Abstract: A night vision device includes an image intensifier tube and a fiber optic screen disposed in operative relationship to each other. The fiber optic screen includes a longitudinal bundle of multiple optical fibers, where the bundle has an outer surface. A groove is formed in the fiber optic screen and extends transversely to the longitudinal bundle. An indicator is positioned adjacent to the outer surface of the bundle and is proximate to the groove, where the groove is configured to redirect light emitted from the indicator for viewing by a user. The groove may be formed circumferentially around a portion of the outer surface of the longitudinal bundle. The groove includes a surface of end portions of multiple cut optical fibers, and the groove is configured to redirect the light emitted from the indicator toward the user by way of the end portions of the multiple cut optical fibers.

Abstract: An electron multiplication gain calibration mechanism, which is capable of readily stabilizing a gain of an electron multiplying CCD image pickup device, is provided. The mechanism comprises a gain adjusting section and a control section. The gain adjusting section is provided independently of gain adjustment by the electron multiplying CCD image pickup device, and sets a reference gain. The control section calibrates the gate voltage for obtaining a desired electron multiplication gain by comparing a video level amplified by the electron multiplication gain to a video level amplified by the reference gain. The control section sets an initial value of the gate voltage, which is supposed to provide the electron multiplication gain equal to the reference gain, and controls the gate voltage gradually so that the video level amplified by the electron multiplication gain becomes equal to the video level amplified by reference gain.

Abstract: A digital list mode multichannel analyzer (MCA) built around a programmable FPGA device for onboard data analysis and on-the-fly modification of system detection/operating parameters, and capable of collecting and processing data in very small time bins (<1 millisecond) when used in histogramming mode, or in list mode as a list mode MCA.

Abstract: The edges of portions of a base member that are joined to stem pins are arranged as bottom surfaces of recesses formed in the stem so that the stem pins are joined to the base member at gradual angles and so that even when a bending force acts on the stem pins, the stem pins will contact the peripheral portions at the open sides of the recesses, thereby preventing further bending of the stem pins and preventing the forming of cracks at both sides of the portions at which the stem pins are joined to the base member. Furthermore, triple junctions, at which the conductive stem pins, the insulating base member to which the stem pins are joined, and vacuum intersect, are positioned inside the recesses and put in concealed-like states.

Abstract: A method and device for overcoming drawbacks with commonly used prior art image intensifier tubes by providing a vision enhancement capability useful during daytime as well as nighttime. The method and device of the invention combines a solid-state two-dimensional sensor array, emissive display, and multiple computers where each sensor pixel is connected to a display pixel by an intervening computer and computers are interconnected to form a massively parallel array. Image-processing algorithm selections by the user or device itself are based on analysis of an image and consideration of the specific visual task the user wishes to perform, resulting in image enhancement and manipulation.

Abstract: The present invention provides a glass packing tube for use in fabricating a microchannel plate. The glass tube has a plurality of flat inner surfaces and is used to form a boule including a plurality of optical fibers located in the tube and a plurality of support rods between the first optical fibers and the flat surfaces whereby the tube, fibers and rods are fused together with reduced glass flow.

Abstract: A night vision device comprising a first detector, a beam splitter, a user optical output and a camera. The first detector is configured to detect and transmit a scene image in a first spectral band along a first optical path. The beam splitter is configured to receive the first optical path image; to output, along a second optical path, a first portion of the first optical path image, and to output, along a third optical path, a second portion of the first optical path image. The user optical output is configured to receive and output images traveling along the second optical path. The camera is configured to receive and store images traveling along the third optical path.

Abstract: An electron sensing device for receiving electrons from an output surface of an electron gain device has a silicon die including an active surface area for positioning below the output surface of an electron gain device. The silicon die also includes a silicon step formed below and surrounding the active surface area, and a first array of bond pads formed on the silicon step for providing output signals from the silicon die. When the electron sensing device is positioned below the electron gain device, a tight vertical clearance is formed between the output surface of the electron gain device and the active surface area of the electron sensing device.

