Abstract: A switch which reduces the voltage between the photocathode and the first dynode in the activated switching state compared to the deactivated switching state and a control unit which is adapted to move a target spot, which can be illuminated by means of the light source, over a scanning field by means of a deflecting unit. The control unit activates the switch when the target spot enters a given region of the scanning field and deactivates the switch when the target spot exits the region.

Abstract: Methods of measuring and calibrating the gain of a CCD imaging system are described. Charge injectors may be present on either side of an image sensor array that provide test charges to respective calibration VCCDs. Test charges may be transferred to upper and lower HCCDs during quad-output read out or to only the lower HCCD during dual-output or single-output read out. In each quadrant of the imaging system, test charges may be transferred to an EMCCD output or to a non-EMCCD output via a charge switch based on the magnitude of the test charges. The gains of all EMCCD outputs and non-EMCCD outputs in the imaging system may be calibrated against one another by adjusting the gain at each output when a discrepancy is detected between any two outputs.

Abstract: A fiber optic sensing system is provided. The fiber optic sensing system includes: at least one fiber optic transducer; an optical backscatter interrogator for interrogating backscatter optical signals from the at least one fiber optic transducer; and an optical fiber between the optical backscatter interrogator and the at least one fiber optic transducer.

Abstract: Certain embodiments described herein are directed to detectors and systems using them. In some examples, the detector can include a plurality of dynodes, in which one or more of the dynodes are coupled to an electrometer. In some instances, an analog signal from a non-saturated dynode is measured and cross-calibrated with a pulse count signal to extend the dynamic range of the detector.

Abstract: A system and method includes an array position sensing detector. The array position sensing detector includes a lateral effect position sensing detector element and a summing amplifier. The lateral effect position sensing detector element produces an output coupled with the summing amplifier through a switch.

Abstract: A peroperative probe for guiding a manual excision tool. The probe includes a detection head, an optical fiber for the reception and guidance of a signal emitted by radioactive tracers and fluorescent molecules in a tissue area, a photo-detector for converting the emitted signal into an electrical signal, a transmitter for transmitting information carried by the electrical signal to an analysis equipment, and a fastener for attaching the probe onto the manual excision tool, so that the excision tool can be used to remove a portion of tissue from the tissue area emitting the signal.

Abstract: A radiation imaging system including: a radiation imaging apparatus for obtaining a captured image by radiographic image capturing of a subject; and an external apparatus connectable to the radiation imaging apparatus, the external apparatus including a system time management unit for managing a system time serving as a reference time of the radiation imaging system, the radiation imaging apparatus including: an imaging apparatus time management unit for managing an imaging apparatus time, which is a time on the radiation imaging apparatus; a storing unit for storing image capturing information in association with the captured image obtained by the radiographic image capturing, the image capturing information including at least image capturing time information which is determined based on the imaging apparatus time; and a time correction unit for obtaining the system time and correcting the image capturing time information based on the imaging apparatus time and the system time.

Abstract: A position-sensitive ionizing-particle radiation counting detector includes a first substrate and a second substrate generally parallel to the first substrate and forming a gap with the first substrate, with a discharge gas contained within the gap. The detector includes a first electrode electrically coupled to the second substrate, and a second electrode electrically coupled to the first electrode and defining at least one pixel with the first electrode. The detector further includes an open dielectric structure pattern layered over one of the first or second electrodes and a current-limiting quench resistor coupled in series to one of the first or second electrodes. The detector further includes a power supply coupled to one of the first or second electrodes and a first discharge event detector circuitry coupled to the one of the first or second electrodes for detecting a gas discharge counting event in the electrode.

Abstract: Achieving orthogonal control of non-orthogonal qubit parameters of a logical qubit allows for increasing the length of a qubit chain thereby increasing the effective connectivity of the qubit chain. A hybrid qubit is formed by communicatively coupling a dedicated second qubit to a first qubit. By tuning a programmable parameter of the second qubit of a hybrid qubit, an effective programmable parameter of the hybrid qubit is adjusted without affecting another effective programmable parameter of the hybrid qubit thereby achieving orthogonal control of otherwise non-orthogonal qubit parameters. The length of the logical qubit may thus be increased by communicatively coupling a plurality of such hybrid qubits together.

