Abstract: A scale suppression apparatus capable of suppressing in a low-priced manner the generation of silica-based scale and calcium-based scale in the influent water containing at least a silica component and a calcium component, a geothermal power generation system using the same, and a scale suppression method are provided. The scale suppression apparatus includes a chelating agent and alkaline agent addition unit injecting liquid containing a chelating agent and an alkaline agent into a pipe arrangement through which influent water such as geothermal water or the like flows, and a controller controlling a pump and a valve of the chelating agent and alkaline agent addition unit. The controller controls the injection of the chelating agent and the alkaline agent and stops of the injection based on the signal output from a scale detection unit for detecting a precipitation state of the scale.

Abstract: A reactor that operates with ultraviolet light emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) to attain UV photoreactions or UV photo-initiated reaction in a fluid flow for various applications, including water purification. The UV-LED reactor is comprised of a conduit means for passing fluid flow, an ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV-LED), and a radiation-focusing element to focus the UV-LED radiation to the fluid in the longitudinal direction of the conduit. The UV-LED reactor may include photocatalysts or chemical oxidants, which are activated by UV emitted by UV-LEDs for photocatalytic and photo-initiated reactions.

Abstract: A apparatus for treating ballast water with acrolein which is to be connected to a main ballast water line of a ballast water unit, comprises a reactor device to which acrolein derivate and water is to be fed for generating an aqueous acrolein solution, a branch line which is connected to the main ballast water line for branching off a partial ballast water stream, and a mixing device which is connected to the branch line and an acrolein solution supply line from the reactor device and is designed for diluting the aqueous acrolein solution from the reactor device, and a feed device for supplying the aqueous acrolein solution from the mixing unit to the main ballast water line.

Abstract: Disclosed is a sludge dehydration set, in which a sludge filtration belt is positioned at a lower portion of a sludge chamber having an open lower portion, sludge is introduced into the sludge chamber, a pressure applying tube or a membrane is installed above the introduced sludge, water is filtered and discharged through the filtration belt by applying pressure to the sludge so that a dehydration process is performed, a structure is installed under the filtration belt and provided in the form of a steel mesh net or a matrix having many holes to support the filtration belt so that the filtration belt is not bent or sagged while moving down the dehydrated water, and the pressure is applied to the sludge by injecting liquid or air to a membrane positioned above the sludge after the sludge has been introduced into the sludge introduction part, so that the water contained in the sludge is dehydrated and moved down from the filtration belt, and a sludge dehydration apparatus manufactured by assembling a plurality

Abstract: An air-powered water circulation system for ponds, lakes, municipal water tanks, and other bodies of water having a draft tube extending along and about a vertical axis between upper and lower end portions and supported by a flotation arrangement with the upper end portion slightly below the water surface. A pneumatic, air flow arrangement is then provided to supply pressurized air from an aft pump to a plurality of submerged air pipes positioned within the draft tube below the upper end portion thereof and extending inwardly from a submerged manifold toward the interior of the draft tube. In operation, pressurized air is supplied from the air pump through an air delivery conduit to the submerged air manifold and into the submerged air pipes where it is discharged as air bubbles through series of discharge holes extending along the pipes to create an overall circulation pattern in the body of water.

Abstract: A device for mixing and aerating a body of water, the device includes a microbial fuel cell comprising an anode and a cathode; an electricity management subsystem electrically connecting the anode and the cathode; and a mixing subsystem electrically connected to the electricity management subsystem. The device can be used to mix or aerate a body of water containing organic material while simultaneously reducing the requirements for aeration. The body of water may provide organic material to the microbial fuel cell to produce electricity to power the mixing subsystem.

Abstract: A system may include a reactor, in which an anaerobic environment exists, that includes a slurry of at least contaminated water and a mixed bacterial culture of facultative bacteria and anaerobic bacteria. The mixed bacterial culture may be suspended within the slurry. The contaminated water may include contaminants associated with a non-metal, a metal, or a metalloid. The mixed bacterial culture may react with the contaminated water to reduce or remove the contaminants from the contaminated water to create a treated slurry. The reactor may output the treated slurry. The system may also include a filtration device to receive the treated slurry; remove, from the treated slurry, the mixed bacterial culture and the contaminants, reduced or removed from the contaminated water, to create treated water; and output the treated water.

