Abstract: A method has been discovered for removing organics, such as water soluble organics (WSO), from fluids containing water, such as oil process water, by contacting the fluid with an effective amount of an organic ammonium salt. No added acid is necessary, although in some embodiments, weak acids such as glycolic acid, can be used to give synergistic improvement in organic removal. Suitable organic ammonium salts have the formula:R.sup.1 R.sup.2 R.sup.3 N.sup.+ H X.sup.-where R.sup.1 is a saturated or unsaturated alkyl group or an aryl group, or saturated or unsaturated alkyl group or an aryl group substituted with a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, S, P and halogen; R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are independently H or a saturated or unsaturated alkyl group or an aryl group, or saturated or unsaturated alkyl group or an aryl group substituted with a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, S, P and halogen; and X is a halogen atom or an anion of a protic acid.

Abstract: A composition for the detackification and clarification of acid and alkaline paint and lacquer waste waters and paint spray booth wastes, comprising:an inorganic-organic and/or organic adduct alloy polymer composition having the formula:A.multidot.B.sup.+ .multidot.D.sup.+wherein: A=[(SiO.sub.2 /Me.sup.I.sub.2 O).sub.u Me.sup.II.sub.m Me.sub.m.sup.III(OH).sbsp.p.sup.(SO.sbsp.4.sup.).sbsp.y.sup.(Aci) (2m+3n)-p-2y].sub.rwhere r=1 to 98% bw; u=0 to 10% bw; ##STR1## where: x=0 to 98% bw; Z is a divalent substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, heterocyclic or aromatic radicalD.sup.+ =(PQAM).sub.wwherew=2 to 98% b.w. of polyquaternized polymer (PQAM)Me.sub.m.sup.II is selected from the divalent cationic group comprising: Mg, Zn, Ca, and Fe.sup.2+m=0 to 5Me.sub.n.sup.III is a tri-or more valent metal selected from the group comprising: Fe, Al, and Al--Zn complexes;n=1 to 20Aci is selected from the monovalent anionic group comprising Cl.sup.-, Br.sup.-, I.sup.-, NO.sub.3 --, H.sub.2 PO.sub.4 --, CH.

Abstract: A process is provided which can be used to clarify substantially aqueous streams and optionally separate biosolids, especially proteins, from food processing operations which comprises contacting an aqueous stream comprising biosolids with an anionic inorganic colloid and an organic polymer, to flocculate the biosolids.

Abstract: Methods for removing suspended particles from a solution are disclosed. These methods generally comprise adding to the solution to be treated an effective amount of a composition comprising a Mannich derivatized polyether. The polyether is generally described as the condensation polymer of Mannich derivatized bisphenol and a difunctional monomer. The methods have broad application in a wide variety of industries and are effective in removal of all types of suspended particles even when numerous types of particles are contained within the same solution.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for concentrating bacteria from a viscous biological sample. The methods involve adding to the sample a water-soluble, density-lowering agent having a density of 0.7 to 0.9 g/ml and a boiling point greater than 50.degree. C. The invention also relates to methods for concentrating bacteria and free bacterial nucleic acids from a biological sample that involve mixing with the sample a density-lowering agent and a monovalent salt.

Abstract: A process is disclosed which involves removing hydrocarbons, arsenic and mercury from wastewater produced in oil and gas fields. An oxidant, ferric ions, and flocculent are sequentially added to the wastewater to form a removable sludge containing the arsenic, hydrocarbon, and mercury contaminants. The Oxidation-Reduction Potential of the wastewater is controlled by oxidant addition to allow the required arsenic oxidation to occur while maintaining the mercury in elemental form. The process requires relatively short residence times between chemical additions and provides for large wastewater throughputs. The cleaned wastewater is suitable for discharge to the environment.

Abstract: Automated process, conditioning and treatment apparatus and methods are disclosed that are particularly well adapted for closed loop systems using or producing aqueous effluence with varying amounts of suspended solids therein, the apparatus and methods directed to separation of the solids from the effluence and thus cleaning of the centrate. The apparatus includes a mass flow rate meter, liquid polymer injector and control means for receiving the monitored rate from the meter and performing analysis to optimize the rate of injection of liquid polymer. The injector is monitored to further optimize the injection rate.

