Abstract: An aftertreatment system includes an inlet exhaust section, an outlet exhaust section, a first aftertreatment component, a first dosing module, and a second dosing module. The inlet exhaust section receives exhaust. The outlet exhaust section is in fluid communication with the inlet exhaust section. The first aftertreatment component receives the exhaust from the inlet exhaust section, treats the exhaust, and provides the exhaust to the outlet exhaust section. The first dosing module is positioned along the inlet exhaust section. The first dosing module is structured to selectively dose the exhaust with reductant. The second dosing module is positioned along the outlet exhaust section. The second dosing module is structured to selectively dose the exhaust with the reductant.

Abstract: A compressor includes a shell, a bearing housing, an orbiting scroll, a non-orbiting scroll and a spacer. The bearing housing includes a central body and a plurality of arms extending radially outwardly from the central body. Each of the arms has a first aperture. The non-orbiting scroll is meshingly engaged with the orbiting scroll and includes a plurality of second apertures. Each second aperture receives a bushing defining a first longitudinal axis and a fastener defining a second longitudinal axis. The fastener extends through the bushing and into a corresponding one of the first apertures in the bearing housing. The spacer is disposed between the bushing and the fastener of each second aperture and is configured to engage one of the bushing and the fastener to restrict radial misalignment between the first longitudinal axis of the bushing and the second longitudinal axis of the fastener.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides piston, comprising: a skirt having an upper body portion; a crown formed at the upper body portion; and a piston bowl formed at the crown. The piston bowl includes a first combustion surface and a second combustion surface opposite the first combustion surface. Each of the first combustion surface and the second combustion surface are formed and positioned to accommodate inflowing injector spray so as to reduce heat transfer caused by impingements made by the inflowing injector spray.

Abstract: The invention provides a gas turbine combustor having structural reliability against vibration of fuel nozzles caused by fluid force and high environmental performance by uniform combustion in a combustion chamber. The gas turbine combustor comprises a fuel nozzle configured to inject fuel, and a fuel nozzle plate including a hole section into which an insertion section located in a root part of the fuel nozzle is inserted. The fuel nozzle includes a male screw section at least on an outer circumferential surface of a downstream portion viewed from a flowing direction of the fuel in the insertion section. The fuel nozzle plate includes a female screw section in the hole section. The female screw section screws with the male screw section. The fuel nozzle includes the insertion section. An upstream end portion of the insertion section is metallurgically joined to an upstream end portion of the fuel nozzle plate.

Abstract: In a compression-ignition engine having a two-stage cavity, the distribution ratio between fuel for an upper cavity and fuel for a lower cavity is maintained even when the operational state of the engine changes. A piston of the compression-ignition engine includes a lower cavity, an upper cavity, and a lip portion between the lower cavity and the upper cavity. A controller causes a main injection and at least one pilot injection to be executed when the engine operates in a first state and a second state in which the load is higher than the load in the first state. The fuel spray is distributed to the lower cavity and the upper cavity. The controller causes a ratio of injection amount per pilot injection to the total injection amount to be higher when the engine operates in the second state than when the engine operates in the first state.

Abstract: A fuel fitting assembly includes a monolithic fuel fitting formed by additive manufacturing. The fitting includes a first end, a second end, a conduit extending axially through the fitting from the first end to the second end, and a first sealing element. The first end is to be connected to a fuel line. The second end is to be connected to a device requiring or providing fuel. The first sealing element includes a sealing seat circumferentially surrounding the conduit at the second end of the fitting. The fuel fitting is integrally formed as a stack of layers of material.

Abstract: A fuel system includes a plurality of fuel injectors each having an injection control valve assembly, a direct operated nozzle check, a high pressure nozzle supply passage, and a check control chamber. A common drain conduit fluidly connects to each of the plurality of fuel injectors to receive drained actuating fluid. A plurality of pressure regulating valves each having a static geometry are positioned fluidly between the common drain conduit and the check control chamber in one of the plurality of fuel injectors. Operating a fuel system according to the present disclosure includes limiting cross-talk between injectors in the fuel system.

