Abstract: The present invention concerns methods and tools for analysing biomarkers useful for diagnosing an individual, in particular a newborn, with a respiratory disease, especially a newborn suffering from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The method and tools of the invention can in one embodiment be used for very rapidly detecting the ratio between lecithin and sphingomyelin in very small body fluid samples, e.g. gastric aspirate of a newborn. The invention is thus useful for obtaining a rapid treatment of RDS by administration of surfactant.

Abstract: Methods and systems for analyzing a sample and generating a predictive model using cavity ring-down spectroscopy are disclosed. At least part of a sample is loaded in a ring-down cavity. For each of a set of wavelengths, a laser beam is generated and directed into the ring-down cavity. The laser beam entering the ring-down cavity is extinguished. Light intensity decay data for light exiting the ring-down cavity is registered via a light intensity sensor system. A probability is determined from the light intensity decay data for the set of wavelengths that a subject from which the sample was received has a physiological condition or a degree of the physiological condition at least indirectly using a dataset of light intensity decay data for previously analyzed samples for which the presence or the absence of the physiological condition or the degree of the physiological condition have been identified.

Abstract: A microscopic observation system with a temperature-pressure-controllable sample cell and methods. The system can be configured to perform common optical microscopic observation and polarizing microscopic observation. The system is composed of a visual autoclave, a temperature control component, a rapid cooling component, a pressure control component and an optical imaging system, and can be configured to observe an evolution process of microstructures of polymer materials in specific atmosphere and rapid temperature and pressure changing environments in a scale of 1 ?m-1 cm. A novel characterization means for researching a condensed state evolution law of polymers in high-pressure environments, and also a new thought for deep reveal of the polymer crystallization mechanism and regulation of crystallization and phase separation behaviors of the polymer materials.

Abstract: measurement device and a measurement method for measuring a temperature and an emissivity of a measured surface are provided. The measurement device includes a reflection converter, an optical receiver and a data processor. The reflection converter includes a reflector having a through hole and an absorber tube shifted between a first measurement position and a second measurement position relative to the reflector. In the first measurement position, the light incident end of the absorber tube approaches or contacts the measured surface, such that the optical receiver forms a first electrical signal. In the second measurement position, the light incident end of the absorber tube is located at or outside the through hole, such that the optical receiver forms a second electrical signal. The data processor is configured to determine a temperature and an emissivity of the measured surface according to the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal.

Abstract: A gas sensor comprises a chamber configured to receive a gas; a light source configured to emit a light wave propagating through the chamber in an emission cone; a measurement photodetector and a reference photodetector, each configured to detect a light wave emitted by the light source and having passed through the chamber. The chamber extends between two transverse walls, arranged opposite one another and connected to one another by a peripheral wall extending therebetween, about a longitudinal axis (Z), and comprising a first reflective segment configured to receive a first portion of the emission cone to reflect it toward the measurement photodetector, thus forming a measurement cone converging toward the measurement photodetector. A second reflective segment of the peripheral wall is configured to receive a second portion of the emission cone to reflect it toward the reference photodetector, thus forming a reference cone converging toward the reference photodetector.

Abstract: A gas sensor with a gas permeable region is disclosed. In an embodiment a gas sensor includes a dielectric membrane formed on a semiconductor substrate having a cavity portion, a heater located within or over the dielectric membrane, a material for sensing a gas, wherein the material is located on one side of the dielectric membrane, a support structure located near the material, a gas permeable membrane coupled to the support structure so as to protect the material, wherein the semiconductor substrate forms the support structure.

Abstract: An apparatus for heating an insulation fluid in a medium-voltage or high-voltage switchgear comprises an infrared source which is adapted to emit infrared radiation of at least one wavelength. Thus, at least one vibrational or rotational mode of at least one component of the insulation fluid is excited by absorption of at least a part of the infrared radiation, and condensation of the insulation fluid is efficiently prevented by this direct heating of the insulation fluid. A closed loop temperature regulator is used to heat only when required. A circulator in a heating chamber further provides for a mixing of the insulation fluid, thus preventing steep temperature gradients.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electronic system comprising an electronic system comprising an electromechanical microsystem and a hermetic box encapsulating said microsystem. The box includes a fastening plane. The electromechanical microsystem includes a sensitive part and at least two beams connecting the sensitive part to the fastening plane. The beams are thermally coupled to the sensitive part and are electrically coupled to one another. The system further includes a thermal regulator of the electromechanical microsystem including an electrical circuit including at least two ends connected to the beams, and a circuit controller able to generate an electrical current in the electrical circuit to modify the temperature of the sensitive part.