Abstract: A method and a system which enable simple and inexpensive removal of heavy metals from a heavy-metal-containing substance. In this method, a substance containing heavy metals and water are introduced into a mixing bath in proportions by weight of 1:3 to 1:6. A strong acid is added to the mixture, and the mixture is stirred while its pH is maintained at a pH lower than 4. As a result of stirring of the substance at a pH 4, heavy metals are extracted into the liquid as metal ions. The metal-ion-containing liquid is input to a heavy metal precipitation bath, and the pH of the liquid is increased to a pH higher than 10 by addition of alkali to the liquid. Gas bubbles of carbonic acid gas are input to the liquid from a lower portion of the heavy metal precipitation bath, and they are broken into a large quantity of small gas bubbles of carbonic acid gas by turbine blades. The large quantity of gas bubbles of carbonic acid are brought into contact with the metal-ion-containing liquid having a pH higher than 10.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods and apparatus for purifying water wherein a highly dispersed, hydrophobic flocculant is produced in situ. In the preferred methods, a dispersion of a water-insoluble, metallic soap is produced in situ by the reaction of an aqueous solution of a water-soluble, multivalent metal salt with an aqueous solution of a water-soluble, alkali soap. The apparatus of the present invention includes a first mixing chamber for producing in situ an aqueous dispersion of a hydrophobic flocculant. The apparatus further includes a second mixing chamber in fluid communication with the first chamber and a flocculation/separation basin. The hydrophobic flocculant is evenly dispersing within the contaminated water by introduction into the second chamber through a high pressure pump and sparger.

Abstract: The present invention concerns the treatment of an aqueous effluent and consists of ridding it of the iron which it contains, notably in the form of a complex. The method according to the invention consists of treating this effluent by successively a silicate, and a magnesium and aluminium hydroxycarbonate, then decanting and filtering. The method according to the invention is particularly useful in the treatment of photographic effluents.

Abstract: A process for filtering kaolin clay slurries in the presence of a filter aid which increases the percent solids in the filter cake, decreases the product solids in the waste filtrate, increases the rate of filtration, and yet does not interfere with redispersal of the filter cake after filtration. The process utilizes high molecular weight, highly anionic polyacrylic acid homopolymers or copolymers, or water soluble salts thereof, as filter aids for thickening and dewatering kaolin clay slurries. The flocculated clay may be redispersed after the separation process by normal means, such as the addition of low molecular weight anionic polymers with mixing.

Abstract: A nonionic surfactant having cyclic 1,3-dioxane and/or 1,3-dioxolane functionality which is irreversibly splittable by lowering the pH of its aqueous solution is useful in various processes requiring the removal of emulsified hydrophobic contaminants or other hydrophobic materials from an aqueous stream. After splitting of the surfactant into its component aldehyde and polyol, the hydrophobic components phase-separate and can be removed from the aqueous stream by routine means.

Abstract: The instant invention relates to a novel process for the hydrolysis of the by-products produced during the manufacture of methyldichlorosilanes comprising combining the by-products with an aqueous medium, optionally comprising a surfactant, at a pH range of at least about 7 and at a temperature of above about 0.degree. C. to produce a solid material in which copper and other metals are retained in a solid phase thereby resulting in a product with a high copper content.

Abstract: The method of the invention is characterized by adding comprises adding an inorganic flocculant to waste water treated with activated sludge process, adjusting the waste water between pH 4.0 and 5.0, waste water in this state for at least 1 minute, adjusting the waste water between pH 5.5 and 9.0 and adding an anionic polymer flocculant to generate flocs and separating the flocs to obtain supernatant. According to the invention, flocs become large, especially since flocs grow by adsorbing fine particles during maturation. The clarity of the treated water is sharply improved, and the qualities of the treated water, such as COD and chromaticity are also improved. Moreover, the scale of sedimentation tank can be made compact due to the improvement in precipitatability of flocs by growing into large size.

Abstract: The invention involves the demulsification and liquefaction of hydrocarbon based sludges. A demulsifier and a liquefaction agent and methods of using the same are disclosed. In a preferred embodiment, the demulsifier contains a salt of DDBSA, polypropylene glycol, and citrene. In a preferred embodiment, the liquefaction agent contains a glycol ether and sodium silicate. In another preferred embodiment, the liquefaction agent contains a glycol ether and citrene. In preferred practice, the sludge is treated with the liquefaction agent, circulated, treated with the demulsifier, and circulated further. An object of the invention is to provide a hydrocarbon based sludge that is sufficiently liquefied to be pumped and which is sufficiently demulsified to allow the waters, oils, and solids in the sludge to separate.