Abstract: A cooling air system for use in a gas turbine engine includes a microchannel fuel-air heat exchanger. The fuel-air heat exchanger allows heat transfer between a flow of cooling air used to cool components of the engine and a flow of fuel used to drive the engine.

Abstract: An injector for injecting a reagent includes a first injector body and a second injector body. The first injector body includes an outlet opening. The second injector body includes a reagent tube. The second injector body is movable relative to the first injector body. The injector further includes a valve assembly at least partly enclosed by the first injector body. The valve assembly is configured to selectively dispense the reagent through the outlet opening of the first injector body. The injector further includes a spring member positioned between the first injector body and the second injector body. The spring member is pre-loaded to bias the second injector body towards the first injector body. The spring member is further configured to limit a maximum movement of the second injector body relative to the first injector body in response to expansion of the reagent during freezing.

Abstract: A vehicle component includes a surface that is configured to contact a fuel containing ethanol and zinc ions. A sacrificial carbon layer is disposed on the surface. The sacrificial carbon layer has a thickness of greater than or equal to about 250 nm to less than or equal to about 5 ?m. The sacrificial carbon layer includes carbon that is configured to complex and solubilize ZnO deposited on the surface, wherein the ZnO forms from the zinc ions carried by the fuel.

Abstract: A method for determining an injection quantity of a fuel injector determines a first time at which an injection process of the fuel injector starts, a second time at which the injection process of the fuel injector ends, calculates a model on the basis of the first time and the second time, which model represents the position of a nozzle needle of the fuel injector as a function of the time, and calculates the quantity of fuel to inject.

Abstract: The invention relates to an injection nozzle (1) for fuels, comprising a nozzle body (2), in which a pressure chamber (4) that can be filled with fuel under high pressure is formed, in which pressure chamber a piston-shaped nozzle needle (3) is arranged in such a way that the nozzle needle can be moved longitudinally. A sealing surface (6) is formed at one end of the nozzle needle (3) and an end face (9) is formed at the opposite end, wherein the sealing surface (6) interacts with a nozzle seat (5) in order to open and close at least one injection opening (8). A control chamber (10) that can be filled with fuel under changing pressure is bounded by the end face (9) of the nozzle needle (3) such that a force can be applied to the end face (9) in the direction of the nozzle seat (5) by means of the hydraulic pressure. The nozzle needle (3) has an elastic longitudinal segment (25), which has a longitudinal stiffness of less than 40,000 N/mm.

Abstract: A laser drilling method is a laser drilling method for performing drilling on a workpiece by use of a laser beam. The laser drilling method includes, after machining a through hole by radiating the laser beam to the workpiece (S100), scanning with the laser beam centered around the through hole toward a radial direction while changing a radiation output of the laser beam (S200).

Abstract: A bush is disposed on an inner wall of a fixed core. A second spring, which biases a movable core in a valve-closing direction, has one end abutting the bush. The bush is formed separately from the fixed core, and is formed to be movable relative to the fixed core when adjusting a biasing force of the second spring. When a needle is abutting a valve seat, a gap is formed between a movable core first abutting face of the movable core and a flange end face of a flange portion included in the needle. Accordingly, during valve-opening, a relatively large force in a valve-opening direction is applied to the needle. Further, by changing the position of the bush relative to the movable core, the biasing force of the second spring may be adjusted without changing a length of the gap in a central axis direction.

Abstract: A fuel injection valve control device controlling a fuel injection valve that injects a fuel into a combustion chamber includes an operation-condition calculation portion that calculates a fuel injection condition of the fuel injection valve based on a crank angle detected by a crank angle sensor that detects the crank angle of an engine, a current-waveform setting portion that sets a current waveform of a current supplied to the fuel injection valve on the basis of the fuel injection condition calculated by the operation-condition calculation portion, and so on. The current-waveform setting portion sets the current waveform so as to set a temporal change of a pickup current of a needle provided in the fuel injection valve to be equal to or less than a predetermined reference value when a fuel injection start timing is equal to or more than 180 degrees BTDC.

