Abstract: A target object for aligning a multi-modality imaging system includes a body having a cavity therein, a first imaging source being disposed within the cavity, the first imaging source including a body having a cavity defined therein and an emission responsive material disposed within the first imaging source cavity, the first imaging source having a first shape, and a second imaging source being disposed within the cavity, the second imaging source including a body having a cavity defined therein and a magnetic resonance responsive material disposed within the second imaging source cavity, the second imaging source having a second shape that is different than the first shape. A method of aligning a multi-modality imaging system is also provided.

Abstract: An ultraviolet reactor for irradiating a flow of fluid includes a set of UV lamps and baffles spaced along the ramps. The baffles generate helical flow of the fluid flowing along the lamps to enhance exposure of microorganisms carried in the fluid to UV radiation.

Abstract: A device for disinfecting publicly-used equipment includes a plurality of reflective units disposed along the interior of each wall of the device. Each of the reflective units can include a reflective back section and at least three reflective sections disposed about the reflective back section. UV lamps can be disposed to extend along the walls, and at partially disposed adjacent to a one or more reflective back sections of the reflective units. The UV lamps together with the reflective units collectively direct sufficient UV light on the equipment such that the equipment can be disinfected. The walls and ceiling of the device define a tunnel into which the equipment to be disinfected is inserted. Optionally, the device can include a door to prevent children and others from entering the tunnel while the UV lamps are illuminated.

Abstract: Method of handling a substrate support structure for clamping a substrate on a surface thereof in a lithography system. First, a substrate support structure adapted to absorb energy from a substrate clamped thereon and a substrate are provided. The substrate is clamped on a surface of the substrate support structure. The substrate support structure with the substrate clamped thereon is transferred to a lithography apparatus, in which a lithographic process is performed on the substrate clamped onto the substrate support structure. The substrate support structure with the substrate clamped thereon is then removed from the lithography system. The substrate is removed from the substrate support structure, and the substrate support structure is conditioned by removing energy stored in the substrate support structure before providing a new substrate onto the substrate support structure.

Abstract: Methods and systems for sterilization of objects by gas-cluster ion-beam (GCIB) irradiation are disclosed. The sterilization may be in conjunction with other beneficial GCIB surface processing of the objects. The objects may be medical devices or surgically implantable medical prostheses.

Abstract: Disclosed are embodiments of an ion beam sample preparation apparatus and methods for using the embodiments. The apparatus comprises a tilting ion beam irradiating means in a vacuum chamber that may direct ions toward a sample, a shield blocking a portion of the ions directed toward the sample, and a shield retention stage with shield retention means that replaceably and removably holds the shield in a position. The shield has datum features which abut complementary datum features on the shield retention stage when the shield is held in the shield retention stage. The tilting ion beam irradiating means may direct ions at the sample from more than one tilt angle. A rotating shield retention stage is also disclosed which works in concert with the tilting ion beam irradiating means.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to a method for optical sorting and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to an apparatus and method for sorting individual objects such as, for example, beans, grains, fruit and the like such that contaminated objects can be separated from non-contaminated objects. The objects are pre-stimulated with a source emitting UV light and are sorted based on the signal emitted by the objects, in particular for sorting Fungus-contaminated objects.

Abstract: Systems are provided which include a disinfection apparatus, a hollow chamber comprising an object entry port, and a means for tumbling objects placed inside the chamber. In some cases, the hollow chamber is configured such that a germicide projected from the disinfection apparatus is transmitted into an interior cavity of the chamber. In other cases, the hollow chamber may include an input port configured for coupling the chamber to the disinfection apparatus such that a germicide generated by the disinfection apparatus is transmitted into the hollow chamber via the input port when the chamber is coupled to the disinfection apparatus. In other cases, the disinfection apparatus may be disposed within the hollow chamber and configured to generate a germicide in the form of a plasma, ultraviolet light, a non-aqueous vapor, a non-aqueous liquid or a gas which is molecularly configured to deactivate or kill microorganisms.