Abstract: In a photomultiplier, a ring-like side tube is not interposed between a side tube and a stem in the radial direction, and the side tube is joined to the ring-like side tube in a state of being directly capped onto a portion of the stem that protrudes out from an open end face at the upper side of the ring-like side tube. The enlargement of the photomultiplier in the radial direction due to overlapping of the side tube and the ring-like side tube can thereby be restricted and a high density, a high degree of integration, etc., can be realized in mounting the photomultiplier.

Abstract: In an electron tube, one end of an insulating tube is protruded toward the inside of an envelope, and an avalanche photodiode (APD) is provided on the one end of the insulating tube. Another end of the insulating tube is connected to an outer stem of the envelope. Alkali sources are provided inside the envelope. The alkali sources are disposed inside the envelope and generates alkali metal vapor to thereby form a photocathode on a predetermined part of the internal surface of the envelope. The alkali sources and insulating tube are isolated from each other by a separating member. When the electron tube is manufactured, the alkali metal vapor that is generated from the alkali sources is not deposited on the insulating tube due to existence of the separating member. This prevents voltage resistance between the envelope and APD from being decreased and the electrical field in the electron tube from being adversely affected, thereby preventing incident efficiency of electrons to the APD from being decreased.

Abstract: A photon arrival time detector has the form of a photocathode 4 from which a photoelectron is ejected by an incident photon. The photoelectron is accelerated by an applied voltage to a CCD sensor 6. The voltage between the photocathode 4 and the CCD sensor 6 is time varying such that the arrival energy of the electron at the CCD sensor 6 depends upon the time of its arrival at the photocathode 4. Thus, the arrival time of the photon is represented by the intensity of the pixel event recorded by the CCD sensor 6.

Abstract: Methods and means for measuring and adjusting the gain of a photomultiplier tube (PMT), or other photo-detector with electron multiplication gain, for the purpose of achieving accurate light measurement, such as in a luminescent radiation dosimeter reader. With a PMT illuminated by a light emitting diode or other light source, the PMT output signal is measured in two modes, signal integration and photon pulse counting. The measured PMT gain is calculated as the ratio of the integrated signal to the photon pulse count. The PMT high voltage may be adjusted to cause the measured PMT gain to correspond to an established calibration gain value, or the data from the PMT may be adjusted to compensate the deviation of the measured PMT gain from the calibration gain value. The light source may be a controllable light source that can be adjusted to provide a specific photon count rate output as measured by the PMT.

Abstract: A metal side tube (2), a glass faceplate (3), and a stem plate (4) constitute a hermetically sealed vessel (5) for a photomultiplier tube. An edge portion (20) is provided at on open end (A) of the side tube (2). The edge portion (2) is embedded in the faceplate (3) in such a manner as to strike on the faceplate (3). Accordingly, high hermeticity at a joint between the side tube (2) and the faceplate (3) is ensured. The edge portion (20) extends upright in an axial direction of the side tube (2), so that the edge portion (20) can be embedded as close to a side face (3c) of the faceplate (3) as possible. This structure increases an effective sensitive area of the faceplate (3) to nearly 100%, and decreases dead area as close to 0 as possible. As described above, the photomultiplier tube (1) according to the present invention has enlarged effective sensitive area of the side tube (3) and enhanced hermeticity of the joint between the faceplate (3) and the side tube (2).

Abstract: In a first exemplary embodiment of the invention, an externally and photonically energized unit comprises a shaped resonant cavity, with selected material for converting the incident photons into other electromagnetic radiation for resonance within the cavity; and a pick-up element for receiving and applying the resonant electromagnetic radiation to one or more components external to the resonant cavity. In a wideband modulation mode, the resonant cavity contains a modulation element to which a first information signal is applied. When photons, such as from an x-ray burst, traverse the resonant cavity, a wideband RF signal is generated within the resonant cavity which is modulated by the information signal. In further embodiments, the resonant cavities provide local power based on the remotely sourced photonic wave, as well as enhanced detectors.

