Abstract: A non-dispersive photoacoustic gas detector includes an infrared light source, a first closed chamber, a first acoustic sensor in fluid communication with the first closed chamber, a second closed chamber, and a second acoustic sensor in fluid communication with the second closed chamber. The first closed chamber comprises a plurality of windows that are substantially transparent to infrared light from the infrared light source. The second closed chamber comprises at least one window that is substantially transparent to infrared light from the infrared light source, and the first closed chamber is arranged in series with the second closed chamber between the infrared light source and the second closed chamber.

Abstract: A system and method for determining concentration of a constituent of a sample fluid includes a flow cell with a light source emitting incident light to a proximal end thereof. Media disposed within the flow cell supports nanostructures that are substantially transparent in at least a portion of the incident light spectrum. The nanostructures adsorb or absorb the constituent to attain a concentration that is a multiple of the concentration of the constituent in the sample fluid. A sensor detects transmitted light exiting from the media, and generates outputs corresponding to a spectrum of the transmitted light. A processor captures the sensor outputs and compares the incident light spectrum to the transmitted light spectrum to generate an absorbance spectrum. The absorbance spectrum is used to calculate the concentration in the nanostructures, which is then used with the predetermined multiple to calculate the sample concentration.

Abstract: A photo-acoustic gas sensor is disclosed. The photo-acoustic gas sensor includes a substrate, a light emitter unit supported by the substrate, the light emitter unit including a light emitter configured to emit a beam of light pulses with a predetermined repetition frequency and wavelength corresponding to an absorption band of a gas to be sensed, and a detector unit supported by the substrate, the detector unit including a microphone, wherein the beam of light pulses traverses an area intended to accommodate the gas and the microphone can receive a signal oscillating with the repetition frequency.

Abstract: A vibration damper structure and a series fan thereof. The vibration damper structure includes a first support body, a second support body and an elastic member. The first support body has a first upper end and a first lower end. The second support body has a second upper end and a second lower end. The elastic member is disposed between the first and second support bodies. The elastic member has a first support end in contact with the first lower end and a second support end in contact with the second lower end. The vibration damper structure is applied to the series fan to greatly reduce the vibration of the series fan in operation.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a semiconductor laser includes a semiconductor laser element. A drive current which is composed of a direct current and an alternating current superposed thereon is applied to the semiconductor laser element. A waveform of the alternating current is a non-square wave. A frequency of the alternating current is from 50 Hz to 500 kHz.

Abstract: A lightpipe is coupled to a spectrometer based on a laterally variable optical filter. The lightpipe may be used for both guiding the illuminating light towards a sample and collecting light reflected or emitted by the sample upon illumination, for spectral measurements at a distance from the sample afforded by the lightpipe. The lightpipe may include a slab of homogeneous transparent material for unconstrained bidirectional propagation of light in bulk of the material. The lightpipe may be solid, hollow, or sectioned for separated guiding of the illuminating and the reflected light.

Abstract: A method of referencing in optical absorption spectroscopy using broadband light sources for determining the concentration of substances in gaseous or fluid media through and to a device for measuring the concentration of substances in gaseous or fluid media within the measurement path of a measurement cell using absorption spectroscopy of light emitted from broadband light sources via light guiding optics.

Abstract: A sensor including an optical cavity capable of receiving the gas, and defined by first and second opposite ends and a connecting portion connecting said ends; a light source arranged to emit infrared light in the optical cavity; at least one infrared detector arranged to detect the infrared light; at least one mirror arranged in the optical cavity to guide the infrared light towards said at least one infrared detector; the sensor being remarkable in that it includes first and second reflective elements respectively extending at the first and second ends of the optical cavity, and having an infrared light reflection coefficient greater than or equal to 75% for any angle of incidence.

Abstract: An inline concentration meter includes a light source unit emitting mixed light containing at least two wavelengths with a phase difference, a detecting unit including a light incident part for entering the mixed light emitted from the light source unit into a fluid passage of a detector body and at least two light detection parts receiving the mixed light passed through the fluid passage, a computing processor unit conducting frequency analyzes of detection signals of the mixed light output from the respective light detection parts and computing variations of intensities of the detection signals corresponding to absorbances in at least two frequency ranges to compute a concentration of fluid in the fluid passage based on the variations of the intensities of the detection signals, and a recording/displaying unit recording and displaying a value of the fluid concentration computed at the computing processor unit.