Abstract: Method for the operation of a laser scanning microscope. The microscope includes an illumination beam path in which at least one illumination light source is arranged, a detection beam path in which at least one photomultiplier (PMT) is incorporated as detector, and a control unit for controlling fluorescence experiments. A sample is alternately illuminated at high intensity via the control unit, and the fluorescence decay behavior of sample points and/or sample regions is subsequently detected. The PMT is switched on and off depending on the illumination mode by the control unit via a switch directly in the high-voltage supply of the PMT.

Abstract: A stacked chip package is provided. The stacked chip package includes a first substrate having a first side and a second side opposite thereto. The first substrate includes a recess therein. The recess adjoins a side edge of the first substrate. A plurality of redistribution layers is disposed on the first substrate and extends onto the bottom of the recess. A second substrate is disposed on the first side of the first substrate. A plurality of bonding wires is correspondingly disposed on the redistribution layers in the recess, and extends onto the second substrate. A device substrate is disposed on the second side of the first substrate. A method of forming the stacked chip package is also provided.

Abstract: Certain embodiments described herein are directed to ion detectors and systems. In some examples, the ion detector can include a plurality of dynodes, in which one or more of the dynodes are coupled to an electrometer. In other configurations, each dynode can be coupled to a respective electrometer. Methods using the ion detectors are also described.

Abstract: In a photodetection unit 100 according to one aspect of the present invention, a photomultiplier 1 and a voltage divider board 132 are electrically connected to each other through a flexible wiring board 120, whereby the photomultiplier 1 can freely set its orientation and achieve a high degree of freedom of installation. In addition, in a voltage divider 130, an insulating resin 136 within a resin case 134 covers around the voltage divider board 132, thereby improving a voltage withstand performance of the voltage divider board 132. This eases restrictions on conditions under which the voltage divider board 132 is installed, whereby the degree of freedom of installation of the photodetection unit 100 is further improved as a whole, which makes it applicable to wider uses.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electron multiplier and others to effectively suppress luminescence noise, even in compact size, in which each of multistage dynodes has a plurality of columns each having a peripheral surface separated physically, and in which each column is processed in such a shape that an area or a peripheral length of a section parallel to an installation surface on which the electron multiplier is arranged becomes minimum at a certain position on the peripheral surface in the column of interest.

Abstract: An electron-bombarded detector for detecting low light signals includes a vacuum tube structure defining a cylindrical vacuum tube chamber, a photocathode disposed at a first end of the vacuum tube chamber, a sensor disposed at a second end of the vacuum tube chamber, ring electrodes disposed in the vacuum tube chamber for generating an electric field that accelerates emitted photoelectrons toward the sensor, and a magnetic field generator configured to generate a symmetric magnetic field that applies a focusing lens effect on the photoelectrons. The ring electrodes and magnetic field generator are operating using one of a reduced distance focusing approach and an acceleration/deceleration approach such that the photoelectrons have a landing energy below 2 keV. The use of reflective mode photocathodes is enabled using either multi-pole deflector coils, or ring electrodes formed by segmented circular electrode structures. Large angle deflections are achieved using magnetic or electrostatic deflectors.

Abstract: A photomultiplier tube having an ion suppression electrode positioned between a photocathode and an electron multiplying device in the photomultiplier tube is disclosed. The ion suppression electrode includes a grid that is configured to provide sufficient rigidity to avoid deformation during operation of the photomultiplier tube. The photomultiplier tube also includes a source of electric potential connected to the electron multiplying device and to the ion suppression electrode to provide a first voltage to the second electrode and a second voltage to the suppression grid electrode wherein the second voltage has a magnitude equal to or greater than the magnitude of the first voltage. A method of making the photomultiplier and a method of using it are also disclosed.

Abstract: Certain embodiments described herein are directed to optical detector and optical systems. In some examples, the optical detector can include a plurality of dynodes, in which one or more of the dynodes are coupled to an electrometer. In other configurations, each dynode can be coupled to a respective electrometer. Methods using the optical detectors are also described.