Abstract: An electrochlorination and electrochemical system for the on-site generation and treatment of municipal water supplies and other reservoirs of water, by using a custom mixed oxidant and mixed reductant generating system for the enhanced destruction of water borne contaminants by creating custom oxidation-reduction-reactant chemistries with real time monitoring. A range of chemical precursors are provided that when acted upon in an electrochemical cell either create an enhanced oxidation, or reduction environment for the destruction or control of contaminants. Chemical agents that can be used to control standard water quality parameters such as total hardness, total alkalinity, pH, total dissolved solids, and the like are introduced via the chemical precursor injection subsystem infrequently or in real time based on sensor inputs and controller set points.

Abstract: A system and method of collecting and conditioning rainwater and other moisture, such as dew, from a windshield of a vehicle and utilizing the collected fluid to replenish the fluids in the windshield washer reservoir. A collection funnel is positioned on a vehicle in order to collect rainwater and other moisture. Rainwater and other fluids from the collection funnel are directed to a conditioning cartridge where the water is de-ionized and windshield washer fluid is added. The cartridges are designed to be single replaceable units. The mixed fluid from the mixing cartridge is directed to the pre-existing windshield washer reservoir.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a method for selectively removing sulfites, for example bisulfite anionic species, from a beverage comprising free sulfite by providing an effective amount of a non-ionic, solid phase material and contacting the beverage with the solid phase material thereby sequestering the free sulfite on the non-ionic, solid phase material and providing a beverage having a reduced amount of free sulfite that otherwise maintains the general chemical composition with which it started. The disclosure further provides a device for selectively removing sulfite from a beverage comprising a container for receiving a beverage comprising free sulfite, said container enclosing a non-ionic, solid phase material capable of sequestering free sulfite, and a modular apparatus comprising a sulfite capture module and optionally a sediment filter module or an aeration module. Optionally, the non-ionic solid phase material is food-safe.

Abstract: A fluid metering system for accurately and consistently mixing two or more fluids together. The fluid metering system generally includes a closed loop feedback system that monitors the flow rate of the water and the volume of liquid chemical added to the water over a period of time. Based on the measured amount of chemical added to the water over a period of time, the system calculates whether or not an adjustment is required for the next addition of chemical to the water. The present invention utilizes a measuring tube that is filled with a chemical wherein a pressure sensor measures the pressure of the chemical in the measuring tube when filled and after being emptied to calculate the total volume of chemical added to the water.

Abstract: A portable dialysis cabinet for use in dialysis. The portable dialysis cabinet can have a size and weight that facilitates easy movement of the cabinet from one location to another with relative ease. The portable dialysis cabinet can have additional features necessary to facilitate portability, such as wheels and a handle. In general, the portable dialysis cabinet can contain all the necessary components for performing a dialysis session.

Abstract: A device (10, 110) for purifying water, particularly but not exclusively for domestic use, comprising a metallic body (11, 111) to be inserted in a container (12, 112) of water (13) to be purified, the metallic body (11, 111) having a face (14, 114) made of silver and an opposite face (15, 115) made of brass, both intended to come into contact with the water (13).

Abstract: A water treatment system including a filter, an aerator, a hydrogen absorption manifold, a first treatment container, a second treatment container, a magnetron, a boiler, a superheater, a fractional distillation separator and a condenser. The filter is adapted for removing chloride ions and transmutated chlorine ions, while the hydrogen absorptive manifold is designed for absorbing hydrogen ions and reducing the pH of the water. The magnetron alters the spin of an electron in an outer shell of an atom contained in the water so that a solution added to the water coats selective elements causing them to precipitate from the water. The boiler and superheater may be utilized to convert the water to a superheated steam, while the fractional distillation separator is adapted for condensing and separating elements, including radioactive elements, from the superheated steam. A method for treating contaminated water using the water treatment system is also provided.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a process for treating and regenerating a spent caustic solution at ambient temperatures and pressure which includes oxidizing spent caustic wastewater with a hydrogen-peroxide/ozone mixture, supported by a board rang irradiation of the spent caustic wastewater by ultrasound. A range of wastewater treatment techniques may also be included to reach a desired effluent quality level.