Abstract: A fuel injector for an internal combustion engine is disclosed. The fuel injector is installable in a cylinder head bore of a cylinder head of the engine and has a body region arranged to be received within the cylinder head bore, and a head region arranged to extend outside the cylinder head bore to protrude from the cylinder head when the injector is installed in the cylinder head bore. The injector includes a first valve needle arranged to control the injection of a gaseous fuel from a first outlet, a second valve needle arranged to control the injection of a liquid fuel from a second outlet, a gaseous fuel inlet for admitting the gaseous fuel to the injector, and a liquid fuel inlet port for admitting the liquid fuel to the injector. The gaseous fuel inlet is disposed in the body region of the injector, and the liquid fuel inlet port is disposed in the head region of the injector. The injector can also include an internal accumulator volume so that an external fuel rail is not necessary.

Abstract: A combustion chamber injection nozzle (12) having a plurality of injection channels (37) for a main fuel gas, a pre-combustion chamber, and a plurality of torch channels (52) for hot combustion gas connected to the pre-combustion chamber (15), the injection channels (37) and the torch channels (52) communicating with peripheral openings arranged next to one another so as to alternate in a circumferential direction.

Abstract: A sub out-orifice and an in-orifice are respectively formed in a low pressure passage and a high pressure passage of a fixed plate. A control valve is provided at an outlet port of the low pressure passage. In a normal control, the control valve starts its control-valve opening operation when a movable plate is in contact with the fixed plate. In an interval-shortening control, the control valve starts the control-valve opening operation at an earlier timing than that in the normal control, namely during a course in which a valve body is still in its valve-body closing operation.

Abstract: A spray nozzle assembly (10) comprising a cap (30) which houses an inner assembly of nozzle inserts (40). The cap (30) is threadably engaged by complementary threads (31, 21) to a nozzle body (20). The nozzle body (20) and the cap (30) are therefore able to be mated in a controllable axially compressive relationship in which the threadable connection enables a large amount of finely controlled axial tensile or compressive force to be applied in either moving the cap (30) and nozzle body towards each other or away. It should be noted, however, that seat (70) restrict the extent of axial travel of the screwable parts (20, 30, 40) relative to and towards each other. This facility enables strong unwanted adhesive forces of glue-like or set flowable material to be broken so that the cap (30), insert assembly (40) and nozzle body (20) can be moved apart for servicing.

Abstract: A fuel injection valve injects a fuel into the combustion chamber or into the injection port of an internal combustion engine, the valve being actuated by an actuator assembly that includes a small displacement actuator and a large displacement actuator. The method includes commanding the small displacement actuator to move the valve member to a first open position corresponding to a first flow area and commanding the large displacement actuator to move the valve member to a second open position corresponding to a second flow area that is larger than the first flow area such that the ratio between the second flow area and the first flow area is at least 15:1. The fuel injection valve can also be operated to alternatively inject two different fuels, one of the fuels being a gaseous fuel and the other one being a liquid fuel.

Abstract: Various methods and systems are provided for a leakage passageway for a fuel injector of a common rail fuel system. In one embodiment, a fuel injector for an engine comprises an injector accumulator, an injector flow limiter valve configured to control a flow of fuel from a common fuel rail and into the injector accumulator, and a leakage passageway coupled between the injector accumulator and an inlet of the injector flow limiter valve, the leakage passageway bypassing the injector flow limiter valve.