Abstract: A detector for a coaxial bipolar time-of-flight mass spectrometer is described. The detector includes a microchannel plate, a scintillator disposed in parallel relation to said microchannel plate, and a mirror oriented at an angle relative to said scintillator. The angle of the mirror is selected to reflect photons given off by the scintillator in a direction substantially orthogonal to the scintillator. The microchannel plate, the scintillator, and the mirror each have an opening formed centrally therein. The detector according to this aspect of the invention also includes a transparent tube extending through the central openings formed in each of the microchannel plate, the scintillator, and the mirror. A photomultiplier tube is coupled to the detector for receiving photons reflected by the mirror. A coaxial bipolar time-of-flight mass spectrometer incorporating the detector is also described.

Abstract: An improved device, method, and system efficiently couple high-frequency energy from radiation-assisted field emission. A radiation source radiates an emitting surface with an electromagnetic field. The electromagnetic field reduces the potential barrier at the emitting surface, allowing electrons to tunnel from the surface. The tunneling electrons produce a current. The electron tunneling current oscillates in response to the oscillations of the electromagnetic field radiation. Two or more electromagnetic fields of different frequencies radiate the emitting surface, causing photomixing. The electron tunneling current oscillates in response to the difference of the frequencies of the electromagnetic fields.

Abstract: Onto a base member, through which stem pins are passed and holding members are to be joined to the respective surfaces thereof, the stem pins and the holding members are joined by fusion by melting of the base member to arrange a stem with at least three or more layers formed by sandwiching the base member by the holding members. In comparison to a conventional arrangement wherein the stem is arranged as a single layer of glass material and this is melted to fuse the stem pins, the positional precision, flatness, and levelness of both surfaces of the stem are improved.

Abstract: A holding member or a base member, through which stem pins are passed and one surface of which is held by the holding member, is joined to the stem pins and the holding member by fusion by the melting of the base member. Upon melting, a volume of the base member is made to escape into a base member seep portion, and a stem is arranged as a two-layer arrangement formed by the holding of the base member by the holding member. When the holding member is joined to the inner surface of the base member, the inner surface of the stem is improved in positional precision, flatness, and levelness, while when the holding member is joined to the outer surface of the base member, the outer surface of the stem is improved in positional precision, flatness, and levelness.

Abstract: A night vision system including an image intensifier receiving light. A current detector monitors current at the image intensifier. A data filter is coupled to the current detector and determines if the received light includes coded light pulses matching a predetermined code. A controller is coupled to the data filter. The controller alters a parameter of the night vision system if the received light includes coded light pulses matching a predetermined code.

Abstract: A mega-boule is used in fabricating microchannel plates (MCPs). The mega-boule has a cross-sectional surface including an island section, an inner perimeter section and an outer perimeter section, each section occupying a distinct portion of the cross-sectional surface. The island section is formed of a first plurality of optical fibers, transversely oriented to the cross-sectional surface, each optical fiber including a cladding formed of non-etchable material and a core formed of etchable material. The inner perimeter section is formed of non-etchable material and is disposed to surround the island section. The outer perimeter section is formed of a second plurality of optical fibers, transversely oriented to the cross-sectional surface, each optical fiber including a cladding formed of non-etchable material and a core formed of etchable material, and the outer perimeter section is disposed to surround the island section and the inner perimeter section.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a photomultiplier that can realize a gain adjustment for each of electron multiplier channels respectively assigned to a plurality of light incidence regions in a more compact structure. The photomultiplier has a sealed container, and a photocathode, a dynode unit, and plurality of anodes prepared for electron multiplier channels are housed in the sealed container. The dynode unit is constituted by N (an integer or no less than 3) dynode plates, each provided with an electron multiplier hole for the associated channel, concerning all channels. In particular, the n-th (an integer of no less then 2) dynode plate is constituted by a plurality of control plates, each having an electron multiplier hole for the associated channel, and electrically and physically separated from the others. These control plates are supported in state of being supported, via insulators, by the (n?1)-th dynode plate and the (n+1)-th dynode plate.

