Abstract: A method for removing anions such as nitrate ion, sulfate ion, chloride ion, and phosphate ion existed in underground water, surface water or waste water, comprising adding alumina cement and a calcium compound into the water containing the anion and followed by applying an electric field thereto, thereby to thereby to form a chemical precipitation which is an insoluble complex salt, and a continuous process for removing the anion by continuously performing the above method for removing anions.

Abstract: A method for removing perchlorate or other anionic contaminates from ground water which comprises the step of passing the ground water over activated carbon, wherein the activated carbon has been either preloaded with an organic cation functional group or organic cation polymer or cationic monomer, or tailored with ammonium or other reduced nitrogen-containing compound.

Abstract: One embodiment of the invention comprises an ion exchange composition formed by reacting unsaturated carbon to carbon moieties pendant from derivatized ion binding cryptands with a support substrate under free radical activation conditions to form a covalent bond therebetween.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are chemical methods for reducing concentrations of perchlorate ion in sources of water to be used for potable purposes. The disclosed methods include contacting water containing perchlorate ion with iron metal to chemically reduce the perchlorate ion to a more innocuous ion species. The metal can then be removed. The instant methods also relate to contacting perchlorate contaminated water with iron metal or a metal oxide in the presence of phosphoric acid to form a complex with perchlorate ion and adsorb the complex onto the iron, which is then removed from the water. These methods provide an environmentally safe and economically efficient means to effectively remove perchlorate ion from potable water sources, resulting in water that is safe for human use and consumption.

Abstract: Provided are cartridges, apparatuses and methods for purifying a liquid chemical. The cartridges include a conduit connected to receive a flow of a chemical to be purified. A packed section in the conduit comprises a purification material. The ratio of the length of the packed section to the inside diameter of the conduit is from about 8:1 to about 200:1. The flow of the chemical to be purified contacts the purification material, thereby producing a flow of a purified chemical. This invention has particular applicability to the semiconductor manufacturing industry.

Abstract: Sintered light expanded clay aggregates are described that are prepared by expanding and firing a clay-based material, and where the finished aggregates have a diameter of up to about 32 mm, for use as filtration medium for purifying water, wherein carbonates of calcium and/or magnesium are added to the clay as flux material prior to expansion and firing. Uses of the expanded clay aggregates for removing phosphorous by utilising die clay aggregates are also described, as well as a method for removing phosphorus by using the clay aggregates.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods for separating biological contaminants (viruses, nucleic acids and/or endotoxins) from biological products, or for reducing the content of such biological contaminants in said biological products. The sample (biological product) to be purified is treated with an anion exchanger membrane. Said anion exchanger membrane is obtained by reacting a polyamide with an aminoreactive compound which is capable of polymerisation. This is followed by polymerisation with monomers which contain cationic groups or into which cationic groups can be introduced in a reaction analogous to polymerisation.

Abstract: Fluorinated emulsifier acids bound to an anion exchanger resin can be eluted using a mixture of water, a compound of the formula M—X, in which M is an alkali metal or an alkylammonium ion, and X is hydroxyl, fluoride or chloride, and at least one organic solvent which completely dissolves the other components. For work-up of the eluent, this is advantageously subjected to steam distillation until all volatile constituents have been essentially removed, and the emulsifier acid is liberated from the steam distillation residue using a sufficiently strong acid. This emulsifier acid can advantageously be distilled off and collected as the ammonium salt in aqueous ammonia solution.

Abstract: Anion exchange material surfaces are provided with zwitterionic and cationic groups, preferably by coating with a polymer formed from monomers including a zwitterionic monomer, a cationic monomer and, optionally, a termonomer providing stable binding at the substrate surface. The ion exchange materials may be used to scavenge heparin from blood by an ion exchange separation process. The zwitterionic group reduces the rate of fouling by biological materials such as proteins.