Abstract: The present invention provides a measuring method comprising the steps of holding a specimen on a flat-plate periodic structure, applying a linearly-polarized electromagnetic wave to the periodic structure, and measuring characteristics of the specimen based on change of the electromagnetic wave scattered forward or backward by the periodic structure, wherein the periodic structure is structured such that plural unit structures having the same shape are two-dimensionally and periodically interconnected in a direction of one reference plane, the unit structure has at least one aperture penetrating therethrough in a direction perpendicular to the reference plane, the electromagnetic wave is applied from a direction perpendicular to the reference plane, and the unit structure has a shape that is not mirror-symmetric with respect to an imaginary plane orthogonal to a polarizing direction of the electromagnetic wave.

Abstract: A sterilization apparatus for sterilizing containers, such as plastic water bottles employs ultra violet (UV) light sterilization technology in a portable fashion. The apparatus is a standalone unit that is intended for residential use, is portable, and is specifically configured to receive and treat multiple sized bottles without additional add-ons. The apparatus positions and includes features to hold the bottle in a horizontal position within the housing of the apparatus such that the horizontally oriented UV bulb is disposed within the inside of the bottle.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for sterilising containers including a movable carrier on which a plurality of sterilisation units are provided, which sterilisation units respectively include a charge carrier source, as well as a rod-like body that is designed such that it can be inserted into the inner space of the containers through a mouth, with an exit window provided on the rod-like body, through which exit window the charge carriers can exit, with a plurality of holding units for holding the containers, the holding units being movable relative to the rod-like bodies in a longitudinal direction of the rod-like bodies. The apparatus includes a protection device that causes the rod-like bodies to be at least partially arranged within the protective bodies in a specified mode of the apparatus.

Abstract: An ion implantation method includes: placing, in an atmosphere, a mask, which is used in conjunction with a tray for accommodating a substrate for a solar cell, at a first position covering a partial area on a surface of the substrate while maintaining the mask aligned relative to the substrate or at a second position distanced from the surface of the substrate; implanting, in a vacuum, ions in a first area on the surface of the substrate while the mask is placed at the first position; and implanting, in a vacuum, ions in a second area on the surface of the substrate while the mask is placed at the second position.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an ultraviolet sterilizer having a watertight function. The ultraviolet sterilizer includes a housing and an ultraviolet sterilization unit. The housing has an inlet through which ballast water is drawn into the housing, and an outlet through which the ballast water is discharged from the housing after the ballast water has been sterilized. The ultraviolet sterilization unit is provided in the housing and includes an ultraviolet lamp applying ultraviolet rays to the ballast water to sterilize the ballast water. The ultraviolet sterilizer further includes a cap which supports each of the opposite ends of the ultraviolet sterilization unit and is watertightly coupled to the housing. Thus, even if the ultraviolet sterilization unit is damaged, ballast water is prevented from being drawn into a reception space which contains external devices, and explosive gas which may cause the ultraviolet sterilizer to explode is also prevented from entering the cap.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method and a system for generating low-energy electrons in a biological material. The biological material is held in position by a support. Laser beam pulses are directed by a focusing mechanism toward a region of interest within the biological material. This generates filaments of low-energy electrons within the region of interest. The method and system may be used for radiotherapy, radiochemistry, sterilization, nanoparticle coating, nanoparticle generation, and like uses.

Abstract: A water dispensing apparatus, comprising an input for water; a tank provided with means for chilling water; a UV lamp; a UV transmissive coil wrapped at least partially around the lamp such that the water to be dispensed passes through the coil and is thereby sterilized by the UV lamp to Class A UV standards and an output. A single Class A UV source can be used to sterilize both still and carbonated (sparkling) water, or chilled and ambient water, or all three.

Abstract: A method for warming a rotational interface in an ion implantation environment provides a scan arm configured to rotate about a first axis and an end effector coupled to the scan arm via a motor to selectively secure a workpiece. The end effector is configured to rotate about a second axis having a bearing and a seal associated with the second axis and motor. The motor is activated, and the rotation of motor is reversed after a predetermined time or when the motor faults due to a rotation the end effector about the second axis. A determination is made as to whether the rotation of the end effector about the second axis is acceptable, and the scan arm is reciprocated about the first axis when the rotation of the end effector is unacceptable, wherein inertia of the end effector causes a rotation of the end effector about the second axis.

