Abstract: An ion detector includes: a first electron multiplier for detecting first ions having a first polarity; a second electron multiplier for detecting second ions having a second polarity different from the first polarity; a first anode for capturing electrons emitted from the first electron multiplier; a second anode for capturing electrons emitted from the second electron multiplier; and a switching circuit including a first input terminal electrically connected to the first anode, a second input terminal electrically connected to the second anode, and an output terminal, the switching circuit selectively connecting one of the first input terminal and the second input terminal to the output terminal.

Abstract: A system for depositing a layer on a substrate includes a processing chamber defining a gas inlet for introducing gas into the processing chamber and a gas outlet to allow the gas to exit the processing chamber. A substrate support is positioned within the processing chamber and is configured to receive a substrate. A transparent upper window includes a convex first face spaced from the substrate support to define an air gap therebetween. The upper window is positioned within the processing chamber to direct the gas from the gas inlet, through the air gap, and to the gas outlet. The first face includes a radially outer surface and a radially inner surface circumscribed within the outer surface. The outer surface has a first radius of curvature and the inner surface has a second radius of curvature that is different from the first radius of curvature.

Abstract: Disclosed is a panoramic night vision system having an articulating bridge system having two independently rotatable hinges and tube subassemblies that rotate to bring the sides of the subassemblies towards the center of the panoramic night vision system and above the users eyes for protection of the subassemblies and increased user experience. Implementing the articulating bridge system permits independent actuation of panoramic subassemblies and provides three stowed positions.

Abstract: Non-destructive sensing methods and devices for inspection and measuring in manufacturing applications for removal of contaminants from composite surfaces coupled with sensing and activation of the composite surfaces.

Abstract: A night vision system along with an image intensifier tube having a microchannel plate and method of forming the microchannel plate are provided. The microchannel plate comprises a plurality of spaced channels extending through the microchannel plate, wherein each channel sidewall surface near the input face of the microchannel plate comprises a series of layers formed thereon. The input face of the microchannel plate, as well as the sidewall surfaces of each channel near the input surfaces, are configured with an electron backscatter layer arranged between a contact metal layer and a secondary electron booster layer. When formed partially into the channel openings near the input face, the electron backscatter layer and overlying secondary electron booster layer are configured circumferentially around the sidewall surfaces and extend radially inward toward a central axis of each channel.

Abstract: Provided are: a photon detection light-receiving device with which it is possible to avoid malfunctions caused by the application of high voltages, and to shorten the delays in communication time in mesh-type network communication; and a communication apparatus equipped with the photon detection light-receiving device. The photon detection light-receiving device has a photon detection APD, a quenching resistor and a capacitor, with one end of the quenching resistor and one end of the capacitor being connected to one terminal of the photon detection APD.

Abstract: An electron tube includes a photoelectric surface, an avalanche photodiode, a focusing electrode part that accelerates and focuses the electrons E from the photoelectric surface toward the avalanche photodiode, and a casing including a stem provided with the avalanche photodiode. The stem is provided with a light incident hole through which the light is transmitted, and the periphery of the light incident hole is light-shielded by the stem. The focusing electrode part includes a first region provided with a light passage hole, and a second region provided with an electron passage hole that guides the electrons to the avalanche photodiode. The first region is formed on an axial line that connects the light incident hole and the photoelectric surface. The second region is formed on an axial line that connects the photoelectric surface and the avalanche photodiode.

Abstract: An image capturing apparatus comprises an image sensor including a plurality of pixels, each pixel being configured to include a sensor unit that outputs a signal pulse in response to a single photon being received, and a counter that counts the signal pulses and outputs a count value; and a control unit configured to control a pulsewidth of the signal pulses in accordance with shooting conditions of the image capturing apparatus or a state of the image capturing apparatus.

Abstract: A control unit for controlling a deflector in an imaging apparatus. The imaging apparatus includes an electron gun arranged to provide electron beam to scan a specimen, and the deflector. The deflector is arranged to move the electron beam in a first scanning direction and a second scanning direction that are in the same plane for scanning the specimen. The control unit is configured to determine the first scanning direction and the second scanning direction, and process the determined first scanning direction and the determined second scanning direction based on predetermined equations. The control unit is further configured to provide, based on the processing, a control signal to the deflector to adjust one or both of the first scanning direction and the second scanning direction such that they become substantially orthogonal.

