of the entire system is increased so as to melt wax and other deposits on surfaces in the system.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to methods and compositions for boronizing metal and in particular ferrous surfaces. It has been discovered that if hydrocarbons are processed in metallic equipment which have been previously boronized, that coke formation and deposition which is commonly experienced at high temperatures can be minimized if not totally eliminated. The compositions utilized for this purpose are comprised of boron or boron compounds contained in an organic solvent or carrier together with specific activating materials.

Abstract: The formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process is reduced by contacting such metals with an antifoulant selected from the group consisting of a combination of tin and aluminum, a combination of aluminum and antimony and a combination of tin, antimony and aluminum.

Abstract: A method of pre-conditioning the walls of an olefin dimerization reactor and starting a dimerization process comprises sequential steps of introducing a first soluble homogeneous catalyst component comprising, e.g. a complex of a divalent metal selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt and iron, and a second soluble homogeneous catalyst component comprising, e.g. an organoaluminum compound, at rates such that the molar catalyst feed ratio of said aluminum to said divalent metal is maintained at a first value during the pre-conditioning and startup period and at a second, higher, value during the operating period.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon feed injection method is provided in which concentric inlet conduits carry hydrocarbon liquid and steam. Small nozzles located on the outer steam-carrying conduit discharge steam in the direction of the inner wall of the transfer line reactor to protect the inner wall from carbonaceous deposits. The hydrocarbon feed nozzles are staged along a line parallel to the longitudinal axis of the transfer line.

Abstract: A process for providing an apparatus for treating hydrocarbons or the like fluids at a high temperature substantially without carbon deposition is described. At least portions of the apparatus which are to be contacted with the high temperature fluid, are made of a specific alloy containing 1-10% by weight of aluminum and, if desired, oxidized before or upon contact with the high temperature fluid to form an aluminum-containing oxide film.

Abstract: A process for high hydroconversion of petroleum residua containing at least about 25 V % material boiling above 975.degree. F. to produce lower boiling hydrocarbon liquid products and avoid undesirable precipitation of asphaltene compounds. In the process, the feedstock is at least about 80 percent catalytically hydroconverted to material boiling below 975.degree. F. and containing a mixture of gas and liquid fractions, after which the gas fraction is removed while maintaining the resulting liquid fractions temperature above about 730.degree. F. to avoid precipitation of asphaltene compounds which causes operations difficulties in the downstream equipment. Alternatively, the pressure-reduced liquid fraction can be stripped of material boiling below about 650.degree. F. before cooling the liquid to a temperature below about 730.degree. F. to prevent such precipitation of asphaltene compounds in the downstream equipment.

Abstract: A heavy hydrocarbon feed stock is, after being heat-treated in a first cracking zone, is introduced into a second thermal cracking zone for obtaining a thermally cracked product and a pitch product. The second cracking zone has a plurality of cracking reactors which are connected in series, through which is successively passed the treated feed stock and to each of which is supplied a gaseous heat transfer medium to maintain the liquid phase therein at a temperature sufficient for effecting the thermal cracking and to strip the resulting distillable, cracked components from the liquid phase. The thermal cracking temperature in one reactor is so controlled as to become higher than that in its adjacent upstream-side reactor. The distillable, cracked components in respective reactors are removed overhead therefrom and separated into a heavy fraction and a light fraction, while the liquid phase in the downstream-end reactor is discharged therefrom for recovery as the pitch product.

Abstract: A heavy hydrocarbon feed stock is, after being heat-treated in a first cracking zone, introduced into a second thermal cracking zone for obtaining a thermally cracked product and a pitch product. The second cracking zone has a plurality of cracking reactors which are connected in series, through which is successively passed the treated feed stock and to each of which is supplied a gaseous heat transfer medium to maintain the liquid phase therein at a temperature sufficient for effecting the thermal cracking and to strip the resulting distillable, cracked components from the liquid phase. The thermal cracking temperature in one reactor is so controlled as to become higher than that in its adjacent upstream-side reactor. The distillable, cracked components in respective reactors are removed overhead therefrom and separated into a heavy fraction and a light fraction, while the liquid phase in the downstream-end reactor is discharged therefrom for recovery as the pitch product.

Abstract: In the thermal cracking of or heating of hydrocarbons, for example naphtha, a carbonization reaction incidentally takes place due to the fact that Ni, Fe and Co contained in, for example, the conduits of the thermal cracking apparatus have a catalytically carbonizing action. The aim of the present invention is to effectively suppress carbon deposition promoted by these elements, to provide for the incorporation of an inhibitor element, e.g. Li, Na, Ba, Be, Ca, Mg or their oxides, into the heat-resistant alloy, and to form on the surface of this alloy a carbon deposition suppressing layer which comprises an inhibitor element.