Abstract: The invention relates to the treatment of waste water containing a harmful ion such as a heavy metal ion or fluorine ion by the coagulating sedimentation method using an inorganic coagulant such as an iron compound or an aluminum compound. After separating treated water from the sediment (sludge) in which the harmful ion is incorporated in insoluble form, the pH of a mixture of the sediment and water is suitably adjusted to cause elution of the harmful ion from the sediment. Then the sediment is separated from the eluate and reused as an inorganic coagulant. By reusing the sediment in this manner, the waste water treatment is accomplished without producing a large quantity of sludge and the consumption of inorganic coagulant and auxiliary chemicals can be greatly reduced, while the concentration of the harmful ion in the treated water becomes sufficiently low.

Abstract: A method for removing pollutants from water, according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, comprises the steps of providing algal spores for seeding, providing a source of water for flowing through a floway, and the water contains a quantity of pollutants and has a pH on entry into said floway, providing a growing surface in the floway upon which the algal spores form an attachment, subjecting the algal spores in the floway to operating conditions resulting in the formation of an algal turf in which the algae has cell walls on its surface, adjusting the floway operating conditions such that a predetermined pollutant precipitates onto and/or into the algal cell walls but not into the water, and harvesting a portion of the algal turf including the cell walls onto and/or into which the pollutants have precipitated.

Abstract: Tannin containing polymers, their method of production and methods of using as water treatment agents are disclosed. The polymers are aldehyde-free and comprise copolymers of tannin and a cationic monomer. Another embodiment comprises aldehyde-free polymers of tannin, cationic monomer and at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of an anionic monomer and a nonionic monomer.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for processing water wash photopolymer solution includes a washout unit for washing a flexographic printing plate with water, a holding tank for holding an effluent from the washout unit, and a mixing cone for mixing an amount of the effluent supplied from the holding tank with a coagulant so as to coagulate a solid content of the effluent with the coagulant.

Abstract: Disclosed is an oil separating method in which oil-contaminated water in a separation tank is mixed with air bubbles in a bubble-generating apparatus provided at the bottom of the separation tank to jet out said air-water mixture into the separation tank,wherein a surfactant and/or an antifoamer are(is) previously added to the oil-contaminated water.

Abstract: Compositions comprising polyamine and melamine polymers in certain ratios are provided for coagulating suspended solids in wastewaters such as deinking process waters and raw waters.

Abstract: There is disclosed a portable assembly for treating hazardous waste water having a plurality of paired filter units having filter mediums and operated at high filter rates to minimize solids build up wherein solids are caused to be smashed and broken by shear forces and wherein chemicals are sequentially added to facilitate solids reduction, to oxidize organic compounds and to precipitate dissolved solids and wherein the process stream is subjected to ultraviolet light to reduce organic loading and downstream ultra filtration units to further reduce solids followed by reverse osmosis and/or ionization treatment.

Abstract: An improved method of removing water soluble organics from produced water is disclosed. In the method, a chemical, selected from the group consisting of sodium bisulfite, hydroxylamine hydrochloride, tallow amine, acetic acid, and combinations thereof, is added to the water in an amount sufficient to adjust the pH of the water to about 6.0 to 6.5. Water soluble organics then separate out from the water for easy removal by conventional phase separation techniques.

Abstract: A method of treating a spent dry film stripping and/or developing solution comprising the steps of adding about 0.01 to 15 grams of an aluminum source per liter of solution; adding about 0.05 to 25 grams of a metal precipitating agent per liter of solution; mixing the aluminum source, the metal precipitating agent and the solution with one another to form a mixture; adding an acid source to the mixture to lower the pH to less than about 6.5; and filtering the mixture to separate the metals and the photoresist from the remainder of the solution. The composition may also include 0 to 10 percent by weight of a dust-suppression agent, per liter of the solution, 0.1 to 10 grams of siliceous particulates per liter of spent stripper solution and/or an agent to enhance flocculation of the polymer precipitate.

Abstract: A process wastewater treatment plant, and a process relating thereto, which converts process wastewater generated in battery manufacturing and the like into clean process water and sodium sulfate salt by treating the process wastewater to remove impurities and contaminants, including debris, oil/grease, heavy metal oxides, lead and other heavy metals, suspended solids, bacteria, organic compounds, and/or gases, from the wastewater to produce a clean neutral sodium sulfate brine, subjecting the brine to heat to obtain distilled water and sodium sulfate salt, and purifying the distilled water by reverse osmosis for reuse as clear process water.