Abstract: The invention relates to a fuel injection arrangement for piston engine comprising at least one fuel injector by means of which fuel may be injected into a combustion chamber of the engine, the fuel injector comprising at least one fuel injection valve arranged to meter the fuel into the combustion chamber, the fuel injection arrangement further comprising an intensifier piston arrangement comprising a piston space and a piston member therein having a first area which is arranged to be effected by a work fluid and which first area at least partially borders a first work space of the intensifier piston arrangement; and the piston member having a second area which at least partially borders a second work space of the intensifier piston arrangement, the second work space being arranged in flow connection with the at least one injection valve of the injector.

Abstract: A fuel injection valve that can favorably reduce the film thickness of fuel ejected from an outlet of an injection hole without relying on increase of the fuel pressure, whereby atomization of fuel spray can be favorably promoted, is provided. A fuel passage (16) through which the fuel flows is formed in the interior of the fuel injection valve (10). An injection-hole plate (18) as a member that separates an injection space (20) into which the fuel is injected, from the fuel passage (16), is provided in which a plurality of injection holes (22) for ejecting the fuel from the fuel passage (16) toward the injection space (20) are formed. The injection-hole plate (18), as viewed from the outlet side of the injection hole (22), is formed with an injection-hole outlet-side groove (24) connected to the injection hole (22) in a region (inner wall surface 22b) opposed to a main flow direction of the fuel directed toward the injection hole (22) along an inner wall surface (18a) of the injection-hole plate (18).

Abstract: A jet needle has a front face turned away from an injection opening. An injector assembly has a chamber within the body adjoining the front face, a throttle module arranged in the chamber having a fluid supply chamber being hydraulically coupled to the fluid inlet, a control space hydraulically coupled to the fluid supply chamber via an inlet throttle, and a valve chamber hydraulically coupled to the control space via an outlet throttle for accommodating a valve that is designed to lead fluid into a fluid return line arranged in a control module. There are precisely two sealing edges designed between the throttle module and the injector body and/or the control module by which additional hydraulic couplings of the fluid supply chamber to the control space and the valve chamber are cut off. A third sealing edge is designed between the injector body and the control module.

Abstract: A fuel injector for fuel injection systems of internal combustion engines has a solenoid operable via an electric wire, a valve sleeve in an injection-side area forming an external sheathing of the fuel injector, and a valve housing. The fuel injector has a plastic sleeve, which contains the solenoid and the electric wire and can be pushed onto the valve sleeve.

Abstract: A fuel injector (10) has an inlet (12), an outlet (14), and a passageway (16) providing a fuel flow conduit from the inlet to the outlet. A valve structure (22, 24) is movable in the passageway between first and second positions. A seat (26) is provided at the outlet and has at least one seat passage (28) in communication with the passageway. Movement of the valve structure between the first and second positions controls the flow of fuel through the seat passages. The seat includes an outer tip surface (30) through which the least one seat passage extends. A catalytic coating (32) is provided on at least a portion of the outer tip surface. The coating causes oxidation of fuel on the coating to occur at a temperature lower than if the coating was not provided.

Abstract: A system includes a gasification feed injector. The gasification feed injector includes a tip portion disposed at a fluid exit region of the gasification feed injector, and a tip cap coupled to the tip portion of the gasification feed injector and configured to serve as a thermal barrier for the tip portion during gasification reactions.

Abstract: A fuel injection valve co-injects a liquid and a gaseous fuel into the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine. A solid needle regulates the injection of liquid and gaseous fuels from a cavity in the fuel injection valve into the combustion chamber when the needle is lifted to its open position. In preferred embodiments, liquid fuel is metered and pressurized in an intensifier's cylinder provided within the valve body and the liquid fuel is delivered through a restricted flow passage into the cavity where it mixes with the gaseous fuel. The restricted flow passage can be formed by a small passage formed in the valve body or an annular passage between the needle and the valve body.