Abstract: The invention has an object to provide a solid chloride absorbent which can efficiently absorb inorganic chlorides such as hydrogen chloride flowing out from a process in which a heavy naphtha and the like are treated and inorganic chloride derived from crude oil, and which is difficult to powder and soften after absorbing the chlorides. The solid chloride absorbent according to the invention comprises zinc oxide, a porous refractory inorganic matter and an inert binder, has a long life, and hardly releases the absorbed chlorides.

Abstract: Small amorphous silica particles are used to provide a relatively large surface area upon which silica will preferentially adsorb, thereby preventing or substantially reducing scaling caused by deposition of silica on evaporative cooling tower components, especially heat exchange surfaces. The silica spheres are contacted by the cooling tower water in a sidestream reactor, then separated using gravity separation, microfiltration, vacuum filtration, or other suitable separation technology. Cooling tower modifications for implementing the invention process have been designed.

Abstract: A media is used to remove species from aqueous solutions, particularly in the treatment of water to enable it to be suitable for drinking. The media includes a material selected from the group consisting of zirconium hydroxide, titanium hydroxide, hafnium hydroxide and combinations thereof. A preferred form of the media is a layer having an aspect ratio of at least 1:1, more preferably, at least about 10:1. Removed from the water are species selected from the group consisting of arsenate, selenate, chromate, borate, perchlorate, fluoride and combinations thereof. In particular arsenite (As+3) containing species are also removed from water. Arsenite may be removed from water to levels not greater than 10 parts per billion with a single exposure to the media. The media is selective for certain species over others.

Abstract: The recovery of iodide from chemical process wastewater is accomplished by loading the wastewater containing iodide onto a strongly basic anion-exchange resin in free-base form; eluting the sorbed iodide from the resin with aqueous strong acid (e.g., hydrochloric acid); loading the iodide-rich cuts onto a weakly basic anion-exchange resin in free-base form; and eluting the sorbed iodide with aqueous base (e.g., sodium hydroxide). The recovered iodide typically has sufficient purity to permit its re-use in the chemical process.

Abstract: The invention includes an operating method for the continuous purification of a liquid utilizing either single or dual ion exchange vessels, each vessel being physically divided into one or more discrete of ion exchange zones, each zone having an inlet and an outlet. A valving means at the inlet and outlet of each ion exchange zone provides communication between adjacent ion exchange zones as well as to feed, product, water and regenerant chemical streams. In one aspect of this invention a first vessel contains a discrete plurality of cation exchange zones and a second vessel contains a discrete plurality of anion exchange zones. In another aspect of this invention, a single vessel contains a plurality of discrete cation exchange zones and a plurality of discrete anion exchange zones. In another aspect of the invention, each ion exchange zone is contained within a single vessel.

Abstract: A material and method for removal of environmental oxyanions (and especially phosphates), the material comprising a substrate such as a clay modified with complexing elements selected from Group IIIB, Group IVB, and lanthanide elements (or a mixture of such elements). The resultant modified substrate can bind oxyanions and make them unavailable for utilisation in the environment; in the case of phosphates, by algae and the like. The method includes forming a capping of material at the sediment/water interface, applying the material in the form of pellets at the sediment/water interface, or injecting the pellets into the sediment.

Abstract: There is described a group of underquarternized anion exchange resins having the ability to bind with and remove from one environment to another a significant fraction of scavenged molecules by forming covalent bonds with the molecules. The method of using such underquarternized resins is also described.

Abstract: A process is provided for removing CO2 and/or H2S from a gas mixture containing as impurities CO2 and/or H2S and at least one other impurity selected from the group consisting of a cyanide and ammonia. The process includes contacting at least a portion of the reflux stream from the overhead vapor from a stripping column of an acid gas removal solvent (i.e., alkanolamine) treatment plant with an anion exchange resin to remove corrosive impurities. The ion-exchanged reflux stream is then recycled to the top of the stripping column or into the bulk circulating acid gas removal solvent (i.e., alkanolamine) passing from the bottom of the stripping column.