Abstract: Alum process residues (APR) are used to remove colored contaminants from waste waters. In addition, in accordance with the invention, up to 0.1% by weight of alum and up to 5 ppm of a polyelectrolyte polymer is added to improve color removal, turbidity removal and the settling rate. The resultant APR-alum-polymer mixture together with contaminants in the waste water settles rapidly, reducing the costs of the color removal process.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a developer-circulating method and an apparatus for carrying out the method in making a flexographic printing plate which prevents dissolved chemical substance from adversely affecting human bodies and has excellent safety; capable of preventing the increase of the viscosity of developer; and capable of effectively preventing the dissolved chemical substance from adhering to the apparatus, thus preventing the life of the apparatus from being reduced and collecting the dissolved chemical substance in a short period of time and which is superior in operation efficiency, work efficiency, and treating efficiency. Solid content of liquid containing resin component which has eluted from flexographic printing plates 3, 42 and dispersed in developer is flocculated by flocculating agent, and the liquid containing the flocculated solid content is separated into the liquid and solid contents.

Abstract: A method for recovering and separating precious and non-precious metals from waste streams, which removes, separates, and recovers such metals in a cost effective manner with more than 95% removal from waste streams and with minimal amounts of umprocessed solids and sludge remaining in the enviroment. Metals such as chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, silver, gold, platinum, vanadium, sodium, potassium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, barium, lead, aluminum, tin; and the like are removed and recovered from the waste streams with at least 95% removal and other metals and compounds, such as antimony, sulfur, and selenium are removed and recovered from waste streams with at least 50% removal. The method employs a unique complexing agent comprising a carbamate compound and an alkali metal hydroxide which facilitates the formation of the metals into ionic metal particles enabling them to be readily separated, removed and recovered.

Abstract: The invention relates to the treatment of waste water containing a harmful ion such as a heavy metal ion or fluorine ion by the coagulating sedimentation method using an inorganic coagulant such as an iron compound or an aluminum compound. After separating treated water from the sediment (sludge) in which the harmful ion is incorporated in insoluble form, the pH of a mixture of the sediment and water is suitably adjusted to cause elution of the harmful ion from the sediment. Then the sediment is separated from the eluate and reused as an inorganic coagulant. By reusing the sediment in this manner, the waste water treatment is accomplished without producing a large quantity of sludge and the consumption of inorganic coagulant and auxiliary chemicals can be greatly reduced, while the concentration of the harmful ion in the treated water becomes sufficiently low.

Abstract: The invention herein provides a method for the time delayed precipitation of a solid phase of metal from a low pH, metal salt solution comprising adding to the metal solution a substrate, such as an amide, and an enzyme, such as an amidase, which will react with the substrate, which causes a rise in pH upon the reaction of the substrate with the enzyme. The rise in pH causes the metal to precipitate from solution. The precipitated metal is useful for emplacing metal hydroxides for providing sorptive material useful for removing contamination from groundwater.

Abstract: Mine waste water is treated to remove both dissolved and particulate metal values by an improved process, the process comprising:A. Mixing with the mine waste water a sufficient amount of anionic polymer to combine with the dissolved and particulate metal values to form a polymer/metal particle complex,B. Mixing the polymer/metal particle complex of Step A with a source of ferric ions, e.g. ferric chloride, to form a ferric/polymer/metal particle complex,C. Mixing the ferric/polymer/metal particle complex of Step B with a source of hydroxyl ions, e.g. a solution of calcium oxide, to form a hydroxylated ferric/polymer/metal particle complex,D. Mixing sufficient flocculent, e.g. a polyacrylamide, with the complex of Step C to precipitate the complex, andE. Separating the slurry of Step D into a clean water effluent and a high density (e.g. >50% solids), low toxic sludge.

Abstract: A method and composition for detackifying or coagulating and flocculating waterborne and mixed waterborne/solventborne paints in paint spray booth water. Aluminum chlorohydrate and a tannin containing polymer, preferably in an aqueous solution, are added to the paint spray booth water to detackify or coagulate and flocculate the paints.