Abstract: A beam scanning apparatus and an optical apparatus including the same are provided. The beam scanning apparatus includes a first antenna group including a plurality of first nano antennas disposed apart from each other, a first driving voltage line and a second driving voltage line connected to a first nano antenna and a second nano antenna, respectively, among the plurality of first nano antennas, the first nano antenna and the second nano antenna being respectively disposed at first ends within the first antenna group, and a first voltage divider configured to distribute a plurality of first voltages to one or more first middle nano antennas disposed between the first nano antenna and the second nano antenna, among the plurality of first nano antennas, at regular voltage intervals.

Abstract: Certain embodiments described herein are directed to ion detectors and systems. In some examples, the ion detector can include a plurality of dynodes, in which one or more of the dynodes are coupled to an electrometer. In other configurations, each dynode can be coupled to a respective electrometer. Methods using the ion detectors are also described.

Abstract: A high-energy ray detector includes a detection unit in a vacuum container. The detection unit includes a first electron multiplier, a second electron multiplier, and an electron collector. Each of the first electron multiplier and the second electron multiplier has one or more MCPs each configured to emit electrons by interaction with an incident high-energy ray (?-ray, X-ray (in particular hard X-ray), or neutron ray), and multiply and output the electrons. The electron collector is transmissive for the high-energy ray. The electron collector is configured to collect the electrons multiplied and output from each of the first electron multiplier and the second electron multiplier, and output an electric pulse signal.

Abstract: A thermo-mechanical bolometer includes a substrate and a sensing component mounted on the substrate. The sensing element comprises (a) at least one thermal-actuation component mounted in parallel with the substrate and (b) a strain sensor mounted on the at least one layer of thermal-actuation component. The at least one thermal-actuation component alone or in combination (a) absorbs electromagnetic waves and converts energy from absorbed electromagnetic waves into a change in temperature and (b) converts the change in temperature into a deformation of the at least one layer. The strain sensor comprises a layer of fragments with a gap space between the fragments, wherein the strain sensor senses the deformation or mechanical movement and exhibits a change in electrical resistance in response to the sensed deformation or mechanical movement.

Abstract: Certain embodiments described herein are directed to optical detector and optical systems. In some examples, the optical detector can include a plurality of dynodes, in which one or more of the dynodes are coupled to an electrometer. In other configurations, each dynode can be coupled to a respective electrometer. Methods using the optical detectors are also described.

Abstract: Certain embodiments described herein are directed to detectors and systems using them. In some examples, the detector can include a plurality of dynodes, in which one or more of the dynodes are coupled to an electrometer. In some instances, an analog signal from a non-saturated dynode is measured and cross-calibrated with a pulse count signal to extend the dynamic range of the detector.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a multi-electron beam device includes at least: a light-emitting element array; a drive circuit controlling the light-emitting element array in a desired light emission pattern; a photoelectric film emitting electrons due to light emitted by the light-emitting elements; a microchannel plate having microchannels multiplying the electrons, the microchannels being arranged at positions corresponding to the light-emitting elements of the light-emitting element array; and an aperture array having apertures arranged at positions corresponding to the microchannels, the apertures being narrower than output apertures of the microchannels and limiting electron beam sizes emitted from the microchannel plate. At least the photoelectric film, the microchannel plate, and the aperture array are disposed inside a vacuum optical column.

Abstract: The present specification describes an X-ray detector that includes at least one scintillator screen for absorbing incident X rays and emitting corresponding light rays, a wavelength shifting sheet (WSS) coupled with the at least one scintillator screen for shifting the emitted light rays, at least one wavelength shifting fiber (WSF) coupled with at least one edge of the WSS for collecting the shifted light rays, and a photodetector for detecting the collected light rays.

Abstract: An optical detection sensor is disclosed. The optical detection sensor includes a converter configured to receive non-visible light, convert the non-visible light into visible light, and emit the visible light; and a visible light solid-state image sensor. The converter is located on a light incident side of the visible light solid-state image sensor, and the visible light solid-state image sensor is configured to receive the visible light to generate an electron flow, convert information of the electron flow into data information, and output the data information.

Abstract: An apparatus is described which uses directly modulated InGaN Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) or InGaN lasers as the transmitters for an underwater data-communication device. The receiver uses automatic gain control to facilitate performance of the apparatus over a wide-range of distances and water turbidities.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a terahertz detector. The terahertz detector includes a planar array structure that is constituted by a plurality of pixel units, the plurality of pixel units each include N sub pixels and each of the sub pixels includes no more than one signal trigger configured to transform a terahertz signal to an electrical current pulsing signal, and each of the plurality of pixel units detects a signal that is a sum of the electrical current pulsing signals of the N sub pixels, where N is an integer greater than 1.