Abstract: A gating circuit switches the responsivity of a photomultiplier tube between ON and OFF states by modulating the voltage bias of the one or more of its electrodes. The gating circuit capacitively couples a voltage pulse to the photocathode or other electrode of the photomultiplier tube in response to a low-voltage gating triggering signal. The voltage divider network and high-voltage power supply used to statically bias the photomultiplier tube also power the gating circuitry and source the gating voltage pulse, thus circumventing the need for a separate high-voltage power supply. The gating circuit represents a near-inconsequential burden on the power supply, as it draws practically negligible current from the voltage divider network. The electrode gating pulse characteristics, including rise- and fall-times, voltage swing amplitude and duration, can be modified by adjusting resistor and capacitor values and Zener diode characteristics of the gating circuit and voltage divider network.

Abstract: A gating module for gating an image intensifier tube. The gating module includes a frequency generator generating a base signal having a base frequency. A modulator spread-spectrum modulates the base frequency of the base signal to generate a modulated signal. A gating circuit coupled to the modulator generates a gating signal in response to the modulated signal.

Abstract: An amplifier circuit having an amplifier chain comprising an input port and output port with a plurality of interconnected gain stages positioned in between. The output of one interconnected gain stage provides an input to the next stage within the amplifier chain. The output port coupled to the plurality of interconnected gain stages such that the amplifier circuit output is generated from any one or more of the interconnected gain stages.

Abstract: In a photomultiplier, focusing pieces of a focusing electrode are formed with sufficient height that the photocathode in the adjacent channels cannot be viewed from the first and second stage dynodes of each channel in order to prevent light reflected from the first and second stage dynodes from returning to the adjacent channels. This construction prevents the photocathode from emitting undesired electrons, thereby suppressing crosstalk. Further, by arranging condensing lenses on the outer surface of a light-receiving faceplate in correspondence with each channel, light is reliably condensed in each channel. Further, an oxide film formed over the surface of the focusing pieces prevents the reflection of light off the focusing pieces.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for extracting measuring signals from a multi-channel photomultiplier, characterised by the following steps: a measuring signal which is integral for the channels of the photomultiplier is extracted at the dynode in order to record the signal form and intensity of an event, and the anode signal of each channel is compared with a threshold value. If the threshold value is exceeded at a channel, the location of the detected event is determined and the associated signal form and intensity at the dynode is detected. The invention also relates to a circuit for a multi-channel photomultiplier (1), said circuit being used to carry out the method according to one of the claims 1 to 8. The circuit comprises a photocathode, a multi-channel structure for electron multiplication (dynode), and anodes (11) which are associated with the channels and are used for pixel-oriented charge amplification and collection.

Abstract: This invention provides a photodetector for weak light and a weak light detection system including the photodetector for weak light the photodetector for weak light is comprised of a substrate on which an integrating read circuit including a PIN photodiode or an APD and an FET is mounted, wherein the entire assembly is mounted while separating the substrate from a ground potential without grounding the substrate, such a photodetector for weak light can reduce noise and ensure a high enough sensitivity enough to be able to discriminate the number of photons.

Abstract: In a preferred embodiment, a stabilized scintillation detector, comprising: a light source that periodically produces a light pulse; distribution means that impinges some of the light pulse on a first photodetector and on a second photodetector; a scintillator that receives radiation and is coupled to the second photodetector; and a control unit that receives signals from the first photodetector and the second photodetector representative of the light pulse received by the first photodetector and the second photodetector and outputs, in part, a signal to the second photodetector to stabilize the second photodetector. A method of using the scintillator is also provided.