Abstract: A fluid supply system (150) configured for supplying fluids, the fluid supply system (150) comprising a fluid packet supply unit (180) configured for controlling supply of a sequence (250) of fluid packets (222 to 230), the fluid packets (222 to 230) comprising a packet of first fluid (223) and a packet of second fluid (225), wherein the first fluid and the second fluid are media being prone to a phase separation upon direct interaction between the packet of first fluid (223) and the packet of second fluid (225), and a phase separation inhibiting unit (190) configured for inhibiting phase separation by inserting an intermediate fluid packet (224) between the packet of first fluid (223) and the packet of second fluid (225) to 230 to 230

Abstract: A method for improved anaerobic digestion is presented. The method includes mixing a volume of waste material with water to form a feedstock mixture. The volume of waste material includes an initial amount of biomass and the feedstock mixture includes methanogenic bacteria either naturally present in the waste material or introduced artificially. The method also includes introducing one or more promoter substances to the feedstock mixture. The one or more promoter substances are capable of modifying the methanogenic bacteria. Modifying includes stimulating novel enzyme production in the methanogenic bacteria.

Abstract: Implementations of the present invention relate to systems, methods, and apparatus for filtering and treating water, such as tap water, well water, spring water, etc., and producing drinking, bathing, and swimming water. More specifically, such systems, methods, and apparatus can produce purified water by removing substantially all suspended as well as dissolved solids, undesirable acids, gasses and all and any contaminates from the water. Additionally, the systems, methods, and apparatus can produce reprogrammed high biophoton mineralized drinking water by chilling vortexing over proprietary lodestones, ingenious, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks and creating bicarbonate ions in the water introducing minerals and/or salts into the water.

Abstract: This invention relates to compositions and methods for improving water quality by enhancing natural bacterial processes and altering environmental conditions in situ. This is achieved by the manufacture and use of granules or tables composed of the inventive formulations.

Abstract: A process for treatment of water. Hardness and non-hydroxide alkalinity are removed from feedwaters to an extent sufficient to avoid scaling when concentrated. Sparingly ionizable components in the feedwater are urged toward increased ionization by increasing the pH of the feedwater. In this manner, species such as silica become highly ionized, and (a) their rejection by membranes used in the process is significantly increased, and (b) their solubility in the reject stream from the membrane process is significantly increased. Sparingly ionized species such as boron, silica, and TOC are highly rejected. Recovery ratios of ninety percent (90%) or higher are achievable with many feedwaters, while simultaneously achieving a substantial reduction in cleaning frequency of membranes used in the process.

Abstract: The present invention provides an efficient and low cost method for processing radioactively-contaminated water. The method for processing radioactively-contaminated water comprising a freeze concentration step of generating ice having lowered concentration of radioactive substance from radioactive substance containing contaminated water and concentrating the radioactive substances in the residual contaminated water by the interface progressive freeze concentration process. Preferably, the method further comprises a nitrogen substitution step of reducing dissolved oxygen in the contaminated water and adding nitrogen gas to the contaminated water, as a previous step of the freeze concentration step. Preferably, the radioactive substance is radioactive cesium.

Abstract: Reactive treatment cells (RTCs) are described in combination with sediment capping systems as a means for environmental remediation. RTCs include an impermeable housing defining an interior, a permeable ceiling and floor typically including filtration materials such as geotextiles, and at least one interior compartment for treatment reagents. One RTC includes a gabion-like cage structure retaining a geomembrane-supported geosynthetic clay liner (GM-GCL) housing, while a second embodiment includes a hard, cylindrical shell as a replaceable reagent cartridge. RTCs may be employed in initial capping system installations or retrofitted into existing capping systems. RTCs may include optional baffles, flow restrictors, floating discs, sensor probes, and two or more serial reagent zones or compartments.

Abstract: The invention provides an integrated water treatment system suitable for use in the treatment of contaminated water, wastewater, potable water, aquaculture, industrial water and polluted water bodies. An integrated water treatment system according to at least one embodiment of the invention comprises a plurality of modules adapted to float in a body of water integrating a plurality of different attached growth biofilm media types positioned within a plurality of water flow paths and circulations. The conditions provided by a multiple of media types and plurality of flow paths creates a multiplier effect increasing the number of treatment zones and an increased diversity of interconnected treatment process zone types.

Abstract: The invention relates to a metering device (D) for metering a reagent by dissolution in a liquid flow, characterised in that it comprises a plurality of parts:—a fixed base (200) grouping together said enclosure and a liquid inlet, means for bringing the liquid into contact with the reagent roller (G) and liquid outlet means,—one or more cartridges (300) forming a separate detachable volume grouping together said reagent magazine, means for forming at least one liquid jet directed substantially radially towards the roller (G) to be dissolved, and means for supporting the roller (G), said cartridge (300) coming to be associated with said base (200) which is preformed with at least one area for receiving said cartridge (300) for the purpose of dissolving the reagent.