Abstract: A mounting arrangement for attaching a pump arrangement to an exhaust pipe at a boss includes a delivery nozzle section and a remaining section including a pump body. The mounting arrangement includes a packing for supporting the pump body at the remaining section of the pump arrangement.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a fuel circuit of a fuel injector that includes a first channel, a second channel, and a valve. The first channel is configured to receive a first fuel and define a flow path for the first fuel. The second channel is configured to receive a second fuel and define a flow path for the second fuel. The valve is in fluid communication with the first channel and the second channel. The valve is adapted to direct the second fuel to the first channel when a pressure in the first channel reaches a predetermined level.

Abstract: An injection valve includes an injector component having an injector body including a recess hydraulically coupled to a high-pressure circuit of a fluid, and a nozzle needle moveably disposed injector body recess for preventing fluid flow through at least one injection opening in a closed position, and otherwise for releasing the fluid flow; an actuator unit disposed in the injector body recess and having an actuator element disposed in an actuator housing including an end face at an axial end facing the injection opening, which end face is mechanically coupled to a stage implemented in the injector body via a ring element disposed axially between the end face and the stage. At least two radial through passages are disposed opposite each other in the ring element, designed for hydraulically coupling between a ring interior disposed within the ring element and a ring exterior disposed outside of the ring element.

Abstract: In a fuel injection valve, it is intended to enhance valve-closing responsivity while maintaining durability (anti wear property) of a collision portion between a stationary core and a movable core and valve-opening responsivity. An annular end face 106A of the movable core 106 in the fuel injection valve is provided with a collision portion 106C that collides to a stationary core 107 when the movable core is magnetically attracted toward the stationary core side and a non-collision portion that keeps a fluid gap between both cores at an area of an outer side or an inner side from the collision portion. The annular end faces of the stationary core and the movable core are coated with platings 30, 31 having anti wear property, and at least one of the platings of the stationary core and the movable core is formed in such a manner that the thickness thereof at the collision portion 106C is to be thicker and the thickness thereof at the non-collision portion is to be thinner.

Abstract: An injection hole inlet is disposed at the upstream side face of the injection hole plate in such a way that, assuming that ? denotes the angle between respective lines obtained by vertically projecting a straight line that passes through the center of the injection hole inlet and the center of the valve seat and the major axis of the injection hole inlet onto a perpendicular plane that passes through the center of the injection hole inlet and is perpendicular to the center axis of the valve seat and assuming that ? denotes the angle between respective lines obtained by vertically projecting the straight line that passes through the center of the injection hole inlet and the center of the valve seat and the minor axis of the injection hole inlet onto the perpendicular plane, ?<? is satisfied.

Abstract: A dual fuel injector may be used to injector both gas and liquid fuel into a cylinder of a compression ignition engine. An injector body defines a first set of nozzle outlets, a second set of nozzle outlets, a first fuel inlet and a second fuel inlet. A dual solenoid actuator includes a first armature, a first coil, a second armature and a second coil that share a common centerline. The dual solenoid actuator has a non-injection configuration at which the first armature is at an un-energized position and the second armature is at an un-energized position. The dual solenoid actuator has a first fuel injection configuration at which the first fuel inlet is fluidly connected to the first set of nozzle outlets, the first armature is at an energized position and the second armature is at the un-energized position.

Abstract: The present invention shows a high-pressure injector having the following assemblies: an injector unit (1), a drive unit (2) for driving the injector unit (1), preferably a high-pressure storage unit (3) for supplying the injector unit (1) with fuel, and a high-pressure connection (4). Provision is made in this respect that the high-pressure injector has a housing (5) in which a plurality of the named assemblies are arranged behind one another in the longitudinal direction of the injector, wherein the housing (5) completely envelops at least one of the named assemblies, in particular the drive unit (2) and/or the high-pressure storage unit (3). The high-pressure injector with the injector unit can be used in all types of internal combustion engines, preferably in diesel engines.