Abstract: Oil emulsions are broken in a particularly advantageous manner by adding to them a breaker which comprises poly-DADMAC and polyalkylenepolyamines.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods of treating or clarifying a turbid wastewater containing at least one contaminant selected from the group consisting of proteinaceous materials, fats, oils, and other biological contaminants. The methods of the present invention include the steps of (a) contacting turbid wastewater to cellulose ester fibrets under conditions sufficient to flocculate the contaminant to form a treatment suspension, and then (b) separating the flocculants from the treatment suspension to provide a clarified wastewater.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process to remove tumour necrosis factor .alpha. (TNF.alpha.) or/and bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from an aqueous liquid, in particular blood, blood plasma or serum, in an extracorporeal perfusion system after removing corpuscular blood components if necessary, wherein(a) the pH value of the body fluid is adjusted to pH<6,(b) a precipitation reagent in the form of a polyanion is added,(c) precipitated substances are removed by filtration or/and centrifugation and(d) the resulting liquid is passed over an anion exchanger.

Abstract: A process of dewatering primary-treated sewage which includes mixing the sewage with a coagulant or flocculant aid, usually activated polymer. The sewage is then mixed and flocculated at conditions which involve extensive mixing turbulence of the sewage and whereby part of the sewage is recycled so as to be again subjected to such mixing and flocculating. Flocks form the solid particles in the sewage. The pH of the sewage is chemically adjusted into the basic pH range or to a higher basic pH. The sewage is applied to a sand bed whereby the flocculated solids in the sewage are separated from the liquid in the sewage, by collecting on the top of the sand bed. The flocculated solids located on the top of the sand bed are air dried. The dried flocculated solids are removed from the top of the sand bed.

Abstract: The present invention in one embodiment, is a process that uses a chemical treatment to remove heavy metals from wastewater; heavy metals from wastewater containing oxygenated hydrocarbons; and arsenic, organic acids, and heavy metals from antifreeze solutions. In one aspect such a method includes adding an iron salt, to an antifreeze solution containing arsenic and heavy metals with adequate mixing for dispersion throughout the solution. Then, a base is added to increase the pH to a level from about 8 to 10. As the base is added, a precipitate with contaminates forms and is then removed by standard filtration techniques. The arsenic, organic acids, and heavy metals co-precipitate with the iron and are removed by filtration. The process may either be a batch process or a continuous process. In one aspect the wastewater is generated by a process according to the present invention for purifying contaminated soil or sediment.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the removal of total cyanide from aqueous solution. The method includes the steps of placing the aqueous solution into a reaction tank, adding lime, ferrous sulfate, and acid to the solution in the reaction tank and agitating the resultant mixture for a reaction time of about one hour. The agitated mixture is transferred from the reaction tank to a clarifier tank and polyelectrolyte solution is added to induce iron-cyanide complex precipitate coagulation. The apparatus includes a reaction tank to hold the aqueous solution and a lime slurry tank, ferrous sulfate tank and acid tank in flow communication with the reaction tank. A pH control assembly controls the flow of acid from the acid tank into the reaction tank and a reaction tank agitation assembly extends into the interior of the reaction tank. The clarifier feed conduit extends between the reaction tank and a clarifier tank.

Abstract: A method is provided for using an aqueous suspension of at least 15% of poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO) as a flocculent. PEO is dispersed in an aqueous solution of at least one salt selected from the group consisting of sodium or potassium formate, sodium or potassium hydroxide, sodium or potassium citrate, sodium or potassium acetate, sodium chloride or mixtures thereof to form a poly(ethylene oxide) suspension having at least 15% of poly(ethylene oxide) by total weigh.

Abstract: Tannin containing polymers, their method of production and methods of using as water treatment agents are disclosed. The tannin containing polymers comprise copolymers of tannin and a cationic monomer. Another embodiment comprises tannin containing polymers of tannin, cationic monomer and at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of an anionic monomer and a nonionic monomer.

Abstract: Digestion liquor is used in the paper pulping process to dissolve lignins and free the cellulose fiber from raw wood chips. After pulping, spent digestion liquor is laden with lignins. Heretofore, it was known that lignins could be coagulated by acidification of the digestion liquor, but such method coagulated the lignins in a slimy gelatinous mass that was difficult to separate from the liquor. It has been discovered that the addition of water soluble, surface active, polymeric agents to the digestion liquor prior to acidification, results in an easily separable lignin coagulant after acidification.