Abstract: A compressive imaging system and method for quickly detecting spectrally and spatially localized events (such as explosions or gun discharges) occurring within the field of view. An incident light stream is modulated with a temporal sequence of spatial patterns. The wavelength components in the modulated light stream are spatially separated, e.g., using a diffractive element. An array of photodetectors is used to convert subsets of the wavelength components into respective signals. An image representing the field of view may be reconstructed based on samples from some or all the signals. A selected subset of the signals are monitored to detect event occurrences, e.g., by detecting sudden changes in intensity. When the event is detected, sample data from the selected subset of signals may be analyzed to determine the event location within the field of view. The event location may be highlighted in an image being generated by the imaging system.

Abstract: Certain embodiments described herein are directed to ion detectors and systems. In some examples, the ion detector can include a plurality of dynodes, in which one or more of the dynodes are coupled to an electrometer. In other configurations, each dynode can be coupled to a respective electrometer. Methods using the ion detectors are also described.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for charge collection control in radiation detectors are provided. One radiation detector includes a semiconductor substrate, at least one cathode on a surface of the semiconductor substrate, and a plurality of anodes on a surface of the semiconductor substrate opposite the at least one cathode, wherein the plurality of anodes have gaps therebetween. The radiation detector further includes a charge collection control arrangement configured to cause one or more charges induced within the semiconductor substrate by incident photons to drift towards one or more of the plurality of anodes.

Abstract: An imaging device may capture a composite image from multiple individual exposures. In each imaging pixel in the imaging device, charge accumulated from each of the individual exposures may be accumulated onto a storage node. The accumulated charge from all of the individual exposures in a single composite image may be read out from the storage node. The individual exposures may be separated by delay periods. The lengths of the individual exposures and delay periods may be determined automatically or set by a user such that each individual exposure is substantially free of motion blur, while the composite image illustrates a moving subject in multiple positions.

Abstract: A scintillation detector including one or more photomultiplier tubes, a scintillation block optically attached to the photomultiplier tubes, and a DC-coupled bleeder circuit combining outputs of dynodes of the photomultipliers to provide a DC-coupled dynode output together with a DC-coupled anode output of the photomultiplier tubes. The DC-coupled bleeder circuit includes a RF transformer. A positive high voltage supply also can be used together with a DC-coupled bleeder circuit for the anode outputs.

Abstract: A bias-variant photomultiplier tube (PMT) includes a photocathode that when operating absorbs photons and emit photoelectrons responsive to the absorbed photons. The bias-variant PMTO also includes a plurality of dynodes that receive the photoelectrons emitted by the photocathode. The plurality of dynodes include a first pair of dynodes having a first bias difference and at least a second pair of dynodes having a second bias. The second bias difference is greater than the first bias difference. The bias-variant PMTO also includes an anode to receive photoelectrons directed from the plurality of dynodes.

Abstract: A system for detecting electromagnetic radiation or an ion flow, including an input device for receiving the electronic radiation or the ion flow and emitting primary electrons in response, a multiplier of electrons in transmission, for receiving the primary electrons and emitting secondary electrons in response, and an output device for receiving the secondary electrons and emitting an output signal in response. The electron multiplier includes at least one nanocrystalline diamond layer doped with boron in a concentration of higher than 5·1019 cm?3.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for photon counting are disclosed. In an implementation, the present disclosure provides a dynamic-range photon-counting spectrometric sensor for low signal detection embedded in large parasitic background light signal. Rather than using a known forward illuminated imager approach of counting photons directly, embodiments of the present disclosure use a backward illuminated imager approach to generate a burst of electrons based on the photons, and perform photon detection by counting the generated burst of electrons using the plurality of CMOS chip pixels. An electronic circuit, in communication with the CMOS chip pixels, includes a fast clock enabling discrimination between electrons in time. The electronic circuit can be built on the face of a semiconductor wafer on which the CMOS chip pixels are provided.

Abstract: An electronic multiplier porous glass plate used for a detector that measures ionized electrons by utilizing an electron avalanche multiplication in a gas is presented. The plate has a plurality of through holes provided on a plate-like member so as to be arranged two-dimensionally, wherein the plate-like member is formed by a photosensitive crystallized glass obtained by crystallizing a photosensitive glass, to realize a thinner glass plate and finer through holes.