Abstract: A stroke translator or an injector having a solid-state actuator for generating a stroke and a hydraulic system for the hydraulic transmission of the stroke of the solid-state actuator to a control element such as a jet needle of a valve. The hydraulic system has hydraulic volumes hermetically sealed to the outside by metal bellows and constitute a hydraulic bearing with compensation for play. The advantages over known hydraulic levers are such that a complete metal seal is provided, and that a lower-wear design can be realized. Furthermore, a modular structure can be produced.

Abstract: The invention relates to a fuel injector and, in particular, to a common-rail injector for injecting fuel into a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine with a multi-part injection valve element, which can be adjusted between an open position and a closed position. A first part and a second part of the injection valve element are coupled to one another via a hydraulic coupler, which is bounded radially by a first guide for the first part and by a second guide for the second part. According to the invention, at least some sections of the first and the second guide are surrounded at their outer radii by fuel under high pressure, and the pressure realized in the hydraulic coupler is lower than the pressure radially outside the guides.

Abstract: A fuel injection valve (100) for internal combustion engines, having a housing (10) in which a nozzle body (11) is at least indirectly axially clamped against a holding body (15) by means of a clamping nut (18), wherein the clamping nut (18) radially surrounds the nozzle body (11), and wherein a threaded connection (20) between the holding body (15) and the clamping nut (18) is formed between the clamping nut (18) and the holding body (15) in a region which is axially spaced apart from the nozzle body (11). The threaded connection (20) comprises at least two toothing regions (21, 22) which have different threaded dimensions and are arranged axially one behind the other in the longitudinal direction of the housing (10).

Abstract: A needle type fuel injector has a needle control chamber at a pressure subject to a control valve in a control valve chamber which in an opening phase is lifted from its seat to expose the control valve chamber, connecting passages, and needle control chamber to a low pressure drain and in a closing phase is urged against the seat to isolate the control valve chamber, connecting passages, and needle control chamber from the drain. Resistance to the flow or displacement of fuel through the control valve seat is provided by a pressure regulating valve as the control valve rapidly closes against its seat, thereby reducing the rate of closure and thus the impact of the control valve on the seat.

Abstract: A needle type fuel injector has a needle control chamber at a pressure subject to a control valve in a control valve chamber which in an opening phase is lifted from its seat to expose the control valve chamber, connecting passage, and needle control chamber to a low pressure drain and in a closing phase is urged against the seat to isolate the control valve chamber, connecting passage, and needle control chamber from the drain. The potential for cavitation at high fuel injection pressure is reduced by throttling the flow of fuel past the control valve seat when the control valve opens, thereby maintaining sufficient back pressure in the control valve chamber and upstream connecting passages.

Abstract: A fuel injection valve includes: a nozzle body provided with an injection hole at a tip portion; a needle that is located slidably in the nozzle body and includes a seat portion seated on a seat position in the nozzle body; and an air bubble generation means generating air bubbles in a fuel flowing through the nozzle body, and when a curvature radius is R, a length of a curve is L and a constant is a, an inner peripheral shape of the injection hole includes a curving part passing through a region surrounded by a clothoid curve which is expressed by R×L=a2 and of which the constant a is 0.95 and an clothoid curve of which the constant a is 1.05 or a region surrounded by approximate curves of the clothoid curves at a cross-section surface along a direction of axis of the injection hole.

Abstract: A fuel pump for a fuel system includes a nozzle, a venturi, a pump inlet and a flow controller. The nozzle has an orifice through which fuel is ejected and the venturi is downstream of the nozzle and has an inlet through which fuel discharged from the orifice flows, a passage downstream of the venturi inlet through which fuel flows to create a drop in pressure in the area of the venturi, and an outlet through which fuel is discharged from the venturi. Fuel is drawn through the pump inlet fuel by the drop in the pressure created in the area of the venturi and the flow controller is downstream of the outlet and has a chamber in which fuel from the venturi outlet is received. The flow controller causes fuel to fill the venturi to ensure performance of the fuel pump.