Abstract: A method for purifying contaminated water involves passing contaminated water through a porous bed of steel slag. The steel slag can be used to remove various contaminants or reduce the concentration of such contaminants, such as heavy metals (for example, hexavalent chromium), chlorinated organic compounds, and certain inorganic anions. The method preferably involves placing an underground barrier of a porous bed of steel slag in a flow path of contaminated groundwater then allowing contaminated groundwater to pass through the barrier to purify the contaminated groundwater. The slag particles may be used as produced with no further grinding necessary, although the slag may be passed through a sieve or sieves to obtain a set of slag particles having a median diameter of about ⅛ inch to 1 inch, and preferably between about ¼ inch to ⅜ inch. Due to the inherent permeability of slag, no additive need be mixed with the slag.

Abstract: A process for the reclamation of spent aqueous alkanolamine solutions by contacting a spent aqueous alkanolamine solution with a strong base ion exchange resin for time sufficient to sorb from the aqueous alkanolamine solution at least a portion of the accumulated ions and after a high concentration of ions accumulate on the resin, regenerating the strong base ion exchange resin by: a) purging the resin with water or nitrogen, b) contacting the strong base ion exchange resin with a sodium chloride solution for a time sufficient to remove the ions, c) purging the resin to remove the sodium chloride solution, d) contacting the resin with an alkali metal hydroxide solution, preferably sodium hydroxide, for a time sufficient to convert the resin to a substantially hydroxide form; and e) purging the resin, wherein the ion sorption capacity of the resin is maintained at a substantially constant value.

Abstract: An amorphous potassium aluminosilicate filtration media which may be mixed with activated carbon filters water to remove oxygen, chlorines, hardness, alkalinity, ammonia, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, sodium sulfite and other contaminants. The particular sodium aluminosilicate is a porous amorphous material formed under ultraviolet light or sunlight to produce pore sizes of 60 Å to 250 Å at ambient temperatures (20° C.-35° C.) and low relative humidity (5%-20%). The media is initially formed as a microporous primarily amorphous gel containing Na2O, Al2O3, SiO2 and H2O. The sodium therein is displaced by potassium, whereby the filter removes impurities from water without introducing sodium. The potassium aluminosilicate may be a second stage filter to a first stage filter composed of a strong base anion media charged with potassium carbonate and/or bicarbonate.

Abstract: A method for removing corrosive contaminants from a polar extraction solvent comprises adding water to the solvent to provide a mixture. Then the mixture is contacted with a basic ion exchanger resin to remove the corrosive contaminants. The solvent is recovered and may be reused.

Abstract: Macroporous, strong-acid polysiloxane ion exchange resins which have been converted to the silver or mercury form are utilized to remove iodides from non-aqueous organic media. In a particularly preferred method, hexyl iodide is removed from acetic acid.

Abstract: Systems and methods for removing oxyanionic contaminants, such as arsenate (As(V)) and selenite (Se(IV)), from polluted water. The system utilizes calcium alginate which has been doped with ferric iron. The system is operated as either a batch-type or continuous feed purifier. A dehydrator is included for drying spent absorbent beads to form a dry disposable solid waste product.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a process of removing trace acidic impurities from an impure solution of photoacid generating compounds in a solvent, comprising contacting an impure solution of at least one photoacid generating compound containing trace amounts of acidic impurities with an amine-containing ion exchange resin for a sufficient amount of time to remove substantially all of the acidic impurities from the impure solution, thereby producing a pure solution of at least one photoacid generating compounds substantially free of trace acidic impurities. The invention is also directed to a solution of at least one photoacid generating compound substantially free of trace acidic impurities made by the above process.

Abstract: The invention is for a process of removing acid salt contaminants from a resin solution. The process comprises providing an organic solution of a phenolic resin having a portion of its phenolic hydroxyl groups condensed with an acid halide in the presence of a base catalyst. The organic solutions is then contacted with a strong acid cation exchange resin and a base anion exchange resin for a time sufficient to remove essentially all of said acid salt contaminants. Acid salt contamination is reduced to a level below normal detection limits.