Abstract: The present embodiment relates to an electron multiplier having a structure configured to suppress and stabilize a variation of a resistance value in a wider temperature range. In the electron multiplier, a resistance layer sandwiched between a substrate and a secondary electron emitting layer comprised of an insulating material is configured using a single metal layer in which a plurality of metal particles comprised of a metal material whose resistance value has a positive temperature characteristic are two-dimensionally arranged on a layer formation surface, which is coincident with or substantially parallel to a channel formation surface of the substrate, in the state of being adjacent to each other with a part of the first insulating material interposed therebetween.

Abstract: A feedback device for a gas ionisation particle detector that includes a high voltage generator capable of creating a potential difference between electrodes placed in a gas chamber. The feedback device includes a voltage regulator configured to calculate an indicator characteristic of a measurement signal output by an electronic read unit capable of collecting an electrical signal induced by a particle passing through the chamber and to modify a set voltage output to the high voltage generator as a function of the indicator characteristic of the measurement signal. The characteristic indicator may be an average amplitude. The feedback device can use an error signal corresponding to the difference between the calculated characteristic indicator and a predetermined value.

Abstract: Methods for testing or adjusting a charged-particle detector are provided. A diagnostic and/or adjustment method for a charged-particle detector of an instrument includes providing, from a photon source, photons incident on the charged-particle detector. Moreover, the method includes detecting a response by the charged-particle detector to the photons incident thereon. Related detection systems are also provided.

Abstract: A detector is disclosed for detecting X-ray and/or gamma radiation, including a scintillator element for converting the X-ray and/or gamma radiation into light. The scintillator element has at least one side surface, an upper side and a lower side, a first photodiode on the lower side of the scintillator element. The detector further includes an electronic evaluation device, a light source designed to illuminate the scintillator element, and a light-impermeable housing which surrounds the scintillator element, the first photodiode, the electronic evaluation device and the light source.

Abstract: An apparatus is described which uses directly modulated InGaN Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) or InGaN lasers as the transmitters for an underwater data-communication device. The receiver uses automatic gain control to facilitate performance of the apparatus over a wide-range of distances and water turbidities.

Abstract: A summation circuit (1) for summing one or more signals received from a photomultiplier array is proposed. The summation circuit comprises one or more readout circuits (5) coupleable to one or more photodiodes of the photomultiplier array (2), respectively, and a channel summing module (50), coupled at one or more outputs of the one or more readout circuits, respectively, to sum the one or more signals provided by the one or more readout circuits. The one or more readout circuits are coupleable to the photodiode of the photomultiplier array. Each readout circuit (5) comprises one or more coefficient controllers (C1, C2) for controlling multiplying coefficients of the received signal. The coefficient controllers may be placed at the input and/or at the output of the readout circuits (5).

Abstract: A system and method for cross-calibrating a radionuclide at two separate locations (A and B) includes the use of a portable ion chamber configured to fit within a dose calibrator, which ion chamber receives a syringe containing a known volume of a sample of a radionuclide. The portable ion chamber and dose calibrator with the syringe is transported to another location, where a second syringe, identical to the first containing a second sample of the same volume of the same radionuclide is measured in a second dose calibrator.

Abstract: A self-stabilizing scintillation detector system for the measurement of nuclear radiation, preferably gamma radiation, is provided, the system comprising a scintillation crystal, a photo detector, a photomultiplier (PMT) and one or two fast digital sampling analog to digital converters (ADC), where the scintillator is selected from a group of materials having a light decay time of at least 1 ns, and where the PMT is set to its highest possible gain. A first ADC for processing the single photo electron induced signals is connected to the PMT output, namely the anode output, this first ADC being set to operate with a very high sampling rate of at least 10 MHz, and a second ADC for processing the nuclear particle induced signals is connected to one of the PMT's dynodes with a significantly lower amplification.

Abstract: Readout circuitry for a PMT is provided, which is adapted for delivering a pair of first and second synchronous output voltage signals to a pair of outputs, the first output signal of the pair having a first AC portion being representative of a charge flow of an anode of the PMT over time, the second output signal of the pair having a second AC portion which corresponds to an inverted form of the first AC portion of the first output signal. The readout circuitry comprises a first sub-circuitry which is adapted to derive the first output signal from the charge flow over time of the anode, and a second sub-circuitry which is adapted to derive the second output signal from a charge flow over time of at least one dynode of the PMT.