Abstract: A dynode constituting an electron multiplier or a photomultiplier may be provided with eight rows of channels each defined by an outer frame and a partitioning part of the dynode. In each channel, a plurality of electron multiplying holes may be arranged. In specified positions of the outer frame and the partitioning part of the dynode, glass receiving parts wider than the outer frame and the partitioning part may be provided integrally with the dynode. Glass parts may be bonded to all the glass receiving parts. The glass parts may be bonded by applying glass to the glass receiving parts and hardening the glass and each may have a generally dome-like convex shape. Each dynode may be formed after the dome-like glass part may be bonded to the glass receiving part.

Abstract: An electrical circuit for a photomultiplier tube (PMT) is disclosed that reduces power consumption to a point where the PMT may be powered for extended periods with a battery. More specifically, the invention concerns a PMT circuit comprising a low leakage switch and a high voltage capacitor positioned between a resistive divider and each of the PMT dynodes, and a low power control scheme for recharging the capacitors.

Abstract: A light sensor and method of detecting light using the light sensor are provided. The light sensor includes a container having an anode compartment and a cathode compartment. The anode compartment has an anode and the cathode compartment has a cathode. The container also includes a transparent portion that allows light into the anode compartment. A membrane separates the anode compartment and the cathode compartment. The membrane is able to allow protons to pass from the anode compartment to the cathode compartment. The anode compartment includes a photon-converting compound (“PCC”) for generating electrons by reaction with light. Also included are an imaging device and a method of using the imaging device.

Abstract: An electron amplifier and a method of manufacturing the same are provided. The electron amplifier includes a substrate in which a plurality of through holes are formed, a resistive layer deposited on the sidewalls of the through holes, an electron emissive layer including carbon nanotubes which is deposited on the resistive layer, and an electrode layer formed on each of the upper and lower sides of the substrate. Because the electron emissive layer of the electron amplifier is uniform and provides a high electron emission efficiency, the electron amplification efficiency is improved. The electron amplifier manufacturing method enables economical mass production of electron amplifiers.

Abstract: An inner surface of an electron-multiplier hole (14) includes a first curved surface (19a) and a second curved surface (19b) that face each other. The first curved surface (19a) extends from an edge of an input opening (14a) in such a way as to face the input opening (14a), and is shaped like a substantially circular arc having a predetermined radius. The second curved surface (19b) extends from an edge of an output opening (14b) in such a way as to face the output opening (14b), and is shaped like a substantially circular arc having a predetermined radius.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for providing a photomultiplier power supply having a transformer with multiple secondary windings forming cells that can provide voltage ratios to a photomultiplier element in which the ratios can be adjusted by the method of connection to the cell, by the number of turns in the transformer, or by a combination of both.

Abstract: In a preferred embodiment, a stabilized scintillation detector, including: an LED that periodically produces a light pulse; a beam splitter that impinges some of the light pulse on a photodetector and on a photomultiplier; a scintillator that receives radiation and is coupled to the photomultiplier; and a control unit that receives signals from the photodetector and the photomultiplier representative of the light pulse received by the photodetector and the photomultiplier and receives a signal representative of temperature of the scintillator and outputs, in part, a signal to the photomultiplier to stabilize the photomultiplier. A method of using the scintillator is also provided.

Abstract: A voltage divider network in combination with a voltage multiplier circuit voltage biases the electrodes of a photomultiplier tubes or related device. The circuit exploits the several voltage levels produced at successive stages of a voltage multiplier circuit in order to optimize the voltage divider network with respect to power consumption, current draw from the power supply, operating stability, and linear operation of the photomultiplier tube.