Abstract: Coke deposited within the gas passages of a dual tower type, fluidized bed apparatus for thermally cracking hydrocarbon oils is removed by combustion through contact with a stream of an oxygen-containing, high temperature combustion gas without a need to disjoint the apparatus. The apparatus is comprised of heating and cracking towers each adapted for containing a mass of fluidized solid particles continuously recirculating between the two towers. In one embodiment, all of the solid particles are discharged from the apparatus and a stream of the oxygen-containing combustion gas, produced in a combustion furnace connected to the heating tower, is allowed to pass through the gas passages.

Abstract: A process for upgrading a heavy viscous hydrocarbon, for example, rendering a heavy viscous crude pipelinable, includes visbreaking, distillation and solvent extraction steps. A heavy viscous hydrocarbon is fed through the visbreaker which forms a feed to the distillation step. A heavier fraction from distillation is fed to a solvent extraction unit which produces a fraction which contains resin. At least a portion of the resin containing fraction separated in the solvent extraction unit is recycled and combined with the feed which is to be subject to visbreaking so that the total yield of products, residual and gas-free, is increased. The recycled resin reduces the tendency of the asphaltenes to separate from the oil and thereby reduces the tendency to lay down coke in the visbreaker; this allows higher conversion to upgraded liquid products.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for hydrocracking a hydrocarbon feedstock having a propensity to form polynuclear aromatic compounds without excessively fouling the processing unit. The hydrocracking method includes contacting the hydrocarbon feedstock with a crystalline zeolite hydrocracking catalyst, contacting at least a portion of the resulting unconverted hydrocarbon oil containing polynuclear aromatic compounds with an adsorbent which selectively retains polynuclear aromatic compounds and recycling unconverted hydrocarbon oil having a reduced concentration of polynuclear aromatic compounds to the hydrocracking zone.

Abstract: A reactor tube for thermally cracking or reforming hydrocarbons comprising an outer tube member made of Ni-containing heat resisting material and having enhanced mechanical strength with a large wall thickness, and an inner tube member of small wall thickness fitted in the outer tube member and made of heat resisting material free from Ni or with a low Ni content. The inner and outer tube members have been subjected to a diffusion treatment with a thin coating of Ni-P solid solution provided at the junction therebetween and thereby bonded together.

Abstract: A reactor tube for thermally cracking or reforming of hydrocarbons wherein a reacting layer contacting hydrocarbons is made of heat resisting steel comprising, in terms of % by weight, 0.3 to 1.5% C, up to 3% Si, 6 to 15% Mn, 20 to 30% Cr, up to 3% Nb, up to 0.15% N, the balance being substantially Fe and a covering layer which covers the said reacting layer is made of Fe-Cr-Ni heat resisting steel and is fused to the reacting layer at their boundary.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an improved method for continuous thermal cracking of heavy petroleum oil, which can achieve a high degree of cracking in a column-like reactor of relatively small size and provides residual pitch rich in .beta.-resin components and lean in gas mixed therein. The above method comprises charging preheated heavy oil into an upper reaction zone of an upright cylindrical continuous reactor, which is divided into upper and lower reaction zones by means of a partition plate, drawing the resultant cracked gas and oil vapor from the upper reaction zone, and discharging residual pitch through the bottom of the lower reaction zone.

Abstract: A process for the production of high octane gasoline and/or valuable lower molecular weight products from carbometallic oils comprising contacting hydrogen and a carbometallic feed in a progressive flow reaction zone with hot conversion catalysts capable of activating hydrogen. The hydrogen gas may be introduced into the feed prior to or simultaneous with contacting the feed with catalysts. Alternately, the hydrogen gas may be introduced to the catalysts prior to or simultaneously with its contact with the carbometallic feed.

Abstract: Polymer precursor materials are vaporized without polymerization or are removed from a raw naphtha fraction by passing the raw naphtha to a vaporization zone (24) and vaporizing the naphtha in the presence of a wash oil while stripping with hot hydrogen to prevent polymer deposits in the equipment.

Abstract: In a process for producing an essentially ash-free oil stock from a lubricating oil containing ash forming components comprising reacting the oil with an aqueous ammonium salt capable of reacting with the ash-containing components and heating the thus treated oil at a temperature in the range of about 300.degree. C. to about 420.degree. C. to increase the amount of the ash-forming components removed, the improvement comprising not exposing the oil to a temperature greater than 200.degree. C. before the oil is passed into a large volume of the oil already at a temperature in the range of about 300.degree. C. to about 400.degree. C.