Abstract: The concentration of a targeted molecule (such as glucose) in a liquid medium having at least one interfering molecule coexisting with the targeted molecule is detected by use of NDIR and a sampling technique in which an imposed location of a pulse beam from a signal source, an interference source and a reference source is varied over a plurality of sites of a sampling area.

Abstract: A method of detecting at least a partial blockage in a porous member separating a first volume from a second volume or inner chamber of a device includes emitting pressure waves within the inner chamber by changing a volume of the inner chamber, measuring a response via a pressure sensor responsive to pressure waves positioned within the inner chamber, and determining if at least a partial blockage is present in the porous member based upon the response of the pressure sensor.

Abstract: A process and sensor system useful for determining a concentration of a targeted molecule M (such as glucose) within a given time period in a liquid sampling matrix wherein the sample volume is configured so that a sampling error caused by changes of the targeted molecule passing in and out of the sample volume is approximately the same or less than a measurement error caused by an accuracy limit of electronic components and optical elements used in the sensor system.

Abstract: A fluid flow sensing and bubble detecting apparatus includes a housing comprising a channel configured to receive a tube through which fluid flows; a sensor apparatus disposed within the housing, which includes a first sensor operable to measure flow rate of fluid and to detect bubbles in flowing fluid; and a temperature sensor operable to detect temperature of the flowing fluid; and a processor connected to receive fluid flow rate data obtained by the first sensor, to receive bubble detection data obtained by the first sensor, and to receive fluid temperature data obtained by the temperature sensor, wherein when a tube through which fluid flows is disposed in the channel of the housing, the first sensor measures the flow rate of the flowing fluid and detects bubbles therein, and the temperature sensor measures the temperature of the flowing fluid, and the processor calculates in a short period of time a fluid flow rate corrected for temperature.

Abstract: Systems and methods for delivering therapy and/or medicament to a subject use one or more sensors to generate signals that represent characteristics of ultrasonic energy emitted during the use of respiratory medicament delivery devices. Parameters based on these signals indicate energy amplitude in one or more frequency ranges. Such parameters can be used to characterize the emitted ultrasonic energy and control and/or monitor device operation and/or patient adherence.

Abstract: A deformometer includes: a cavity body; entry and exit optical cavity optics, such that the optical cavity produces filtered combined light from combined light; a first laser that provides first light; a second laser that provides second light; an optical combiner that: receives the first light; receives the second light; combines the first light and the second light; produces combined light from the first light and the second light; and communicates the combined light to the entry optical cavity optic; a beam splitter that: receives the filtered combined light; splits the filtered combined light; a first light detector in optical communication with the beam splitter and that: receives the first filtered light from the beam splitter; and produces a first cavity signal from the first filtered light; and a second light detector that: receives the second filtered light; and produces a second cavity signal from the second filtered light.

Abstract: A deformometer includes: a cavity body; entry and exit optical cavity optics, such that the optical cavity produces filtered combined light from combined light; a first laser that provides first light; a second laser that provides second light; an optical combiner that: receives the first light; receives the second light; combines the first light and the second light; produces combined light from the first light and the second light; and communicates the combined light to the entry optical cavity optic; a beam splitter that: receives the filtered combined light; splits the filtered combined light; a first light detector in optical communication with the beam splitter and that: receives the first filtered light from the beam splitter; and produces a first cavity signal from the first filtered light; and a second light detector that: receives the second filtered light; and produces a second cavity signal from the second filtered light.

Abstract: Presented herein is a method for in-situ real-time non-invasive estimation of the level of living cells proliferation and/or growth in a biological material present in a container sealed to prevent biological contamination. The method comprises measuring the concentration of at least one metabolic gas that is emitted by the living cells. The method can be adapted inter alia to detect a microorganism contamination in a storage container for platelets sealed to biological contamination, to monitor a fermentation process in a fermenter enclosing microorganisms and sealed to biological contamination, and to monitor the concentration of living cells in a bioreactor sealed to biological contamination.