Abstract: A sanitizer for sanitizing a portable electronic device is provided, the sanitizer having a base including a cavity for receiving the electronic device, at least one ultraviolet radiation source for emitting ultraviolet radiation into the cavity, a cover cooperating with the base, the cover moving between an open position wherein the electronic device can be inserted into or removed from the cavity and a closed position wherein the cavity is enclosed so as to substantially maintain the ultraviolet radiation within the cavity, and a controller for enabling the ultraviolet radiation source to be activated only when the cover is closed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a drawing apparatus including a stage having a reference mark, and configured to hold a substrate and to be moved, a charged particle optical system, a first measuring device having an optical axis spaced apart from an axis of the charged particle optical system by a first distance and configured to measure a position of an alignment mark formed on the substrate, a second measuring device having an optical axis spaced apart from the axis of the charged particle optical system by a second distance and configured to measure a position of the reference mark, and a processor configured to obtain a baseline of the first measuring device based on positions of the reference mark respectively measured by the first measuring device and the second measuring device.

Abstract: Methods and systems for selection radiation exposure in sterilization of medical devices are disclosed.

Abstract: A sample processing apparatus (102) includes a reference carrier region (106) that supports a reference carrier (108), which includes one or more reference substances that emit radiation with unique and known spectral characteristics in response to being irradiated with radiation having a wavelength in a predetermined range of interest. The sample processing apparatus further includes a carrier receiving region (110) configured to alternatively receive a sample carrier (104) or the reference carrier for processing by the apparatus. The sample processing apparatus further includes an optical component (114, 116, 118) that emits radiation, having a wavelength in a predetermined range of interest, that irradiates the carrier in the carrier receiving region, and that detects the radiation emitted from the carrier. The apparatus moves the reference carrier from the reference carrier region to the carrier receiving region for processing by the apparatus.

Abstract: A seasoning apparatus includes: a table on which a stack of paper sheets is loaded; a ceiling plate which is arranged above the table to cover an upper side of the paper stack on the table; a front side plate and a rear side plate which are arranged to oppose to each other at front and rear sides of the paper stack on the table, at least one of the front and rear side plates being advanceable and retractable relatively to each other; a right-hand side plate and a left-hand side plate which are arranged to oppose to each other at a right-hand side and a left-hand side of the paper stack on the table, at least one of the right-hand and left-hand side plates being advanceable and retractable relatively to each other; and an air blowing device which blows air horizontally toward the paper stack on the table.

Abstract: A support for an object having a support surface configured to support the object; wherein the support surface includes a main part and a moveable part, the moveable part of the support surface being moveable between a retracted position in which the moveable part of the support surface is adapted to be substantially in the same plane as the main part of the support surface and an extended position in which the moveable part of the support surface protrudes from the plane of the main part of the support surface.

Abstract: Provided is a charged particle beam writing apparatus including a stage which a sample can be mounted thereon, an irradiation unit which emits a charged particle beam to be irradiated on the sample, and an aperture plate which includes a first opening portion to shape the charged particle beam. The aperture plate has a stacked structure of a first member and a second member, and a position of an end portion of the first opening portion in the second member is recessed from the position of the end portion of the first opening portion in the first member.

Abstract: A hygienic razor blade dryer is provided that comprises a housing having an interior, a razor blade holder disposed within the interior that is adapted to receive a razor blade, a dryer for drying a razor blade received in the razor blade holder, and a vacuum for evacuating the air within the interior to prevent moisture buildup in the air and on the razor blade and to inhibit oxidation on the blade surfaces. A sanitizer may also be provided to sanitize the razor blade before, during or after the dryer operation.