Abstract: The invention relates to a photocathode and the like having such structure for holding a photocathode plate on a light transparent member with good reliability and workability. In the photocathode, claw portions of a holding member fixed to the light transparent member is pressed against the lower surface of a supporting plate so that a photocathode plate is sandwiched between the light transparent member and the supporting plate. Thus, the supporting plate is pressed against the photocathode plate, so that the photocathode plate is pressed against the light transparent plate by the supporting plate. This allows the photocathode plate to be held reliably by the light transparent member. This simple configuration further provides good workability in assembling.

Abstract: A dynode (8) constituting an electron multiplier or a photomultiplier is provided with eight rows of channels (15) each defined by an outer frame (16) and a partitioning part (17) of the dynode (8). In each channel (15), a plurality of electron multiplying holes (14) are arranged. In specified positions of the outer frame (16) and the partitioning part (17) of the dynode (8), glass receiving parts (21) wider than the outer frame (16) and the partitioning part (17) are provided integrally with the dynode (8). Glass parts (22) are bonded to all the glass receiving parts (21). The glass parts (22) are bonded by applying glass to the glass receiving parts (21) and hardening the glass and each have a generally dome-like convex shape. Each dynode (8) is formed after the dome-like glass part (22) is bonded to the glass receiving part (21).

Abstract: A multi-focal night vision apparatus is disclosed. The apparatus can include a receptor for receiving light reflected off of and emitted from objects in an image field of the night vision apparatus and a set of optical elements for focusing the light onto the receptor. The optical elements can include a field lens having a first portion for focusing far field objects and a second portion for simultaneously focusing near field objects.

Abstract: A photocathode manufacturing intermediary article (24) includes a substrate layer (26), and an active layer (20) that is carried by the substrate layer (26). The active layer (20) includes photoemissive alkali antimonide material that is epitaxially grown on the substrate (26).

Abstract: A photomultiplier has a dynode cascade arranged radially rather than axially. Effective dynode area thereby can increase through the cascade, leading to improved linearity of response, and the axial length of the device can be reduced. The dynodes are sections of a set of toroids and may be formed as a layer of secondary emissive material such as caesiated antimony on a monolithic sintered cast or otherwise moulded or machined block of insulating material. This novel form of dynode construction can also be used in other photomultiplier or electron multiplier configurations.

Abstract: A quantum computer is proposed in which information is stored in the two lowest electronic states of doped quantum dots. Multiple quantum dots are located in a microcavity, and a pair of gates controls the energy levels in each quantum dot. A controlled NOT (CNOT) operations involving any pair of quantum dots can be effected by a sequence of gate voltage pulses which tune the quantum dot energy levels into resonance with frequencies of the cavity or a laser. The duration of a CNOT operation is estimated to be much shorter than the time for an electron to decohere by emitting an acoustic phonon.

Abstract: An imaging camera includes a housing that defines a proximal end and a distal end. A Fresnel lens is installed in the proximal end of the housing. Moreover, a reflection mode photocathode is installed in the distal end of the housing opposite the Fresnel lens. An electron sensor is disposed in the center of the Fresnel lens. A conductive layer is disposed on the interior of the housing. Further, the Fresnel lens establishes plural concentric optically passive surfaces that are parallel to a central axis defined by the imaging camera. A conductive layer is disposed on each optically passive surface, and an electron lens is established by the conductive layer on the interior of the housing and the conductive layers on the Fresnel lens.

Abstract: A photomultiplier excellent in vibration resistance and improved in pulse linearity characteristic and time-response. The fourth, and sixth to ninth dynodes (Dy4, Dy6 to Dy9) have a similar shape to that of the second dynode (Dy2). The third and fifth dynodes (dy3, Dy5) are smaller than the dynode (Dy2). The first to tenth dynodes (Dy1 to Dy10) are so arranged that the dynode inner space path defined between opposed dynodes is perpendicular to the tube axis (X). The anode (A) is a mesh anode (A), and is opposed to the dynode (Dy2) with respect to the tube axis (X).