Abstract: A novel biologically active water treatment system for removing contaminant from industrial effluent and method thereof is provided. A novel upflow bioreactor system having an expanded bed configuration and method for creating an expanded bed for release of gas without release of substantial precipitate is also provided. A novel downflow bioreactor system having an automated degas and backwash system is also provided.

Abstract: A device and mechanism for recommending a water filter in a beverage dispenser is described. A sensor senses qualities of unfiltered water. Another sensor senses qualities of a flavorant container, such as the flavorant contained within the container. Based on the quality of the unfiltered water and the particular flavored beverage desired, the device will recommend a water filter to optimize the flavor of the beverage.

Abstract: A system and methods for controlling microbial activity and growth in a mixed phase system. The method includes providing a rare-earth compound. The method also includes injecting the rare-earth compound into a mixed phase system, wherein the rare earth compound binds with a phosphate in an aqueous phase to adsorb the phosphate. The method also includes separating the rare-earth compound from the mixed phase system.

Abstract: Feeder device for feeding aqueous acrolein solution to a main ballast water line of an apparatus for treating for an apparatus for shops for treating ballast water with acrolein comprises an annular nozzle which is dimensioned for usage in the main ballast water line, wherein the annular nozzle comprises a nozzle ring comprising a plurality of nozzle openings distributed over the interior circumference of the nozzle ring.

Abstract: Feedwell devices are described herein. While the described feedwells can include any suitable component, in some cases, the feedwell has a center portion, a launder, a weir, and/or a mixing zone. While the various components can have any suitable relationship with respect to each other, in some cases, the weir surrounds a portion of the feedwell's center portion and is configured to allow supernatant from a thickener (e.g., a thickener in which the feedwell device has been placed) to flow into the launder. In turn, in some implementations, the launder is configured to direct the supernatant to the mixing zone. Additionally, in some implementations, the mixing zone is configured to mix the supernatant with a feed slurry, prior to introducing a mixture of the supernatant and the feed slurry into the center portion of the feedwell. Other implementations are described.

Abstract: The wastewater treatment system includes a hollow, elongate, horizontally disposed, cylindrical body made from plastic is adapted for water storage and treatment. The cylindrical body includes reinforcement ribs formed by a helically wound steel band embedded in the plastic and extending between opposite open ends of the elongate cylindrical body. A voltage source selectively energizes the steel band. A pair of bulkhead members respectively extends across and covers opposite ends of the cylindrical body. A fluid-tight wall is mounted in the cylindrical body, the first bulkhead member, the fluid-tight wall and the cylindrical body forming a fluid-tight tank defining a liquid storage chamber. The second bulkhead member and the fluid-tight wall define a dry liquid treatment equipment chamber. An inlet pipe extends into the tank for admitting the pretreatment liquid into the tank. An outlet pipe extends from the tank and discharges the treated liquid from the tank.

Abstract: A cleaning system that includes a meter operatively connected to a cleaning device, and where the flow of waste water activates the cleaning device, and which device removes contaminates from the meter.

Abstract: A high efficiency reactor tank is designed to remove pollutants from domestic wastewater. Embodiments of the tank can include at least one integrally-molded internal wall that divides the tank into at least two chambers and which can be a one-piece tank with at least one top riser. The internal wall can be integrally-molded within the tank as well as separately formed and inserted into the tank. The tank can be roto-molded (i.e., rotationally-molded) using plastic or cast/made from concrete, steel, fiberglass and/or similar structural materials. The reactor tank can be applied to remove suspended solids, BOD, ammonia, nitrate, TKN, phosphorus, pathogens and other pollutants from the wastewater.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to vial spiking assemblies and related methods. In certain aspects, the vial spiking assemblies include a vial adapter having a base, a spike extending from a central region of the base, and a sidewall extending from the base and surrounding the spike. The base and the sidewalls partially, define a cavity that is configured to receive at least a portion of the vial. The assemblies also include a spike cover that is removably attached to the spike and that includes a material configured to indicate when the material is contacted with liquid.