Abstract: A process for the prevention of the deposition of entrained soluble coal products from vaporous solvent recovered from a heavy fraction comprising insoluble coal products and some solvent and soluble coal products. The heavy fraction is produced in a coal deashing system employing solvent at elevated temperatures and pressures near the critical conditions of the solvent. The heavy fraction is reduced in pressure to form a mixture of ash concentrate and vaporous solvent together with entrained soluble coal products. This mixture then is turbulently admixed for at least 0.05 seconds to coalesce or condense the entrained soluble coal products upon the ash concentrate particles. The coalescence or condensation of at least a portion of the soluble coal products substantially prevents or minimizes deposition of the same in the solvent withdrawal conduit of subsequent vapor-solid separation apparatus. Alternatively, the mixture is introduced into a fluidized bed of ash concentrate.

Abstract: In a hydrogenation operation employing an ebullated catalytic bed, recycle is recovered from the hydrogenated product with at least 25%, by volume, of the recycle boiling above 950.degree. F. The recycle is cooled to a temperature of from 350.degree. to 600.degree. F. to separate coke precursors, prior to recycle to the hydrogenation. Higher conversion levels can be achieved by effecting recycle in such manner.

Abstract: The formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process is reduced by contacting such metals with a halogen containing silicon compound selected from the group consisting of halogen containing silanes, halogen containing disilanes, and halogen containing siloxanes. After the metals are contacted with the halogen containing silicon compound, the halogen containing silicon compound is converted to silicon dioxide to form a protective coating on the metals. This protective coating substantially reduces the formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process.

Abstract: The formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process is reduced by contacting such metals with an antifoulant selected from the group consisting of tin, a combination of tin and antimony, a combination of germanium and antimony, a combination of tin and germanium and a combination of tin, antimony and germanium.

Abstract: A contaminating metal on a cracking catalyst used for the cracking of hydrocarbons is passivated by contacting the catalyst with a hydrocarbon gas or mixture of gases comprising molecules of three carbon atoms or less at passivation reaction conditions prior to the cycling of the catalyst to the cracking zone, which gas or mixture of gases is first saturated with water at specific conditions.

Abstract: Heavy hydrocarbon feedstocks, e.g. gas oils, are vaporized and subsequently gasified at high temperatures without pyrolytic degradation by first admixing the hydrocarbon with a hot gaseous reactant, e.g. product gas or steam, to bring the temperature of the mixture above that of the dew point of the hydrocarbon and thereafter raising the temperature of the mixture to above that at which pyrolysis of the hydrocarbon begins to be significant by admixture with further quantities of the reactant which are superheated thereby to bring the temperature of the resultant mixture to that required for effecting a catalytic gasification reaction.

Abstract: Fouling of metallic surfaces contacted with petroleum oils at elevated temperatures is reduced by adding to the oil small amounts of an oil-soluble N-alkylamino-alkylbenzene sulfonate, a heterocyclic amine, and phenylhydrazine.

Abstract: A method of decoking (decarbonizing) surfaces of a cracking plant in which the cracking furnace is connected to a heat exchanger for cooling the cracked gas mixture, in which steam and air are admitted as a gas mixture to the cracking furnace and then the gas mixture is conducted through the cooler. The cooling medium is thus passed through the cracking gas cooler during the decoking operation while in a first stage the mixture is fed through the device at such a mass flow rate that the temperature of the deposits on the heat exchange surface is approximately at the temperature corresponding to cracking operations while, in a second stage, the gas flow rate is increased to raise the temperature of the deposits on the heat exchange surfaces of the cooler.

Abstract: .[.In a hydrogenation operation employing an ebullated catalytic bed, recycle is recovered from the hydrogenated product with at least 25%, by volume, of the recycle boiling above 950.degree. F. The recycle is cooled to a temperature of from 350.degree. to 600.degree. F. to separate coke precursors, prior to recycle to the hydrogenation. Higher conversion levels can be achieved by effecting recycle in such manner..]..Iadd.Disclosed is a hydrogenation process using at least one fluidized catalytic stage and a recycle material of heavy hydrogenated effluent. The heavy effluent material is cooled to a temperature within 350.degree.-600.degree. F. to separate toluene and heptane insoluble coke precursors prior to recycle. This separation may be enhanced by the use of centrifugation, filtration or a bed of particulate material (e.g. calcined coke). .Iaddend.