Abstract: A gas sensor module integrated onto a board comprising at least one radiation source configured for emitting radiation, at least one radiation detector unit configured to detect at least part of said radiation, and a radiation cell providing at least one radiation path from said radiation source to said radiation detector unit. Said board is provided with a recess and said radiation path is propagating within said recess.

Abstract: A system and method for measuring a concentration of a gas in a container having at least one flexible or variable side or wall. The system and method comprising creating a determinable optical path length through the container having a shape. Positioning a light source head and a detector head against at least one of the least one flexible or variable side or wall. Transmitting a light signal between the light source head and the detector head through the determinable optical path length. Determining the concentration of the gas in the container based on detected light and the determinable optical path length.

Abstract: A method for correcting a wavelength and a tuning range of a laser spectrometer in which the light from a wavelength-tunable laser diode, after being radiating through a gas, is detected and evaluated, wherein the laser diode is periodically driven with a current ramp, such that a time-resolved absorption spectrum of the gas is obtained upon the detection of the light, where in order to correct the wavelength and the tuning range of the laser spectrometer, a first step involves readjusting the central wavelength of the laser diode via the temperature thereof and based on the position of one of two different selected absorption lines in the detected absorption spectrum, and a second step involves correcting the tuning range of the laser diode via the gradient of the current ramp such that the spacing of the two absorption lines in the detected absorption spectrum remains constant.

Abstract: The invention relates to an optical detector (110) for an optical detection, in particular, of radiation within the infrared spectral range, specifically, with regard to sensing at least one optically conceivable property of an object (112). More particular, the optical detector (110) may be used for determining transmissivity, absorption, emission, reflectance, and/or a position of at least one object (112). Further, the invention relates to a method for manufacturing the optical detector (110) and to various uses of the optical detector (110).

Abstract: A system and method for photo-thermal imaging of a lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) device are provided. The system includes an intensity modulated heat source directed at a surface of the LFA device to selectively excite chromophore particles of interest and a thermal capture device configured to capture thermal waves emitted from the surface of the LFA device as a radiometric signal. A computing device, in communication with the thermal capture device, receives the radiometric signal and executes lock-in demodulation to detect surface or subsurface inhomogeneities of the LFA device.

Abstract: A measuring arrangement having an illuminating arrangement to emit coherent light; a cuvette defining an inner volume for receiving a fluid possibly comprising microscopic objects of foreign origin, the cuvette being arranged to receive the coherent light and let it exit therefrom through opposite entrance and exit openings, the entrance opening being closed by an entrance window. The possible microscopic objects present in the fluid scatter part of the light, the scattered and non-scattered light interfering to form interference fringes. An image sensor is configured to capture a hologram digital image frame by receiving the light propagated across the cuvette. An exit window is arranged to close the exit opening of the cuvette. The image sensor is mounted in direct contact with the cuvette.

Abstract: Various embodiments disclosed relate to drilling rig gas trap gas sampling. In various embodiments, the present invention provides a method of gas sampling. The method includes flowing a gas sample from a sample container to a gas trap. The gas trap includes a mud inlet, a mud outlet, and a sample line fluidly connecting the gas trap to a gas detector. The sample container is fluidly and sealably connected to the gas trap. The method includes flowing the gas sample in the gas trap to the gas detector via the sample line. The method includes detecting the gas sample with the gas detector.

Abstract: A dual sensor, includes: one or more analyte detectors, each having an analyte-specific binding site for interacting with a specific analyte; an optical source generating a first frequency comb spectrum directed to an environment to be scanned, the first frequency comb spectrum having multiple optical frequencies at a first frequency range; an optical spectrum analyzer analyzing an optical spectrum resulting from interaction of the first frequency comb spectrum with the environment; and a controller that is configured, where an analyte detector indicates presence of a specific analyte, to adjust the first frequency comb spectrum to increase sensitivity for detecting the specific analyte.

Abstract: A gas sensor includes: a gas detection unit including a light source and a detector; and a gas passage including a first end, a second end and a hollow part. The hollow part has a shape in which a cross-sectional area of a flow passage grows smaller. The gas passage includes: a member that divides the hollow part into at least a first area and a second area; a gas inflow port; and a gas outflow port. The gas flows from the gas inflow port into the hollow part, flows in the first area to arrive at the gas detection unit, and the gas located in the gas detection unit flows in the second area and flows out from the gas outflow port.