Abstract: A powdered composition for treating spent dry film stripping and/or developing solutions comprising: 10 to 70 percent by weight of an aluminum source, such as aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride; and 28 to 90 percent by weight of siliceous particulates, such as diatomaceous earth, sodium potassium aluminum silicate or expanded perlite. The powdered composition may also include 3 to 35 percent by weight of a metal precipitation agent, such as trimercapto-s-triazine, sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate, starch xanthate, sodium diethydithiocarbamate and thio red, to precipitate the metal from the spent solutions and/or 0 to 10 percent by weight of a dust-suppression agent such as water or propylene glycol. A method of using the disclosed compositions is also revealed in this application.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to the use of water-soluble compositions containing a compound having a Lewis base group attached to a hydrophobic group where the Lewis base group is capable of donating at least one lone pair of electrons to a metal. These compositions are effective in treating acid mine drainage by treating the source of the acid mine drainage as well as the acid mine drainage waters. These compositions are also effective in removing metal and non-metal ions from aqueous sources and the process can be modified to allow the selective removal of metal and non-metal ions from aqueous sources.

Abstract: A sewage purification method which includes a first step in which at least two kinds of flocculants are introduced in sewage for stirring and mixing therewith so as to float and settle inorganic and organic materials. The first step is sequentially repeated more than one time. Next, at least three kinds of flocculants are introduced into the supernatant obtained in the first step for stirring and mixing therewith so as to further float and settle remaining inorganic and organic materials. At least one of the first and second steps is sequentially repeated more than one time. In the above way, middle water, drinking water and super-pure water can be obtained from sewage. Purification of exhaust gas is also possible by introducing such exhaust gas in one of the above steps.

Abstract: A method and composition for detackifying or coagulating and flocculating waterborne and mixed waterborne/solventborne paints in paint spray booth water. Aluminum chlorohydrate and a tannin containing polymer, preferably in an aqueous solution, are added to the paint spray booth water to detackify or coagulate and flocculate the paints.

Abstract: A method of separating exothermic elements of Cs and Sr from a high-level radioactive liquid waste. The method comprises a denitration step wherein formic acid is added to the high-level liquid waste so as to adjust its pH to about 5, thereby causing most of the elements other than Cs and Sr to precipitate in the high-level liquid waste to obtain a denitrated liquid waste containing Cs and Sr in high concentrations. The denitrated liquid waste is then subjected to a pH adjustment step wherein ammonia is added to the denitrated liquid waste so as to adjust its pH to about 7.5 to 9, thereby removing by precipitation the elements other than Cs and Sr remaining in the denitrated liquid waste. When the thus resulting precipitate freed of Cs and Sr is vitrified, the waste content in the vitrified waste can be increased.

Abstract: There is disclosed a portable assembly for treating hazardous waste water having a plurality of paired filter units having filter mediums and operated at high filter rates to minimize solids build up wherein solids are caused to be smashed and broken by shear forces and wherein chemicals are sequentially added to facilitate solids reduction, to oxidize organic compounds and to precipitate dissolved solids and wherein the process stream is subjected to ultraviolet light to reduce organic loading and downstream ultra filtration units to further reduce solids followed by reverse osmosis and/or ionization treatment.

Abstract: The invention is an improved process for denaturing and coagulating paint in an aqueous medium in which denatured and coagulated paint must remain in a dispersion in the aqueous medium. The aqueous medium contains a coagulant and the aqueous medium is maintained at an alkaline earth metal ion equivalent of less than 1.0 mmole/liter.

Abstract: A process for removing proteinaceous materials, fats and oils from food processing wastewater using a coagulant such as lignin or a halogen ion containing compound together with a flocculant such as a natural polymer such as a polysaccharide or synthetic polymer is described. The combination of lignin or halogen and polymer is effective for coagulating and flocculating proteinaceous materials, fats and oils in food processing wastewater at low pH.

Abstract: Improved separation of emulsified hydrophobic organic soils can be obtained from aqueous effluents using an amphoteric dicarboxylate surfactant material in combination with cationic destabilizer or flocculent materials. Such a treatment in combination with an acidic pH adjustment causes the rapid separation of hydrophobic organic soils from the aqueous stream. The treated aqueous stream is environmentally compatible.Improved laundry detergents comprising an organic amphoteric carboxylate surfactant and selected nonionic surfactants provide both cleaning for fiber and fabric containing items soiled with substantial quantities of hydrophobic soil. The pH of an effluent generated in such cleaning processes can be adjusted to an acid pH and treated with a cationic material causing a break that permits rapid and substantially complete separation of the hydrophobic organic soils from the effluent. Residual concentrations of organic soil in effluent water can be less than 250 ppm and can be as low as 10 ppm.