Abstract: By means of a method and a device for separating suspension or colloid components a sample is moved through a conduit system which extends in axial direction at at least one flow rate in at least one flow direction over a time period until reaching axial separation of components which are then separated from each other.

Abstract: The present invention provides a container for drinking fluids wherein the container has an integrated interior compartment for storing solid elements used for treating drinking fluids. The interior compartment includes a plurality of perforations that allow the fluid found in the container to flow through the interior compartment to allow such fluid to interact with the contents of the interior chamber. The interior chamber may include a compound for treating the fluid and for forming, for example, alkaline water. The treatment compound is compressed into solid beads that will interact with the drinking fluid but will not substantially dissolve. In one embodiment the treatment compound comprises of Tourmaline, Kaoline, Magnesium, Magnesium Oxide, Silicone Dioxide and Calcium Oxide.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for treating a body of water to kill microorganisms by enhancing the concentration metal ions therein. The apparatus comprising a dispenser with a first housing having a water accessible compartment containing a source of a N-halohydantoin compound for releasing the N-halohydantoin compound when contacted by the body of water with the at least one N-halohydantoin having the formula: wherein R and R1 each independently comprises an alkyl group, and wherein X and Y are independently selected from the group consisting of bromine, chlorine and hydrogen and a second housing having a water accessible compartment containing an insoluble metal ion donor for releasing metal ions when contacted by the body of water containing the N-halohydantoin.

Abstract: A solvent that reversibly converts from a hydrophobic liquid form to hydrophilic liquid form upon contact with water and a selected trigger, e.g., contact with CO2, is described. The hydrophilic liquid form is readily converted back to the hydrophobic liquid form and water. The hydrophobic liquid is an amidine or amine. The hydrophilic liquid form comprises an amidinium salt or an ammonium salt.

Abstract: A system for producing and supplying a coolant to a filtration sub-system, and for reconditioning and recombining a return flow of used coolant. A main reservoir is in two way communication with the filtration sub-system via a clean coolant outlet and a dirty coolant return. An inlet feeds an untreated water supply to a de-ionization canister. A mixing valve in communication with the inlet recombines a remaining untreated portion of the water supply with the de-ionized portion. A mixing pump intermixes the water supply with a chemical concentrate to produce a coolant delivered to a main reservoir. A volume of coolant is drawn through an outlet from the reservoir and communicates the coolant to a particle filter, a chiller, and prior to outputting to the filtration sub-systems. The used return coolant is filtered and reintroduced to the main reservoir.

Abstract: A centralized supply system for electrolyzed oxidizing water comprises a water softener (1), several parallel electrolyzed oxidizing water generators (2) connected, liquid storage tanks (3, 4) and delivery pumps (5, 6). A central controller (10) implements independent control over the several parallel electrolyzed oxidizing water generators (2). Liquid level sensors (9) are mounted in the liquid storage tanks (3, 4) and are connected with the central controller (10) via data collection cables (12). With the detection, determination and calculation for the liquid level signal in the liquid storage tanks (3, 4) using the central controller (10), the volume magnitude and the rate of change of the volume for the liquid in the liquid storage tanks (3, 4) can be exactly obtained in time. The electrolyzed oxidizing water generators (2) are effectively controlled based on above data. An intelligent control method for the system is also provided.

Abstract: A filter (1) to purify the water distributed by a dispenser, fitted with a special sanitizing device incorporated therein. Inside of the said filter (1), below the water chamber (3), is a disinfectant chamber (4) that contains the solution designed to sanitize the said dispenser. A mechanism causes the sanitizing solution to flow into the water chamber (3) of the filter (1) and into the piping, for performing the subsequent sanitizing action.

Abstract: The present disclose is directed to a method for controlling iodine levels in wet scrubbers, and, in particular, recirculating wet scrubbers by removing the iodine from the scrubbing solution, such as by using ion exchange, absorption, adsorption, precipitation, filtration, solvent extraction, ion pair extraction, and an aqueous two-phase extraction.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process and, more specifically, to a process for the removal of components from a starting material. Optionally, the process is used for the removal of contaminants from ion exchange regenerant material.