Abstract: A gas analyzer is provided. The gas analyzer may include: a tubular housing having a housing wall extending along an axial direction of the tubular housing and surrounding a gas chamber configured to receive a gas to be analyzed therein, an excitation element positioned at a first axial end of the tubular housing and configured to selectively excite gas molecules of a specific type that is to be detected in the gas received in the gas chamber in a time-varying fashion, thereby generating acoustic waves, and a sensor positioned at a second axial end of the tubular housing and configured to detect acoustic waves generated by the excitation element.

Abstract: A portable handheld gas leak detector that draws in a sample of ambient air for detecting the presence of a gas by sensing changes in infrared (IR) energy between an IR emitter and an IR sensor when the gas is in the space between the IR emitter and the IR sensor.

Abstract: A light source device includes a light source, a wavelength conversion member, and a retroreflective optical member. The light source emits excitation light. The wavelength conversion member includes a first region irradiated with the excitation light and radiates, from the first region, converted light having a wavelength different from that of the excitation light. The retroreflective optical member reflects the converted light toward the first region. The first region is a region that is a part of the wavelength conversion member.

Abstract: A gas analysis system includes: a laser light source for emitting a laser light to be transmitted through an analysis target gas; a photodetector configured to receive the laser light transmitted through the analysis target gas, for outputting a signal corresponding to an emission intensity of the received laser light; a gas analysis apparatus for analyzing the analysis target gas on the basis of the signal outputted from the photodetector; a variable light attenuator disposed between the analysis target gas and the laser light source; a transmitted-light amount detector configured to evaluate a transmitted light amount of the laser light transmitted through the analysis target gas on the basis of the signal outputted from the photodetector; and an attenuation amount controller configured to control an attenuation amount of the variable light attenuator on the basis of the transmitted light amount of the laser light evaluated by the transmitted-light amount detector.

Abstract: A photoacoustic gas detector may include: a gas chamber configured to receive a gas to be analyzed therein, an excitation element configured to selectively excite gas molecules of a specific type that is to be detected in the gas received in the gas chamber in a time-varying fashion, thereby generating pressure differences, a sensor configured to detect pressure differences generated by the excitation element, and a pump configured to pump gas between the exterior of the photoacoustic gas detector and the gas chamber.

Abstract: Unique gas cell constructions based on a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber are used, for example, inside a fiber ring laser cavity as an intracavity gas cell. In one embodiment, two simple terminal blocks are coupled to opposite ends of the hollow-core photonic crystal fiber. Each block features a main through-bore with an optical window at one end and an optical fiber chuck fitted at the other end, while a transverse bore intersects the main bore and features a gas fitting for connection to a gas source or vacuum pump. In another embodiment, the hollow-core photonic crystal fiber is contained within an enclosure whose exterior walls are fitted with optical windows and gas ports. Inside the enclosure, fiber clamps supports the ends of the hollow-core photonic crystal fiber at positions adjacent to an in alignment with the optical windows.

Abstract: We disclose herein an environmental sensor system comprising an environmental sensor comprising a first heater and a second heater in which the first heater is configured to consume a lower power compared to the second heater. The system also comprises a controller coupled with the environmental sensor. The controller is configured to detect if a measured value of a targeted environmental parameter is present. The controller is configured to switch on at least one of the first and second heaters based on the presence and/or result of the measured value of the targeted environmental parameter.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an optical module comprising: a photoelectric conversion unit, a first demodulation circuit, and a second demodulation circuit; the first demodulation circuit and the second demodulation circuit are respectively connected to the photoelectric conversion unit; the photoelectric conversion unit is configured to convert the received optical signal into an electrical signal; the first demodulation circuit is configured to demodulate an electrical signal converted by the photoelectric conversion unit and generate a high-frequency electrical signal; the second demodulation circuit is configured to demodulate an electrical signal converted by the photoelectric conversion unit and generate a low-frequency electrical signal.

Abstract: A gas concentration measurement device includes a light source that emits infrared light, a detector that detects the infrared light through a band pass filter, and a waveguide including a wave-guiding portion that includes a tubular inner peripheral surface, an entrance that introduces the infrared light from the light source to the wave-guiding portion, and an exit that guides the infrared light that passes through the wave-guiding portion toward the detector. A portion or the entirety of the inner peripheral surface of the wave-guiding portion includes a tapered region that includes a cross section that decreases along a direction extending from the entrance to the exit. The waveguide reflects the infrared light that enters the wave-guiding portion to reduce energy of the infrared light that is obliquely incident on the band pass filter.