Abstract: A spectrometer module and a fabrication method thereof are provided. The fabrication method includes the steps of: providing at least one substrate; and forming at least one positioning side and at least one optical component of the spectrometer on the at least one substrate by a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) process. The spectrometer module fabricated by the fabrication method includes a plurality of substrates and at least one optical component. At least one of the substrates has at least one positioning side, and the at least one optical component of the spectrometer is formed on at least one of the substrates. The positioning side and the optical component are fabricated by a MEMS process.

Abstract: A method of detecting at least a partial blockage in a porous member separating an inner chamber of a device having a gas sensor responsive to an analyte positioned within the inner chamber and an ambient environment includes emitting pressure waves within the inner chamber and measuring a response via a sensor responsive to pressure waves positioned within the inner chamber.

Abstract: A method of detecting at least a partial blockage in a porous member separating an inner chamber of a device having a gas sensor responsive to an analyte positioned within the inner chamber and an ambient environment includes emitting pressure waves within the inner chamber and measuring a change in phase of a response via a sensor responsive to pressure waves.

Abstract: Method for distinguishing between red blood cells and white blood cells. The method includes obliquely illuminating the blood sample with light from at least two rotational angles and analyzing light side scattered from cells in the sample to provide accurate discrimination of white blood cell types based on the anisotropy of red blood cell side scatter as compared to more isotropic white blood cell side scatter.

Abstract: A laser system with optical feedback, includes an optical-feedback-sensitive laser which emits, via an output optical fibre, a continuous, frequency-adjustable, propagating, source optical wave, known as the source wave; a resonant optical cavity coupled by means of optical feedback to the laser and configured to generate an intra-cavity wave, one fraction of which returns to the laser in the form of a counter-propagating optical wave; an electro-optic fibre modulator placed on the optical path between the laser and the resonant optical cavity, the electro-optic modulator being configured to generate a phase-shifted source wave by phase-shifting the source wave and, by phase-shifting the counter-propagating optical wave, to generate a phase-shifted counter-propagating wave, known as the feedback wave, which reaches the laser; a phase-control device for generating a control signal for the electro-optic modulator from an error signal representative of the relative phase between the source wave and the feedback

Abstract: A breath analyte capture device includes a breath input port into which a user exhales a breath sample, and a cartridge insertion port for receiving a disposable cartridge containing an interactant. During exhalation of a breath sample, at least a portion of the breath sample is routed through the cartridge such that the analyte (such as breath acetone) is captured by the interactant. In some embodiments, the concentration of the analyte in the breath sample is measured by monitoring a chemical reaction that occurs in the disposable cartridge. The chemical reaction may be monitored by illuminating the cartridge at each of multiple light wavelengths while measuring reflected light.

Abstract: An artificial gut simulator and methods are shown. In one example, the artificial gut simulator and methods provide accurate dissolution data by removing detected test sample material from the tester over time.

Abstract: Detector data representative of an intensity of light that impinges on a detector after being emitted from a light source and passing through a gas over a path length can be analyzed using a first analysis method to obtain a first calculation of an analyte concentration in the volume of gas and a second analysis method to obtain a second calculation of the analyte concentration. The second calculation can be promoted as the analyte concentration upon determining that the analyte concentration is out of a first target range for the first analysis method.

Abstract: A liquid membrane 100 is formed by jetting a liquid sucked from a recovery reservoir 11a and pressurized using a pump 12 from a nozzle of a liquid membrane cartridge 20. The formed liquid membrane 100 makes contact with a slope wall of the liquid membrane cartridge 20 along a surface of the liquid membrane 100. The liquid running down from the slope wall is recovered and stored in the recovery reservoir 11a in order to recover the liquid running down along the slope wall in a decelerated state into the recovery reservoir 11a. As a result, it is possible to prevent air bubbles from being generated by agitation of a liquid of the recovery reservoir 11a when the liquid enters the recovery reservoir 11a.