Abstract: A metal side tube (2), a glass faceplate (3), and a stem plate ( ) constitute a hermetically sealed vessel (5) for a photomultiplier tube. An edge portion (20) is provided at on open end (A) of the side tube (2). The edge portion (2) is embedded in the faceplate (3) in such a manner as to strike on the faceplate (3). Accordingly, high hermeticity at a joint between the side tube (2) and the faceplate (3) is ensured. The edge portion (20) extends upright in an axial direction of the side tube (2), so that the edge portion (20) can be embedded as close to a side face (3c) of the faceplate (3) as possible. This structure increases an effective sensitive area of the faceplate (3) to nearly 100%, and decreases dead area as close to 0 as possible. As described above, the photomultiplier tube (1) according to the present invention has enlarged effective sensitive area of the side tube (3) and enhanced hermeticity of the joint between the faceplate (3) and the side tube (2).

Abstract: A photomultiplier that prevents rattling between the dynodes and the base plates, the parts being fixed securely to achieve excellent vibration resistance. The dynode of the second stage (Dy2) includes a curved surface (Dy2A) having an arcuate cross-section and a flat surface (Dy2B) formed continuously and flush with the curved surface. The curved surface (Dy2A) and flat surface (Dy2B) make up the secondary electron emitting surface. Side walls (Dy2C) erected from the curved surface (Dy2A) are formed through a pressing process on either lengthwise end of the curved surface (Dy2A). First ear portions (Dy2D) extend outward from both side walls (Dy2C). Second ear portions (Dy2E) extend outward from both lengthwise ends of the flat surface (Dy2B). The first and second ear portions (Dy2D and Dy2E) are not parallel to each other but form a fixed angle.

Abstract: A photomultiplier tube excellent in vibration resistance and having an anode with good pulse linearity characteristic. The photomultiplier tube has a mesh anode (A) composed of an anode frame (A11) and a mesh electrode (A12) supported and surrounded by the anode frame (A11). The central portion of one long side (A11B) of the anode frame (A11) serves as an electron converging part (F). The inner side of the anode frame (A11) swells toward the inner part of the anode (A), more from the middle of the long side (A11B) toward the corners of the anode frame (A11) along the long side (A11B), and therefore the thickness of the anode frame (A11) increases from the middle of the long side (A11) to the corners along the long side (A11B).

Abstract: An improved electron multiplier bias network that limits the response of the multiplier when the multiplier is faced with very large input signals, but then permits the multiplier to recover quickly following the large input signal.

Abstract: A dynode (8) constituting an electron multiplier or a photomultiplier is provided with eight rows of channels (15) each defined by an outer frame (16) and a partitioning part (17) of the dynode (8). In each channel (15), a plurality of electron multiplying holes (14) are arranged. In specified positions of the outer frame (16) and the partitioning part (17) of the dynode (8), glass receiving parts (21) wider than the outer frame (16) and the partitioning part (17) are provided integrally with the dynode (8). Glass parts (22) are bonded to all the glass receiving parts (21). The glass parts (22) are bonded by applying glass to the glass receiving parts (21) and hardening the glass and each have a generally dome-like convex shape. Each dynode (8) is formed after the dome-like glass part (22) is bonded to the glass receiving part (21).

Abstract: A hermetically sealed vessel for a photomultiplier tube made of a side tube (2), a faceplate and a stem plate. The side tube is made by assembling a plurality of plates (80) with a curled end. An end face (81a) on a corner (81) at an open end of the side tube facing the faceplate is at a higher level than the faces other than the end face (81a). When being heated, the end face (81a) is deeply embedded into the faceplate, which enhances the joint between the side tube and the faceplate. Because the whole open end of the side tube (2) facing the faceplate is embedded into the faceplate, the joint between the side tube (2) and the faceplate is ensured, thereby improving throughput for the joining operation. The side tube is readily integral with the faceplate, which contributes to enhanced hermeticity of the sealed vessel.