Abstract: For determining concentration of targeted molecules MG in a liquid sample admixed with interfering molecules MJ which overlap their absorption band, a special NDIR sampling and calibration technique is employed. Besides the signal source, a reference and one or more interference sources are added. The selection of the wavelength for the interference sources enables its measured transmittance value to be used for deciding the validity of the calibration curve for molecules MG in the liquid sample. This value can further be used to adjust the calibration curve via a parameter linking the transmittances measured at the signal and interference wavelength channels in order to assure its validity.

Abstract: Method of measuring a ratio of concentrations of two isotopologues of a chemical species in a first gas mixture using an optical absorption spectroscopy based gas analyzer; the method includes measuring the line intensity of a rotational-vibrational line of one isotopologue and the line intensity of another rotational-vibrational line of another isotopologue. The method also includes determining the ratio of two line intensities and comparing it with another ratio measured using another gas analyzer for a gas mixture with known concentration of isotopologues. The second ratio can be measured for the same pair of lines or for different pair of lines. The second ratio can be measured at the same gas temperature or at different gas temperature. The method includes determining a ratio of concentrations of two isotopologues based on two ratios of line intensities and two temperatures.

Abstract: Presented herein are systems and methods for quantifying trace and/or ultra-trace levels of a species—for example, H2S or H2O—in a natural gas line. The systems and methods employ a tunable laser, such as a tunable diode laser, vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL), external cavity diode laser or a vertical external-cavity surface-emitting laser (VECSEL) or a tunable quantum cascade laser (QCL). The laser produces an output beam over a set of one or more relatively narrow, high resolution wavelength bands at a scan rate from about 0.1 Hz to about 1000 Hz. A natural gas sample comprising a trace level of a species of interest passes through a flow cell into which the output beam from the laser is guided. An optical detector receives light from the flow cell, producing a signal indicative of the absorption attenuation from which the concentration of the trace species is determined.

Abstract: An inline concentration measurement device comprises: a measurement cell main body with a gas flow path formed; a light incident part with a window member connected to the main body; and a light receiving part with a window member connected to the main body, wherein the gas flow path includes a gas flow path for an optical path extending straight between the window members of the light incident part and the light receiving part, a first communication part making a gas inlet formed in the main body communicate with the gas flow path part for the optical path, and a second communication part making a gas outlet formed in the main body communicate with the gas flow path part for the optical path, and the first communication part obliquely extends from the gas inlet towards the window member of the light incident part.

Abstract: An optical multipass system is configured to include, in addition an end-mirror configuration of reflective surfaces, a multipass pattern folding assembly. The end-mirror configuration includes at least two reflective surfaces arranged to provide for establishing cell stability of an optical multipass cell comprising all or part of the optical multipass system, or further provide for directing and/or focusing light within the optical multipass cell. The multipass pattern folding assembly includes at least two inner reflective surfaces configured to provide for folding an optical pattern intra-cavity at least twice off one of the inner reflective surfaces of the multipass pattern folding assembly.

Abstract: What is specified is an electronic component (100) comprising a functional body (1) provided with a reflection structure (2) wherein the reflection structure (2) is arranged and designed to reflect radiation that impinges on the electronic component (100) from outside away from the functional body (1) and wherein the electronic component (100) is radiation-passive.

Abstract: A method for measuring the concentrations of species present at at least one point of a separation unit operating in simulated moving bed (SMB) mode, or a hybrid separation unit employing a step for simulated moving bed (SMB) separation and a step for crystallization, by calibration by inline acquisition of Raman spectra for different mixtures; analysis by inline signal processing of the Raman spectrum.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for analyzing a fluid sample that includes loading the sample in a sample space in a sensor with an input and an output, applying an electromagnetic input signal to the input, measuring at the output a response signal that includes an output signal produced by the sensor while the sensor is contacted by the sample and the electromagnetic input signal is applied to the input, comparing the response signal against the electromagnetic input signal to generate a comparison, and matching the comparison against a set of comparisons for known substances.