Abstract: A fuel injector for an internal combustion engine having an elongated body with a fuel inlet end and a fuel discharge end. The injector body includes an outwardly extending plate attached at a position between its ends and this plate includes at least one radially outwardly extending tab so that the cross-sectional shape of the plate is noncircular. A fuel cup receives the fuel inlet end of the fuel injector and includes a radially inwardly extending ledge at a mid position of the cavity. This ledge includes a through bore complementary in shape to the shape of the plate so that, with the fuel injector and plate aligned at a predetermined angular assembly position, the plate passes through the ledge upon insertion of the fuel injector into the cavity. Thereafter, rotation of the fuel injector and attached plate to a locking position positions the tabs above the ledge thus locking the fuel injector to the fuel cup.

Abstract: An improved fuel injection apparatus and method have a variable area injector arrangement in which a pintle defines a pilot orifice extending through a tip of the pintle for supplying a pilot flow of fuel through the fuel injector at low fuel pressures, and in particular when the pintle tip is sealed against a variable flow orifice of the variable area injector arrangement.

Abstract: A fuel injection valve of an internal combustion engine includes a measuring plate that has at least one injection hole. Fuel that has flowed along an inner wall surface of the measuring plate flows into the injection hole through an injection hole entrance that is formed in the inner wall surface of the measuring plate, passes through the injection hole, and is injected through an injection hole exit that is formed in an outer wall surface of the measuring plate. A recess is formed from an injection hole entrance rim to an injection hole exit rim in an upstream section of the inner wall surface of the injection hole in a fuel flow direction along the inner wall surface of the measuring plate.

Abstract: A hole axis of a communication hole is placed at a location, which coincides with a translated location of a hole axis of a connector hole that is translated toward an axial distal end portion of a main body in an axial direction of the main body. In this way, with respect to a high pressure flow passage, which is bent by 90 degrees and extends through the connector hole, the communication hole and an axial flow passage, the amount of projection of a projecting portion at an inner side area of this bent, which is located on the inner side of the bent, is reduced.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a fuel injector configuration that treats a dielectric fluid such as gasoline fuel with strong electric and, optionally, magnetic fields to form a homogeneous charged fuel or fuel/air mixture for combustion in an internal combustion engine. The electric field is supplied by a triboelectric dipole and the magnetic field is supplied by permanent magnets. Small charged fuel particles are produced and combust more readily than untreated particles. Fuel efficiency is increased and emissions are reduced.

Abstract: A method of remanufacturing an injector involves an original lead extending from an overmold block. A milling cutter is used to mill a cavity into the overmold block to provide access to the original lead. The milling cutter splits the original lead into a remainder portion and a discard portion. A replacement lead is inserted into the overmold block to overlap with the remainder portion, and the overlapping leads are soldered to each other. The exposed overlap area is encapsulated with filling material. The original lead is preferably cut such that a tip of the remainder portion is angled, pointed, or otherwise shaped to increase the surface area that is exposed at the tip. The increased exposed surface area increases the area over which the replacement lead and the remainder portion make contact with each other when overlapping. Greater contact between the soldered leads strengthens their connection.

Abstract: In this system, a device is placed inside the injectors on the manifold or inside three different design housings above the combustion chambers of engines. The device is a combine that has a cylinder that has a set of vanes. In one embodiment a small motor is used to turn the cylinder, which helps to atomize the fuel to a fine state. This atomization improves combustion in that the smaller fuel particles can burn more efficiently and more completely than larger drops of fuel that is simply squirted into a cylinder or manifold. In two other embodiments, the cylinder (combine) can be turned with a belt driven by the engine.

Abstract: A feedthrough device includes first and second opposing outer end faces. The feedthrough device includes an opening, between the first and second opposing outer end faces, that allows fluid communication between an interior and an exterior of the feedthrough device. A conductor extends through the feedthrough device from the first end face, through the interior, to the second end face.