Abstract: Provided is a device which performs vein authentication by using a downward irradiation-type thin module and selecting an image of a proper angle by varying the irradiation direction of near-infrared illumination. Realized are a photographing method and control method of a finger vein image suitable for thin devices such as a smartphone. Adopted is a finger vein authentication device comprising an imaging unit, an illumination unit which is disposed on a substantially same plane as the imaging unit, and irradiates a finger to be captured by the imaging unit with light in which an irradiation angle is variable, an image selection unit which selects an image according to the irradiation angle of the illumination unit, and an authentication processing unit which performs authentication processing using the image selected by the image selection unit.

Abstract: Systems and methods of laser dispersion spectroscopy for in situ, quantitative and non-intrusive measurements of combustion parameters, such as temperature and gas concentrations are provided. The system includes a laser source configured to sweep across the spectral features of molecules, an RF generator configured to modulate a laser to generate a three-tone laser beam, a photodetector configured to detect the transmitted three-tone laser beam to generate a heterodyne beat note signal, and a lock-in amplifier configured to further process the beat note signal in order to measure a phase of the heterodyne beat note signal.

Abstract: Sensors and methods are provided that include a diamond material containing a nitrogen vacancy center, the diamond material being configured to be exposed to an environment comprising one or more gases, an optical light source configured to excite the nitrogen vacancy center of the diamond material with an optical light beam produced therefrom, a detector configured to detect a signal originating from the diamond material in response to the optical light beam exciting the nitrogen vacancy center, and the capability of analyzing the signal to identify a specific gas in the environment. Also included are levitated spin-optomechanical systems capable of elevating in a vacuum a diamond material containing a nitrogen vacancy center, applying microwave radiation to the diamond material for controlling and flipping the electron spin of the nitrogen vacancy center, and monitoring electron spin of the nitrogen vacancy center.

Abstract: An optical measurement method and system. The system includes, and method applies, a light source, a beamsplitter, at least one filter, a output photodetector for acquiring data of a sample, and a correction photodetector for correcting and maintaining output intensity from the light source. The filter is located between the light source and the correction photodetector for normalizing the spectrum of the input light being applied to input light correction. The filter may be incorporated into the beamsplitter and may be tuned to filter light from the light source for providing non-zero transmission of light with a near-zero gradient for wavelengths in a portion of the spectrum of the input light being applied to the sample and read by the output photodetector. The filter may also or alternatively be located downstream of the beamsplitter to correct for wavelength sensitivity of the correction photodetector.

Abstract: Background composition concentration data representative of an actual background composition of a sample gas can be used to model absorption spectroscopy measurement data obtained for a gas sample and to correct an analysis of the absorption spectroscopy data (e.g. for structural interference and collisional broadening) based on the modeling.

Abstract: It has conventionally been difficult to achieve a sheet adhesive which adheres in a low temperature (from 20 to 90° C.), and has both of softness and high adhering strength. The present invention realizes a sheet adhesive capable of adhering in a low temperature (from 20 to 90° C.) which exhibits a high adhesiveness in spite of being a soft sheet of thin film, by forming a simulated multiple layer by using an elastomer as a substrate layer, and by forming a reactive layer by means of spraying or application. A sheet adhesive including a substrate layer and a reactive layer, wherein the substrate layer includes a component (A) and a component (B) below, and the reactive layer is formed with a liquid agent including a component (C) below in an amount of from 0.01% by mass to 45% by mass, component (A): a urethane elastomer, component (B): an epoxy resin, component (C): an amine compound and/or phenol compound.

Abstract: The invention relates to an assembly for determining the permeation rate of a sample for at least one permeate, in particular water vapor, wherein multiple detectors are arranged in a row or in a row and column arrangement for the spatially resolved spectral analysis of electromagnetic radiation within a wavelength interval. The detectors are connected to an electronic evaluation unit and are arranged such that electromagnetic radiation emitted from a broadband radiation source is incident on the detectors either after being reflected by the surface of the sample, by a layer formed on the sample, or by the surface of a layer within the sample, and/or after passing through a sample which is transparent to the electromagnetic radiation. The irradiation is carried out such that a homogeneous intensity of the electromagnetic radiation is maintained on a surface, by means of which the electromagnetic radiation is reflected or through which the radiation is transmitted.