Abstract: A gas analyzer and related methods are for measuring a concentration of a component of a gas mixture. The gas analyzer includes a gas cell defining an overall volume for housing the gas mixture, a gas inlet and a gas outlet, a light source that emits a light beam into the gas cell, and a light detector that detects a portion of the light of the light beam that has propagated through the gas mixture, the concentration of the component of the gas mixture being determined based on the portion of the light beam detected by the light detector. The gas cell defines an optical volume for travel of the light beam within the gas cell, and the optical volume comprises at least a portion of the overall volume and is configured to suppress turbulent flow of the gas mixture within the optical volume to reduce optical noise generated by the gas mixture.

Abstract: A solution for evaluating a sample gas for a presence of a trace gas, such as ozone, is provided. The solution uses an ultraviolet source and an ultraviolet detector mounted in a chamber. The chamber can include reflecting walls and/or structures configured to guide ultraviolet light. A computer system can operate the ultraviolet source in a high power pulse mode and acquire data corresponding to an intensity of the ultraviolet radiation detected by the ultraviolet detector while a sample gas is present in the chamber. Using the data, the computer system can determine a presence and/or an amount of the trace gas in the sample gas.

Abstract: An infusion set and an intravenous bag adapter constructed of ultraviolet transmissive thermoplastic is used in spectroscopic validation of pharmaceuticals. The described hardware allows for qualitative and quantitative assurance of medications and is used to prevent medication errors. The thermoplastic is transmissive in the range of 240 to 315 nanometers.

Abstract: A monitoring assembly and method to measure selected properties of water or other amorphous medium, including a carrier suitable for immersion in the medium and a sorbent module, held by the carrier and capable of being exposed to medium of interest, having at least one sorbent material capable of capturing at least a first, target item and a second, reference item from the medium during a sampling period. Preferably, a sensor module measures at least one parameter that is associated with the sampling period for the sorbent module.

Abstract: Disclosed is a device for optically determining a concentration of alcohol and carbohydrates in a liquid sample. The device includes at least a first and a second light source arranged for exposing the liquid sample in a wavelength range between 750 nm and 1000 nm, a spectrometer arranged to determine a first and a second light intensity by measuring the light from the first and the second light source, a processing unit which is connected to the spectrometer and which is arranged to determine an absorption value of the liquid sample from a comparison of the first and the second light intensity with a reference value. In certain aspects, the device may further include a processing unit that calculates concentrations of alcohol and/or carbohydrates and at least two polarization filters.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an absorption spectroscopy device, comprising a light cavity vessel (1) whose inner wall is at least partially coated with a light reflective layer (2), wherein said light reflective layer is a distributed Bragg reflector or is composed of stainless steel or aluminium; a photo-detector; and a light source, wherein said light source is capable of emitting light radiation which passes through said light cavity vessel, wherein said light cavity vessel is capable of reflecting the emitted radiation and wherein said photo-detector is capable of detecting at least a portion of the emitted light.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a method and system for gas concentration measurement of gas or gas mixtures dissolved in liquids. A gas or gas mixture dissolved in a liquid sample is extracted from the liquid sample using an extraction system and conducted into a measurement chamber. Then a measurement signal is generated by means of a radiant source and the measurement signal is directed to a measurement object in a measurement chamber containing the gas or gas mixture to be measured. The measurement signal is filtered using at least two wavelengths, whereupon the filtering is preferably implemented by means of an electrically tunable, short-resonator Fabry-Perot interferometer. Then the filtered measurement signals are detected my means of a detector.

Abstract: To provide an SO3 analysis device and analysis method capable of accurately and rapidly measuring the concentration of SO3 in exhaust gas without pre-processing. The present invention is provided with a light source (11) for radiating laser light (2) to exhaust gas (1) including SO3, CO2, and H2O, a photodetector (13) for receiving the laser light (2) radiated to the exhaust gas (1), a light source control unit (14a) of a control device (14) for controlling the wavelength of the laser light (2) radiated by the light source (11) so as to be 4.060 ?m to 4.192 ?m, and a concentration calculation unit (14b) of the control device (14) for calculating the SO3 concentration by infrared spectroscopy on the basis of the output from the photodetector (13) and a reference signal from the light source control unit (14a).