Abstract: A method of coagulating particulates, as in papermaking or water clarification applications, for example, is provided wherein a zeolite crystalloid coagulant is added to water containing the solid matter, a source of multivalent cations, and a cationic acrylamide polymer. The zeolite crystalloid coagulant is preferably prepared by admixing aqueous sodium silicate and sodium aluminate solutions to form a reaction mixture and allowing a reaction to proceed for a sufficient time to form a zeolite crystalloid coagulant particles having particle sizes of at least about 4 nm before terminating the reaction.

Abstract: Wastewaters and circulation waters in papermaking, in deinking and in pulp bleaching are treated by adsorption of water-soluble anionic compounds and compounds dispersed in water from the wastewaters and circulation waters over finely divided adsorbents which consist of insoluble, only slightly swellable polymers which contain polymerized vinylamine units, and these polymers are used as adsorbents for treating water circulations in papermaking and for treating paper machine wastewaters and wastewaters from the deinking process and from pulp bleaching.

Abstract: For the removal of trace quantities of iodine-containing contaminants from corrosive liquid feed streams, an alternative with distinct advantages over the prior art is provided. The treatment method involves the use of a crystalline manganese phosphate which has been cation-exchanged with an iodine-reactive metal. This inorganic adsorbent may be used in unbound form, or it can bound with a substantially insoluble porous inorganic refractory metal oxide binder. A reactivation technique for this material is also presented.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method of decontaminating a photographic effluent. The method comprises contacting the effluent with a fibrous polymeric alumino-silicate and, optionally, with a cerium-based catalyst on an activated carbon membrane. The iron, silver, thiosulphate and organics contents of photographic effluents are reduced.

Abstract: Provided is a process for the preparation of an ultrapure hydrogen peroxide solution. The process includes at least one sequence which includes successively passing a solution to be purified through at least one bed of cation-exchange adsorbents (CEA) and at least one bed of anion-exchange adsorbents (AEA). The beds of adsorbents each exhibit a height to diameter ratio of greater than 3. Also provided is a plant for the implementation of the inventive process.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the treatment of wastewater effluent from a laundromat combines multiple filtering, particularly including, bag filters, to remove particulates including fine particulates followed by treatment in a weak base anion exchange resin bed to remove MBAS. The weak base resin was found to remove MBAS and organics such as LAS which were highly de-adsorbed in the efficient regeneration of the resin. The weak base anion exchange resin is preferably macroporous in the sulfate form. The invention contemplates multiple bag filters of different degrees of coarseness.

Abstract: Phosphates and chromates are selectively removed from contaminated water by a new class of sorbent, referred to as a Polymeric Ligand Exchanger (PLE). The exchanger bed comprising a styrene-divinylbenzene or polymethacrylate matrix having an electrically neutral chelating functional group with nitrogen or oxygen donor atoms, and a Lewis-acid type metal cation, such as copper, bonded to the chelating functional group in a manner that the positive charges of the metal cation are not neutralized. PLEs are very selective toward phosphates and chromates, chemically stable, and also amenable to efficient regeneration.

Abstract: An activated carbon-crystalline titanium and/or tin silicate composite for purifying waste streams and method of making. The method involves providing a combination of a synthetic carbon precursor, and titanium and/or tin silicate, followed by curing, carbonizing, and activating the carbon precursor. The composite is used to purify fluid streams such as water, of pollutants such as VOC's, heavy metals such as lead, and chlorine.

Abstract: The subject matter of the present invention is a process for the purification of a virtually anhydrous organic liquid other than DMSO alone, in order to decrease its content of alkali and alkaline-earth metal and metal cations, characterized in that it consists essentially in placing this organic liquid in contact with one or more cation exchange resins and in then separating from the resin(s) the purified organic liquid, said resin or at least one of said resins being a sulphonic resin in --SO.sub.3 H or --SO.sub.3 NH.sub.4 form based on a polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer having a divinylbenzene content of from 50 to 60% by weight, without taking the sulphonic groups into account.