Abstract: A photo-detector and method for operating same: the photo-detector comprises a photomultiplier tube comprising a plurality of electrodes, each having a photocathode, an anode, a first dynode, intermediate dynodes and a last dynode; and a biasing circuit that comprises a sequence of voltage follower elements, a voltage divider and a current source. The voltage divider is coupled across a high voltage power supply and different dynodes are coupled to different ones of the voltage follower elements, control inputs of which are coupled to different junctions of the voltage divider. The current source is coupled to the voltage divider, to the sequence of the voltage follower elements and to the cathode. The anode is coupled to a load element coupled to a positive pole of the high voltage power supply and arranged to receive an output signal of the anode and convert it to an output signal of the photo-detector.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of coordinated in-pixel light detection is provided. In one aspect, the method includes implementing an N-number of avalanche photodiodes inside a pixel circuit of a light detection circuit. The method also includes coordinating an output of the N-number of avalanche photodiodes through a counter circuit. The method further includes reducing a deadtime of the light detection circuit by a factor of ‘N’ through the N-number of avalanche photodiodes and the counter circuit operating in concert. The method furthermore includes measuring an intensity of a light through the light detection circuit. N-number of avalanche photodiodes is in a common well of a semiconductor technology. N-number of avalanche photodiodes is fabricated on a deep submicron semiconductor technology. A fill factor of the pixel circuit improves and a deadtime reduces through fabrication of the avalanche photodiodes in a common well. Also, a photon count rate increases through reducing the deadtime.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for photon counting are disclosed. In an implementation, the present disclosure provides a dynamic-range photon-counting spectrometric sensor for low signal detection embedded in large parasitic background light signal. Rather than using a known forward illuminated imager approach of counting photons directly, embodiments of the present disclosure use a backward illuminated imager approach to generate a burst of electrons based on the photons, and perform photon detection by counting the generated burst of electrons using the plurality of CMOS chip pixels. An electronic circuit, in communication with the CMOS chip pixels, includes a fast clock enabling discrimination between electrons in time. The electronic circuit can be built on the face of a semiconductor wafer on which the CMOS chip pixels are provided.

Abstract: Certain embodiments described herein are directed to optical detector and optical systems. In some examples, the optical detector can include a plurality of dynodes, in which one or more of the dynodes are coupled to an electrometer. In other configurations, each dynode can be coupled to a respective electrometer. Methods using the optical detectors are also described.

Abstract: A microchannel plate (1) having an array of channels (5),includes a substrate (2) and, deposited on the substrate, a hydrogenated amorphous silicon film (3) having a thickness ranging between 50 ?m and 200 ?m, preferably between 80 ?m and 120 ?m, the film including the array of channels (5). Preferably, the substrate (2) is an integrated circuit having an internal electronic readout circuit and pixilated collection electrodes (8), and the film (3) is integrated on the substrate (2). The channels (5) may be formed by a Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE) process.

Abstract: A image sensor includes active pixels for gathering images at very high and very low luminance level. Each pixel includes at least one photodiode, a charge storage node, an electron multiplication amplification structure, a unit for transferring electrons from the photodiode to the structure, a unit for transferring electrons from the amplification structure to the storage node after multiplication, a transistor for reinitializing the potential of the storage node. The pixels are read by a reading circuit which samples the potential of the charge storage node after reinitialization and after transfer of the electrons into the storage node and which provides a corresponding illumination measurement. The sensor furthermore includes a unit for carrying out the integration of charge in two different durations in the course of one and the same frame, and for giving the amplification structure multiplication factors different to the charge integrated in the course of these durations.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a PhotoMultiplier Tube (PMT) designed for use with a surface inspection system such as the Surfscan system, which operates at 266 nm wavelength. The inventive PMT is high efficiency, low noise, and low gain, a combination of features that is specific to the application and contrary to the features of PMT's in the art. The inventive PMT is designed to be tuned to a specific narrow band wavelength of incident light, thereby optimizing the QE at that wavelength. It is further designed to combine a small number of dynodes each having substantially higher secondary electron gain than typical dynodes. By designing the PMT in this way, the excess noise factor is dramatically reduced, yielding a much improved S/N, while still maintaining the overall PMT gain in the lower range suitable for use in a surface inspection system.

Abstract: A method of measuring an anode current in an electron-multiplier device having an anode, a cathode, dynodes and a voltage divider network for applying voltages to the dynodes, which method includes applying an HV positive voltage to the anode and intermediate voltages to the dynodes, the cathode being at or near circuit ground potential, conducting dynode currents through or in parallel to the voltage divider to a point substantially at cathode potential, and deriving from those currents a current representative of the anode current.