Abstract: A device for determining a concentration of at least one gas in a sample gas flow by infrared absorption spectroscopy. The device includes an infrared radiation source which emits a radiation which is conducted through an analysis cell, a feed line, the sample gas flow which is conducted into and out of the analysis cell via the feed line, a detector which measures an absorption spectrum arising in the analysis cell, a suction jet pump which includes a propellant gas connection, and a propellant gas line which extends to the propellant gas connection of the suction jet pump. The suction jet pump is arranged downstream of the analysis cell and feeds the sample gas flow through the analysis cell via the feed line. The propellant gas line includes a regulating valve which regulates a propellant pressure in the propellant gas line.

Abstract: A measurement apparatus comprises: a light emitting means for emitting a light; a light receiving means for receiving a reflected light from a measurement target, the light receiving means comprises a plurality of light-receiving elements; a detection means for detecting a temperature of the light emitting means; a determination means for determining a correspondence between each light-receiving element of the light receiving means and a wavelength of the reflected light from the measurement target based on a result of receiving the reflected light from a reference element and the temperature of the light emitting means detected by the detection means; and an output means for outputting spectral reflectance information for the measurement target based on a result of receiving the reflected light from the measurement target and the correspondence determined by the determination means.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for the optical in-situ gas analysis that comprises a housing; a measuring lance whose one, first end is connected to the housing and whose other, second end projects into the gas to be measured; a light transmitter arranged in the housing whose light is conducted into the measuring lance and is reflected onto a light receiver by a reflector arranged at the second end, wherein the optical path defines an optical measurement path within the measuring lance; a gas-permeable filter through which the gas to be measured moves into the measurement path; and an evaluation device for evaluating received light signals of the light receiver. To provide an improved apparatus with which the problem of the condensate formation can be counteracted better, provision is made that the measuring lance has an agitation apparatus for agitating the gas in the measuring lance.

Abstract: A linear absorption spectrometer includes: a laser light source that provides mid-infrared laser light; a high finesse optical resonator that includes: a sample cell operating at a temperature from 220 K to 300 K during linear absorption of mid-infrared laser light by radiocarbon and including: a linear absorption optical path length greater than a kilometer; a first zero-pressure difference mirror mount on which a first supermirror is disposed; a second zero-pressure difference mirror mount on which a second supermirror is disposed; an optical switch interposed between the laser light source and the high finesse optical resonator that modulates and communicates mid-infrared laser light to the high finesse optical resonator; a photoreceiver that receives cavity ring down light and includes a noise equivalent power that is less than a shot noise limit of cavity ring down light.

Abstract: The instant disclosure provides a gas detection device including a chamber module, a light emitting module and an optical sensing module. The chamber module includes a condensing chamber, a receiving chamber and a sampling chamber. The condensing chamber has a first reflecting structure, a second reflecting structure and a third reflecting structure. The first reflecting structure is disposed between the second reflecting structure and the third reflecting structure. The light emitting module is disposed on the condensing chamber and includes a light emitting unit corresponding to the condensing chamber. The optical sensing module includes an optical sensing unit disposed in the receiving chamber.

Abstract: A glucose sensor measures glucose molecules in vivo through use of NDIR in which scattering noise is reduced and Absorption Interference Noise (AIN) is suppressed with a reflection technique. Electronics are used to provide an output of glucose concentration glucose in a liquid sampling matrix after it has been determined that a calibration curve is valid after signal processing is used to obtain average ratio values for reflected signal/reference channels and interference/reference channel obtained after a pulsed beam from signal, interference and reference sources is directed at an inclined angle to a normal of a spot of the liquid sampling matrix. The signal, interference and reference sources are each pulsed at a preselected frequency of at least N Hz which is sufficiently fast so that a given molecule of glucose or interfering molecule will not pass in and out of the liquid sampling matrix within the preselected frequency.

Abstract: A method for calibrating an optical fluid sensor, the method including providing a calibration element having defined properties similar to those of a fluid to be measured; simulating optical characteristics of the fluid to be measured, with the aid of the calibration element, a measuring radiation being routed onto the calibration element, and evaluating the measuring radiation modified by the calibration element, at least one calibration point of the fluid being ascertained with the aid of the calibration element.