Abstract: A septic system and method for the removal of nitrogen contaminants, such as nitrates and ammonia, from a wastewater effluent, which system and method includes employing one or more zeolite tanks, which contains a regenerable, granulated zeolite material to receive wastewater effluent from a septic tank, and to capture the nitrogen contaminants, such as nitrate and ammonia, and retain the nitrogen contaminants in the zeolite material allowing the treated, decontaminated effluent to flow out of the tank into a leach field. The system and method includes for periodically regenerating the zeolite material in the zeolite tank, after the zeolite material has become substantially exhausted, and restoring the zeolite material in the zeolite tank for reuse. The system provides for removal of the displaced nitrogen contaminants generated from the regeneration of the zeolite material in the zeolite tank.

Abstract: A method is provided for removing contaminants from water. The method comprises contacting the contaminants in the water with an organoclay having a positive or negative charge on its surface. Using this method, organic and inorganic contaminants can be removed with such charged organoclays.

Abstract: A process for the purification of water to render it fit for drinking. It is passed first through a halogenated resin and after this through activated carbon impregnated with silver, which contains a comparatively high silver content, of at least two percent by weight, and up to about 14 weight percent. A purification system for carrying out such process comprising a sequence of a layer of halogenated resin followed by activated carbon impregnated with at least two weight percent silver. The impregnated silver absorbs efficiently a high percentage of bromide/bromine, iodide/iodine or mixtures of these.

Abstract: A chromatographic composition for the selective binding of borate ion comprising support resin particle and polymers containing covalently bonded borate binding carbohydrates wherein said carbohydrates are a mono-, di- or polysaccharide of three to seven alcohol moieties per saccharide unit.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a class of anion exchange resins containing two different exchange sites with improved selectivity and sorptive capability for chemical species in solution, such as heptavalent technetium (as pertechnetate anion, TcO.sub.4.sup.-). The resins are prepared by first reacting haloalkylated crosslinked copolymer beads with a large tertiary amine in a solvent in which the resin beads can swell, followed by reaction with a second, smaller, tertiary amine to more fully complete the functionalization of the resin. The resins have enhanced selectivity, capacity, and exchange kinetics.

Abstract: An improved water softening process is provided which also reduces anion content. A first stream of water is passed through an anion-exchange unit to remove undesirable anions and raise the pH. The first stream of water is then provided to reactor/clarifier water softening equipment, where it acts as a source of hydroxyl ions. Preferably a second stream of water which did not pass through an anion-exchange unit is also provided to the water softening equipment. The streams of water are combined and processed through the softening equipment, where hardness ions are precipitated out, yielding softened water with reduced anion content. The anion-exchange system utilized preferably has a counter-current continuous resin train and a counter-current continuous resin regeneration unit.

Abstract: A portable point of use water decontaminating unit adapted to receive a flow of water from a faucet or other water source and pass the water through a filtering and decontaminating system to deliver the water as a continuous flow to an outlet. There is a pressure regulator to deliver the water at a proper volumetric flow rate, a pre-disinfectant filter system to receive the water from the pressure regulator and a post disinfectant filter section to filter the disinfectant and contaminants from the water. There is a disinfectant section comprising a disinfectant injector, and an elongate residence tube extending in successive coils around the interior of the container to receive the water from the disinfectant injection means and accomplish disinfection as the water travels through the residence tube.

Abstract: The present invention comprises a dry cleaning system and method, in which dry cleaning machinery is used in conjunction with a specific solvent which is derived from an organic/inorganic hybrid (organo silicone). In this class of organo silicones is a group known as cyclic siloxanes. The cyclic siloxanes present the basis for material composition of the solvent chemistry which allows this dry cleaning system to be highly effective. The cyclic-siloxane-based solvent allows the system to result in an environmentally friendly process which is, also, more effective in cleaning fabrics and the like than any known prior system. The siloxane composition is employed in a dry cleaning machine to carry out the method of the invention.