Abstract: Method of characterizing particles suspended in a fluid dispersant by light diffraction, comprising: obtaining measurement data from a detector element, the detector element being arranged to measure the intensity of scattered light; identifying a measurement contribution arising from light scattered by inhomogeneities in the dispersant; processing the measurement data to remove or separate the measurement contribution arising from light scattered by inhomogeneities in the dispersant; calculating a particle size distribution from the processed measurement. The detector element is one of a plurality of detector elements from which the measurement data is obtained. The detector elements are arranged to measure the intensity of scattered light at a plurality of scattering angles, the plurality of scattering angles distributed over a plurality of angles about an illumination axis.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for measuring flux, current, or integrated charge of a beam are provided. The apparatus and method include a cup on which the beam is incident. The cup includes an inner cylinder, a coaxial cylinder, and an aperture. The coaxial cylinder surrounds the inner cylinder and is electrically insulated therefrom. An offset current source is in electrical communication with the inner cylinder. An electrometer, a charge integrator, or a counter may be electrically connected to the cup and the offset current source. When the beam is incident on the cup and aligned with the aperture, the electrometer can measure the beam current and the charge integrator can measure the integrated charge of the beam.

Abstract: In order to meet the needs of the semi-conductor industry as it requires finer lithography nodes, a method of feedback control for scanning probe microscopy generates a microwave frequency comb of harmonics in a tunneling junction by irradiating the junction with mode-locked pulses of electromagnetic radiation. Utilizing power measurements within one or more harmonics, the tip-sample distance in the tunneling junction may be regulated for maximum efficiency and avoid tip crash when used with resistive samples. Optionally, no DC bias is required to use the method. Utilization of this method contributes to true sub-nanometer resolution of images of carrier distribution in resistive samples such as semi-conductors.

Abstract: Certain embodiments described herein are directed to ion detectors and systems. In some examples, the ion detector can include a plurality of dynodes, in which one or more of the dynodes are coupled to an electrometer. In other configurations, each dynode can be coupled to a respective electrometer. Methods using the ion detectors are also described.

Abstract: An apparatus is described which uses directly modulated InGaN Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) or InGaN lasers as the transmitters for an underwater data-communication device. The receiver uses automatic gain control to facilitate performance of the apparatus over a wide-range of distances and water turbidities.

Abstract: Systems and methods for classifying and sorting textile samples. A textile identification system may be configured to manipulate a textile sample in a manner that reveals a textile characteristic. For example, an elastic property of the textile sample is revealed by stretching or twisting the sample. The textile sample may be classified based on the textile characteristic. The textile sample may be sorted based on the classification.

Abstract: Certain embodiments described herein are directed to detectors and systems using them. In some examples, the detector can include a plurality of dynodes, in which one or more of the dynodes are coupled to an electrometer. In some instances, an analog signal from a non-saturated dynode is measured and cross-calibrated with a pulse count signal to extend the dynamic range of the detector.

Abstract: An apparatus is described which uses directly modulated InGaN Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) or InGaN lasers as the transmitters for an underwater data-communication device. The receiver uses automatic gain control to facilitate performance of the apparatus over a wide-range of distances and water turbidities.

Abstract: Certain embodiments described herein are directed to optical detector and optical systems. In some examples, the optical detector can include a plurality of dynodes, in which one or more of the dynodes are coupled to an electrometer. In other configurations, each dynode can be coupled to a respective electrometer. Methods using the optical detectors are also described.

Abstract: Various embodiments for shortening the overall length of a pulsed neutron generator having a high voltage power supply are disclosed, including but not limited to, providing the plurality of stages of a high voltage power supply wrapped circumferentially or helically about a radiation generator tube. Various techniques for reducing voltage differentials and mitigating the risk of arcing in these embodiments are also disclosed.

Abstract: A photocathode is formed on a monocrystalline silicon substrate having opposing illuminated (top) and output (bottom) surfaces. To prevent oxidation of the silicon, a thin (e.g., 1-5 nm) boron layer is disposed directly on the output surface using a process that minimizes oxidation and defects. An optional second boron layer is formed on the illuminated (top) surface, and an optional anti-reflective material layer is formed on the second boron layer to enhance entry of photons into the silicon substrate. An optional external potential is generated between the opposing illuminated (top) and output (bottom) surfaces. The photocathode forms part of novel electron-bombarded charge-coupled device (EBCCD) sensors and inspection systems.

Abstract: To make correct determination of electric charge collection among signals from a semiconductor radiation detector, provided in an embodiment of the present invention is a signal data processing method. The method includes a step of calculating timing data sequences unique to channels (timing data calculation step S02), each of channels corresponding to each of plural electrodes of the radiation detector, from detection signal data sequences. Then, while making a comparison with a first threshold value, a data value for the timing data sequence at timing when a predetermined delay time is elapsed after the timing data sequence reached the first predetermined value is selected as a timing data value for determination for the channel (delay and selection step S04).