Abstract: A handheld-sized, single-hand-holdable, single-hand-operable battery-powered gas leak detector that draws in a sample of ambient air for detecting the presence of a gas by sensing changes in infrared (IR) energy between an IR emitter and an IR sensor when the gas is in the space between the IR emitter and the IR sensor. An algorithm is used that triggers detection of a gas when the change in IR energy between the IR emitter and the IR sensor is more rapid than the thermal drift of the IR sensor, and the detector design allows for IR energy within a wide range of approximately 0.4 micrometers to approximately 20 micrometers to pass into the air being sampled.

Abstract: A device for determining a concentration of at least one gas in a sample gas flow by infrared absorption spectroscopy. The device includes a gas cell which includes a thermal insulation, a chamber, a heating source arranged within the thermal insulation which heats the sample gas flow to a desired temperature, and a sample gas duct having an outlet. The sample gas duct is heated by the heating source upstream of the outlet. An infrared radiation source emits a radiation which is conducted through the chamber of the gas cell. The sample gas flow is conducted into the chamber and into the radiation. A detector has the radiation exiting the chamber conducted thereto to determine an absorption spectrum.

Abstract: The invention relates to analytical chemistry, in particular, to the spectral absorption analysis with a differential method of measuring concentrations of mercury and benzene vapors. The invention is aimed at creation of an absorption analyzer, which allows to determine the content of mercury and benzene in the carrier gas, with improved analytical performance for benzene.

Abstract: A light detector includes a semiconductor die that provides a photo sensor. An interference filter is formed on the semiconductor die and has a pass band corresponding to a wavelength of a light emitting diode to supply filtered light in the pass band to the photo sensor.

Abstract: A sensor head is described herein. The sensor head can include a first piece, where the first piece can include a body having an outer surface and an inner surface. The first piece can also include a light source cavity disposed in the body at the inner surface. The first piece can further include an optical device cavity disposed in the body at the inner surface. The first piece can also include an ellipsoidal cavity disposed in the body at the inner surface, where the ellipsoidal cavity is disposed adjacent to the optical device cavity. The first piece can further include a receiving device cavity disposed in the body adjacent to the inner surface that forms the ellipsoidal cavity. The first piece can also include at least one channel disposed in the body.

Abstract: Provided is a decomposition detecting unit that despite a simple configuration, can detect whether or not decomposition occurs in material gas resulting from the vaporization of a semiconductor material. The decomposition detecting unit includes: an NDIR type or laser absorption spectroscopy type absorbance measuring mechanism that measures first absorbance, which is absorbance at a wavelength at which a semiconductor material absorbs light, and second absorbance, which is absorbance at a wavelength at which a material produced when the semiconductor material decomposes absorbs light, of mixed gas containing material gas resulting from the vaporization of the semiconductor material; and a decomposition detection part that detects the decomposition in the material gas on the basis of the ratio between first concentration calculated on the basis of the first absorbance and the second absorbance and second concentration calculated on the basis of the second absorbance.

Abstract: A gas sensor is used for determining a concentration of a predetermined gas in a measurement volume. The gas sensor comprises a light source and a detector arranged to receive light that has passed through the measurement volume. During a first measurement period, the detector is used to make a first measurement of an amount of light received in at least one wavelength band which is absorbed by the gas. The first measurement is compared to a predetermined threshold value. If the threshold is crossed, during a second measurement period the detector is used to make a second measurement of an amount of light received in at least one wavelength band which is absorbed by the gas. The concentration of said gas in said measurement volume is calculated using the first and/or second measurement.

Abstract: The instant disclosure provides a gas detection device including a chamber module, a light emitting module and an optical sensing module. The chamber module comprises a light condensing chamber, a receiving chamber and a sampling chamber connected between the light condensing chamber and the receiving chamber. The light emitting module is disposed on the light condensing chamber for generating a light. The optical sensing module is disposed in the receiving chamber. The sampling chamber comprises a first open end, a second open end corresponding to the first open end, a first surface, and a second surface corresponding to the first surface, the first and second open ends are connected to the light condensing chamber and the receiving chamber respectively, the first surface and the second surface are disposed between the first open end and the second open end, and the first surface is not parallel to the second surface.

Abstract: Small and extremely small molecules and ions or atoms may be detected with the novel device with exceptional sensitivity. The detection is implemented in a simple manner by the known acoustic resonator FBAR or by means of other technologies that measure the physical properties of the filled layer. The permeability of substances (e.g. active ingredients) through membranes such as cell membranes, lipid bilayers, and cell walls can be examined by combining a sensor with the reservoir and the membrane.