Abstract: An image capturing apparatus includes an image capturing device that captures an image of light from a subject, the light passing through each of wavelength band filters having invisible wavelengths as passbands, in which parts of the passbands of the filters whose center wavelengths are adjacent to each other mutually overlap, and a control unit that causes the image capturing device to capture an image of the light from the subject on which a first irradiation light is irradiated, the first irradiation light having a first spectral distribution in which parts of the respective passbands of the filters overlap with one another, and causes the image capturing device to capture an image of the light from the subject on which a second irradiation light is irradiated, the second irradiation light having a second spectral distribution in which parts of the respective passbands of the filters overlap with one another.

Abstract: An infrared (IR) imaging system for determining a concentration of a target species in an object is disclosed. The imaging system can include an optical system including a focal plane array (FPA) unit behind an optical window. The optical system can have components defining at least two optical channels thereof, said at least two optical channels being spatially and spectrally different from one another. Each of the at least two optical channels can be positioned to transfer IR radiation incident on the optical system towards the optical FPA. The system can include a processing unit containing a processor that can be configured to acquire multispectral optical data representing said target species from the IR radiation received at the optical FPA. One or more of the optical channels may be used in detecting objects on or near the optical window, to avoid false detections of said target species.

Abstract: The instant disclosure provides a gas detection device including a chamber module, a light emitting module and an optical sensing module. The chamber module includes a condensing chamber, a receiving chamber and a sampling chamber. The condensing chamber has a first reflecting structure, a second reflecting structure and a third reflecting structure. The first reflecting structure is disposed between the second reflecting structure and the third reflecting structure. The light emitting module is disposed on the condensing chamber and includes a light emitting unit corresponding to the condensing chamber. The optical sensing module includes an optical sensing unit disposed in the receiving chamber.

Abstract: A display device includes a detecting drive unit, an air cleanliness detecting unit and an air cleanliness indicating unit. The air cleanliness detecting unit is configured to detect air cleanliness under the driven of the detecting drive unit and to transmit a detecting result to the air cleanliness indicating unit. The air cleanliness indicating unit is configured to indicate the air cleanliness based on the detecting result of the air cleanliness detecting unit. The display device of the disclosure can conveniently detect the air cleanliness so that a user can live more healthily.

Abstract: A spectrometer includes a light detection element having a substrate made of a semiconductor material, a light passing part provided in the substrate, and a light detection part put in the substrate, a support having a base wall part opposing the light detection element, and side wall parts integrally formed with the base wall part, the light detection element being fixed to the side wall parts, the support being provided with a wiring electrically connected to the light detection part, and a dispersive part provided on a surface of the base wall part on a side of a space. An end part of the wiring is connected to a terminal of the light detection element. An end part of the wiring is positioned on a surface in the base wall part on an opposite side from the side of the space.

Abstract: The concentration of a targeted molecule (such as glucose) in a liquid medium having at least one interfering molecule coexisting with the targeted molecule is detected by use of NDIR and a sampling technique in which an imposed location of a pulse beam from a signal source, an interference source and a reference source is varied over a plurality of sites of a sampling area.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining concentrations of absorbing gases by means of a spectroscopic measuring device, wherein wavelength-dependent measurement values for a light intensity are obtained and a wavelength-dependent measurement value function is represented based on these values. A wavelength-dependent theoretical function is defined, which includes as parameters a calibration parameter and the concentrations. The calibration parameter is defined as a function of a device parameter and a correction parameter that depends on the concentrations.

Abstract: A method is provided for transporting a plurality of cells through a flow chamber, wherein the cells are initially immobilized on an internal surface of the flow chamber. The method comprises: selectively releasing the cells from the internal surface of the flow chamber; and flowing liquid through the flow chamber such that the released cells travel with the liquid, thereby transporting the cells through the flow chamber. Cells can be immobilized on or selectively released from the internal surface by applying or removing a trapping potential. The trapping potential can arise from an electric field gradient or an optical field gradient. Alternatively, cells can be selectively released from the surface using photocatalysis. Selective release allows cells to be individually observed or analyzed downstream, and can be based on a signal detected from one or more cells immobilized on the surface.

Abstract: A gas analyzer may include: a gas chamber configured to receive a gas to be analyzed therein, a radiation source configured to emit electromagnetic radiation into the gas chamber, the electromagnetic radiation being adapted to selectively excite gas molecules of a specific type that is to be detected in the gas received in the gas chamber, a collimator configured to collimate the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the radiation source, and a sensor configured to detect a physical quantity indicative of a degree of interaction between the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the radiation source and the gas to be analyzed.