Abstract: In one exemplary embodiment, a shock-resistant night vision assembly is configured to detect a high-acceleration event, for example, resulting from a round or burst of high-caliber rifle fire. Upon detecting the event, a voltage such as a photocathode voltage is forced to an inactive or protective level and held there for approximately 50 ms, giving time for mechanical excursions of the microchannel plate to settle out. Damage from physical impact and electrostatic discharge may thus be mitigated.

Abstract: An image sensor cell (100) is presented for use in an imaging device, for example of a night vision type. The image sensor cell (100) comprises an electrodes' assembly and a control unit (118). The electrodes' assembly is configured and operable to receive an input light signal and produce a corresponding electrical signal. The electrodes' assembly comprises a photocathode (112) having an active region capable of emitting electrons in response to incident light; and at least one electrode (114, 116) in a path of electrons emitted from the photocathode (112). The control unit (118) is configured and operable for controlling an electric field profile in said path so as to selectively cause the electrons' capture on said at least one electrode (114,116) resulting in accumulation of charge on said at least one electrode (114,116) corresponding to the input electromagnetic signal indicative of an acquired image, thereby enabling direct reading of the accumulated charge.

Abstract: A photo-detector and method for operating same: the photo-detector comprises a photomultiplier tube comprising a plurality of electrodes, each having a photocathode, an anode, a first dynode, intermediate dynodes and a last dynode; and a biasing circuit that comprises a sequence of voltage follower elements, a voltage divider and a current source. The voltage divider is coupled across a high voltage power supply and different dynodes are coupled to different ones of the voltage follower elements, control inputs of which are coupled to different junctions of the voltage divider. The current source is coupled to the voltage divider, to the sequence of the voltage follower elements and to the cathode. The anode is coupled to a load element coupled to a positive pole of the high voltage power supply and arranged to receive an output signal of the anode and convert it to an output signal of the photo-detector.

Abstract: This invention provides a design to process a large range of detection beam current at low noise with a single detector. With such a design, the detection system can generate up to 1010 gain and maximum signal output at more than mini Ampere (mA) level. A condenser lens is configured to increase bandwidth of the detector that scan speed can be enhanced.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to a photomultiplier tube with extended dynamic range. According to various embodiments, a repulsive electric field is introduced between a photocathode and a plurality of dynodes in order to repel or block low-energy electrons from reaching and being multiplied by the dynodes. As a result, time intervals between current peaks and drops may be decreased because the photomultiplier current will be primarily affected by high-energy electrons emitted by the photocathode in response to incident illumination versus low-energy electrons, some of which may result from dangling bonds or slow surface states after illumination no longer impinges the photocathode. Dynamic range and optical responsiveness of the photomultiplier tube are increased accordingly.

Abstract: Machine-implemented methods and apparatuses to automatically set-up a signal processing system are described. The signal processing system is set to a first bandwidth. A sampling frequency of the signal processing system is set to a first sampling frequency. Next, first samples of first signals are received at the first bandwidth and the first sampling frequency. First parameters of the first signals based on the first samples are determined. Next, a second sampling frequency is determined based on the first parameters to sample second samples. The first parameters of the first signals may be a mean transit time, a minimum transit time, a mean frequency of the signals, and a standard deviation of the frequency of the signals. Next, a mixer frequency is determined based on the first parameters. A low pass filter is set based on the mixer frequency.

Abstract: The Microstructure Photomultiplier Assembly (MPA) enables the effective conversion of light signals (received at the front of the assembly) into readily-detectable electrical signals. The MPA comprises a photocathode, followed by an electron-multiplying plate(s) made from an insulating substrate which does not emit sufficient contaminants to poison the photocathode. Each plate is coated with a conductive layer. The front face of each plate is further coated with a layer of secondary electron-emissive material which, when struck by an incoming electron, can produce secondary electrons. Each plate is perforated with channels. The channels are designed to promote the efficient transfer and acceleration of electrons through the channels, under an applied voltage differential across the plate(s). An anode (pixelated or non-pixelated) at the end of the last plate collects the electrons and generates an electrical signal. The MPA is contained within a vacuum enclosure.