Abstract: Techniques are provided to furnish a light sensor that includes a filter positioned over a photodetector to filter visible and infrared wavelengths to permit the sensing of ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths. In one or more implementations, the light sensor comprises a semiconductor device (e.g., a die) that includes a substrate. A photodetector (e.g., photodiode, phototransistor, etc.) is formed in the substrate proximate to the surface of the substrate. In one or more implementations, the substrate comprises a silicon on insulator substrate (SOI). A filter (e.g., absorption filter, interference filter, flat pass filter, McKinlay-Diffey Erythema Action Spectrum-based filter, UVA/UVB filter, and so forth) is disposed over the photodetector. The filter is configured to filter infrared light and visible light from light received by the light sensor to at least substantially block infrared light and visible light from reaching the photodetector.

Abstract: A computed tomography (CT) detector apparatus includes a plurality of detector arrays arranged in a ring, wherein for at least one array that includes a plurality of elements, an anode pixel pattern is non-uniform in a z-axis direction and a thickness of each element in the array is correspondingly non-uniform along the z-axis direction. A size of the anode pixels increases proportionally away from a center of the array, and a thickness of the elements increases away from the center of the array. The ratio of the thickness of the element to the size of the anode pixels is substantially the same over the array.

Abstract: An emission tomography device includes emission detectors for detecting a gamma ray incident from a patient body as a pulse signal, and a data collecting device for collecting information in which the gamma ray is detected in an emission detector. The data collecting device includes a timing circuit for outputting timing information corresponding to the timing of occurrence of an event in which a gamma ray is detected as a pulse signal in an emission detector, a simultaneous count circuit for identifying timing information in a true simultaneous count by comparing a plurality of timing information sent from a plurality of timing circuits, and a pulse calculating portion calculating a gamma ray detection location and a gamma ray energy from an intensity value of a pulse signal corresponding to the timing information identified by the simultaneous count circuit as a true simultaneous count.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a circuit that includes a charge sensitive amplifier (CSA) that generates an integrated signal in response to a current signal. An active comparator is coupled to the CSA. The active comparator receives the integrated signal and a primary reference voltage signal, and generates an event detect signal. A first delay element is coupled to the active comparator and provides a fixed delay to the event detect signal to generate a convert signal. A discriminator system is coupled to the CSA. The discriminator system samples the integrated signal when activated by the convert signal.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a quantum computer includes physical systems Xi, a physical system Yj and a light source unit. The physical systems Xi and the physical system Yj are provided in a cavity. Each physical system Xi includes states |0>i, |1>i, |2>i and |e>i, the states |0>i and |1>i being used for a qubit, a |2>i-|e>i transition being resonant with a cavity mode of the cavity. The physical system Yj includes states |2>?j and |e>?j, a |2>?j-|e>?j transition being resonant with the cavity mode. The light source unit applies laser beams to the cavity to manipulate states of two of physical systems Xi, the laser beams including a laser beam for collecting population in the state |2>?j in the |2>?j-|e>?j transition.

Abstract: Scalable electron amplifier devices and methods of fabricating the devices an atomic layer deposition (“ALD”) fabrication process are described. The ALD fabrication process allows for large area (e.g., eight inches by eight inches) electron amplifier devices to be produced at reduced costs compared to current fabrication processes. The ALD fabrication process allows for nanostructure functional coatings, to impart a desired electrical conductivity and electron emissivity onto low cost borosilicate glass micro-capillary arrays to form the electron amplifier devices.

Abstract: A detector for an electron multiplier comprising: a substrate comprising a dielectric material, the substrate having a first face and an opposing second face; a charge collector provided adjacent the first face of the substrate; an anode within the substrate, the anode spaced from first face, such that the anode is capacitively coupled to the charge collector, so that charge incident on the charge collector generates an image charge on the anode; and a conduit contact, coupled to the anode and passing through the substrate to the second face of the substrate layer.

Abstract: A method of adjusting a gain of a detector is provided in the present disclosure. According to an example, whether a gain of a photomultiplier tube in the detector meets a gain determination condition may be determined, where the gain determination condition may indicate that an absolute of a difference between the gain of the photomultiplier tube and a target gain is within a predetermined numerical range. When the gain of the photomultiplier tube does not meet the gain determination condition, a voltage of the photomultiplier tube may be adjusted, such that the gain of the photomultiplier tube meets the gain determination condition.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a shaping and welding device and process of connector pipes or dowels (1) primarily intended for use in compressors. More specifically the process presented here concerns the shaping and welding of copper pipes (1) used as connectors for suction, discharge and process, the metal housing (2) of hermetic compressors, with the goal of making this equipment much more practical, efficient and economical.