Abstract: A method for removing arsenic species from an aqueous medium with modified zeolite minerals comprising providing an aqueous medium containing arsenic species in the form of both arsenate and arsenite, contacting the aqueous medium with an iron (II) laden zeolite mineral so that arsenic in the form of at least one of arsenate and arsenite contained in the aqueous medium can be adsorbed onto the iron (II) laden zeolite mineral forming an arsenic adsorbed iron (II) laden zeolite mineral, and separating the arsenic adsorbed iron (II) laden zeolite mineral from the aqueous medium.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for removing arsenic from aqueous systems containing arsenic which includes contacting said aqueous system with an adsorbent material comprising (i) activated bauxite and (ii) aluminum trihydrate, until the arsenic is substantially removed from said aqueous system. The adsorbent material is prepared by the steps including (i) mixing powders of activated bauxite and aluminum trihydrate in the presence of water to form granules; (ii) drying said granules; and (iii) calcining said dried granules.

Abstract: An ion-exchange resin stabilized against shrinkage, the resin being loaded with at least one amphiphilic ion in the absence of sodium cations.Also a process for removing iodide compounds from a liquid carboxylic acid and/or carboxylic acid anhydride obtained from the Group VIII noble metal catalysed, alkyl iodide co-catalysed carbonylation of alcohols and/or their reactive derivatives by contacting the liquid carboxylic acid and/or carboxylic acid anhydride with the ion-exchange resin stabilized against shrinkage as aforesaid, the ion-exchange resin being loaded with one or more of the metals silver, palladium or mercury.

Abstract: For the removal of trace quantities of iodine-containing contaminants from corrosive liquid feed streams, an adsorbent with distinct advantages over prior-art materials is provided. The treatment method involves the use of a metal phthalocyanine compound where the metal selected from the group consisting of silver, mercury, copper, lead, thallium, palladium, or mixtures thereof. Such metals are known to be reactive with the iodine-containing contaminants in the feed stream. Furthermore, the metal phthalocyanine is deposited on a carrier material selected from the group consisting of an activated carbon, a phenolic polymer, and an inorganic refractory metal oxide. Such adsorbent materials have proven substantially insoluble even in corrosive liquid feed streams associated with the invention. Reactivation and regeneration techniques, which are generally incompatible with prior-art adsorbent materials, are also disclosed.

Abstract: Ca ion is removed by a cation exchange resin and silica and corrosive ions are removed by an anion exchange resin. Even after the anion exchange resin reaches the silica break through point or after the cation exchange resin reaches the Ca ion break through point, the supply of water is continued until the average of silica concentration or Ca ion concentration reaches a predetermined value. By supplying both treated water before the break through point and treated water after the break through point, water containing silica or Ca ion of suitable concentration can be supplied to the water system with only one anion exchange column or cation exchange column.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for recovering a volatile acid charaterized by bringing a waste liquid containing the volatile acid into contact with an amine having a boiling point of at least 50.degree. C. to thereby cause the amine to tonically adsorb the acid from the waste liquid, and thereafter heating the amine to desorb the acid, and a process for treating waste water utilizing this process.

Abstract: A process for producing a water insoluble, aqueous alkali soluble, film forming novolak resin having low metal ions, made by the fractionation of a phenol formaldehyde condensation product, a process for producing a resin a photoresist composition of superior quality containing such novolak resin, and a method for producing a semiconductor device using such photoresist composition.

Abstract: A method for treating phosphate-containing waste water comprising treating phosphate-containing waste water with a metal hydroxide complex as a phosphate adsorbent represented by the formula:M.sub.1-x.sup.2+ M.sub.x.sup.3+ (OH.sup.-).sub.2+x-y (A.sup.n-).sub.y/nwherein M.sup.2+ is at least one divalent metal ion selected from the group consisting of Mg.sup.2+, Ni.sup.2+, Zn.sup.2+, Fe.sup.2+, Ca.sup.2+ and Cu.sup.2+ ; M.sup.3+ is at least one divalent metal ion selected from the group consisting of Al.sup.3+ and Fe.sup.3+ ; A.sup.n- is an n-valent anion; x is in the range 0.1.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.0.5; y is in the range 0.1.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.0.5; and n is 1 or 2.