Abstract: An MCP has a rectangular plate shape and has a porous part, to which a plurality of pores (channels) penetrating in the thickness direction are disposed, and a poreless part including a solid glass or the like to which the channels are not provided on the both sides of the porous part. Then, on both surfaces of the MCP, an input side electrode and an output side electrode are respectively formed so as to cover the poreless parts on the both surfaces while sandwiching the porous part.

Abstract: The photomultiplier tube 1 is provided with an electron multiplying part 33 having a plurality of stages of dynodes 33a to 33l arrayed along a direction at which electrons are multiplied on an inner surface 40a of a casing 5 and a photocathode 41 and an anode part 34 installed so as to be spaced away form the electron multiplying part 33 inside the casing 5. Each of the dynode 33c to 33e is provided with a plurality of columnar parts 51c to 51e where secondary electron emitting surfaces 53c to 53e are formed, thereby forming electron multiplying channels C between adjacent columnar parts.

Abstract: The present invention includes a transmissive-reflective photocathode including a membrane configured to absorb photons from an illumination source via a first surface of the membrane, the membrane further configured to emit photoelectrons in a reflection mode via the first surface, the membrane further configured to emit photoelectrons in a transmissive mode via a second surface, the first surface and the second surface being substantially parallel, and a membrane support structure configured to mechanically secure the membrane, the membrane support structure further configured to provide at least a first pathway between the first surface and free space and a second pathway between the second surface and free space.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an ion detector for improving the effect of electric field for pulling in an ion to be detected to a first-stage electrode of a secondary electron multiplier (SEM), and improving the effect of a stray light reduction. In one example embodiment, an ion detector includes a SEM, and a lead-in electrode for pulling in an ion to a first-stage electrode side of the SEM. At least one of the area of the lead-in electrode and a potential difference between the lead-in electrode and neighboring electrodes of the lead-in electrode, the neighboring electrode being an electrode not of the SEM, is set so that the light amount of internal-stray light generated inside the detector entering the first-stage electrode is not more than that of external-stray light generated outside the detector entering the first-stage electrode, when an ion is introduced into the detector.

Abstract: A photomultiplier tube includes a photocathode, a first electrode, and a second electrode opposedly disposed to the first electrode and separated from it to create a space therebetween. An anode opposedly disposed to the photocathode. The first electrode and the second electrode are disposed between the anode and the photocathode. The photocathode is adjacent to the first electrode and separated from it, and the anode is adjacent to the second electrode and separated from it. An amplifying medium is disposed in the space between the first electrode and the second electrode. The amplifying medium includes metal oxide nanoparticles and/or an aerogel. The metal oxide nanoparticles have an aspect ratio greater than or equal to about 5.

Abstract: Embodiments are directed to a digital data acquisition method that collects data regarding nuclear fission at high rates and performs real-time preprocessing of large volumes of data into directly useable forms for use in a system that performs non-destructive assaying of nuclear material and assemblies for mass and multiplication of special nuclear material (SNM). Pulses from a multi-detector array are fed in parallel to individual inputs that are tied to individual bits in a digital word. Data is collected by loading a word at the individual bit level in parallel, to reduce the latency associated with current shift-register systems. The word is read at regular intervals, all bits simultaneously, with no manipulation. The word is passed to a number of storage locations for subsequent processing, thereby removing the front-end problem of pulse pileup. The word is used simultaneously in several internal processing schemes that assemble the data in a number of more directly useable forms.

Abstract: The invention provides a hermetically sealed scintillation crystal package with a window made of a ruggedized material such as ALON (aluminum Oxynitride) or Spinel ceramic (MgAl2O4) where the window is sealed to an external metallic housing part by a brazing or soldering process and the external housing part is welded to the housing containing the scintillation crystal.

Abstract: A microchannel plate (1) having an array of channels (5),includes a substrate (2) and, deposited on the substrate, a hydrogenated amorphous silicon film (3) having a thickness ranging between 50 ?m and 200 ?m, preferably between 80 ?m and 120 ?m, the film including the array of channels (5). Preferably, the substrate (2) is an integrated circuit having an internal electronic readout circuit and pixilated collection electrodes (8), and the film (3) is integrated on the substrate (2). The channels (5) may be formed by a Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE) process.

Abstract: Method and systems related to obstructing a first predefined portion of at least one defined wavelength of light incident upon a first photo-detector array; and detecting the at least one defined wavelength of light with a photo-detector in a second photo-detector array.