Abstract: A potable water distribution system for use in aircraft, as well as potable water systems of boats, recreational vehicles/caravans, residential homes, dental offices, laboratories, vending machines, and the like, provides for sanitizing of the system without opening filter and/or purification units and removing filtering and/or purifying cartridges from the filter and/or purification units during the sanitizing process.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the treatment of liquid effluents laden with hydrocarbons, which comprises: feeding the effluents into a treatment tank; supplying the treatment tank with a reversible sorbent having a defined particle size; mixing the effluents with the reversible sorbent in the treatment tank in order to load said reversible sorbent with the hydrocarbons in the effluents; removing the hydrocarbon-laden reversible sorbent from the top of the treatment tank; extracting the treated effluents from the bottom of the treatment tank; and separating the hydrocarbons from the laden reversible sorbent from the treatment tank.

Abstract: Disclosed are hemodialysis and similar dialysis systems including fluid flow circuits. Hemodialysis systems may include a blood flow path, and a dialysate flow path including balancing, mixing, and/or a directing circuits. Preparation of dialysate may be decoupled from patient dialysis. Circuits may be defined within one or more cassettes. The fluid circuit and/or the various fluid flow paths may be isolated from electrical components. A gas supply may be provided that, when activated, is able to urge dialysate through the dialyzer and blood back to the patient. Such a system may be useful during a power failure. The hemodialysis system may also include fluid handling to devices, such as pumps, valves, mixers, etc., actuated using a control fluid. The control fluid may be delivered to the fluid handling devices using a detachable external pump. The fluid handling devices may have a spheroid shape with a diaphragm dividing it into two compartments.

Abstract: A lightweight, bioplastic, mobile, floating oil spill mechanical/biological recovery system is dimensionally compact, and quick to assemble. The floating platform can be readily positioned within any waterborne oil/contaminant spill area. After assembly, this platform or apparatus can be directed by either a hand-held digital radio control transmitter or GPS directed mechanism. A lower, multi-roller slip-on belt is designed to be mounted over a circular base support aeration hub assembly with alternating/spaced slotted ring water drainage separators. The belt and aeration assemblies dip bioaugmentation product into the contaminant site thereby exposing microorganisms to both oxygen and target contaminant for treatment and metabolism. Various mechanisms for enhancing metabolic activity of the bioaugmentation product operate in tandem with the primary belt and aeration assemblies to promote effective contaminant metabolism and overall treatment regimes.

Abstract: Disclosed an aerobic system for decomposition of aqueous organic waste, which comprises at least a first processing container including sides, an upper opening, a substantially horizontal floor, an inlet, an outlet, at least one channel arranged at the floor having an upwardly opening mouth, a ventilating pipe extending above the mouth, and a pump connected to the pipe and arranged to provide a supply of a gas to the ventilating pipe.

Abstract: Disclosed is a treatment unit for treating wastewater that includes a treatment housing having a wastewater inlet and a treated water outlet; a vertical turbulator plate located in the vicinity of the wastewater inlet; a vertical ultraviolet (UV) tube assembly located between the turbulator plate and the treated water outlet; and an electrical controller. The turbulator plate has different size apertures. The treatment unit also can include a flow paddle located in the wastewater inlet, a paddle flow controller that actuates the flow paddle, and an electrical controller supplies power to the UV tube assembly and to the paddle flow controller. The corresponding method for treating wastewater with the treatment unit also is disclosed.

Abstract: A process for preparing conventional water sources for providing “ideal state” cellular wellness benefits via topical hydration and natural transdermal, epithelial or epicellular absorption. The invention's process considers preconditioned water sources that have removed solids, dissolved solids, contaminants—both organic and inorganic and subsequently the method purifies the water respective of removing pathogens, and structures the water for cellular uptake in the form of vicinal grade water, with improved characteristics of ideal frequency, cluster size, pH, before safely introducing negative ORP (highly ionized state) to the water structure and organic nutrients or other supplemental pharmaceutical grade organic materials onto the skin or epithelial/epicellular environments surrounding tissue and cells.

Abstract: In a nanofiltration system for removing sulfate impurity from an aqueous brine stream and for recovering the brine, introducing a dilution stream upstream of the feed stream inlet of a nanofiltration module in the system dilutes the feed stream. This increases the amount of brine salt and water obtained in the permeate stream without substantially diluting the concentration of sulfate in the pass stream and hence results in enhanced recovery of brine while efficiently removing sulfate impurity. The system and process is especially suitable for recovering brine and removing sulfate impurity from a brine stream in a brine electrolysis plant. In a conventional system, the heat exchanger typically used to cool the feed stream can be omitted if the dilution stream is provided at a temperature suitably lower than that of the feed stream.