Abstract: An installation for treating articles with radiation, the installation comprising a structure having pivotally mounted thereon an inlet starwheel and an outlet starwheel respectively arranged facing an inlet and an outlet of a shielded enclosure in which there are mounted at least one pivotal treatment starwheel and at least one electron emitter in the vicinity of the treatment starwheel. The installation comprises a linear inlet conveyor and a linear outlet conveyor extending inside the shielded enclosure respectively facing the inlet and the outlet, the linear conveyors each comprising a respective transporter surrounding a shielded wall forming a baffle.

Abstract: An exemplary aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a light detection device including a first detecting portion to detect fluorescence from a first detection position on a conveyor path along which a sheet is conveyed, a second detecting portion to detect afterglow from a second detection position on the conveyor path along which the sheet is conveyed, a lighting portion to apply excitation light over a range including the first detection position and not including the second detection position, a first reference member which includes fluorescent material that emits fluorescence by being excited by the lighting portion and which emits reference light toward the first detecting portion, a second reference member to emit reference light toward the second detecting portion when the sheet is present at the second detection position, the reference light not influencing a result of detection by the second detecting portion, and a correction controller to correct a result of detection by the first dete

Abstract: An ion beam processing system (100) processes the sample (S) mounted on a sample stage (30) by irradiating the sample with an ion beam in a sample chamber (2). The system has a sample container (20) including a cover portion (26) formed to be detachably mountable to a base portion (24), the sample stage (30) on which the container (20) is detachably mountable, and cover mounting/dismounting apparatus (40) for mounting and dismounting the cover portion (26) from outside the sample chamber (2).

Abstract: Apparatus for curing the coating of a workpiece (1), which comprises at least one tank (2) with inert gas heavier than air into which the workpiece (1) is inserted, and at least one UV-radiation source (3) that generates radiation that falls on the workpiece (1) to bring about the curing. The apparatus also comprises an extraction area (4), a recirculation circuit (5) and an insertion area (6), where, respectively, inert gas is extracted from the tank (2), recirculated, and reintroduced into the tank (2). At least one inert gas cooling member (7) is situated in the recirculation circuit (5), thus preventing the inert gas inside the tank (2) from overheating and reducing the risk of instability in the inert gas atmosphere.

Abstract: An optical device may include: a first beam shaping unit configured to transform a first laser beam incident thereon into a second laser beam having an annular cross section; and a first focusing optical element for focusing the second laser beam in a first predetermined location so as to generate a Bessel beam.

Abstract: Apparatus for curing the coating of a workpiece (1) by means of UV radiation, which is provided with at least one tank (2) of inert gas heavier than air and into which the workpiece (1) is inserted. The apparatus comprises a plenum (3) adjacent to the tank (2), into which inert gas is injected to supply the tank (2) and from which inert gas is injected towards the interior of the tank (2). Between the plenum (3) and the tank (2) there is an intermediate exchange wall (4)that only allows the inert gas to pass towards the tank (2) when a certain level of pressure is exceeded inside the plenum (3). The invention thus allows inert gas to be supplied to the interior of the tank (2) without causing instability or turbulence in it.

Abstract: This apparatus and method improves the way metal and other objects will be sterilized, disinfected and preserved by utilizing both electromagnetic radiation (UV light in particular) to kill anaerobic pathogens and oxygen depletion to kill aerobic pathogens. The removal of the presence of oxygen further increases the useful lifespan of the treated object by preventing corrosion in general and oxidation in particular.

Abstract: For quarantine treatment of a farming and forestry product for pest control, a method and a device may irradiate logs as a phytosanitary treatment with electron beams. The method may include: spreading the logs; aligning the spread logs to be flush at one end; conveying the spread and flush logs laterally; conveying the logs longitudinally through an irradiation field formed by accelerators to provide treatment of irradiation with the electron beams; throwing the irradiated logs out; and laterally conveying the logs away. The device may include a conveying device for conveying the logs, a shielding structure surrounding the conveying device, and accelerators provided in the conveying path of the conveying device. Two or more accelerators may be provided in centrosymmetry about the conveying path.

Abstract: A laser scanning apparatus that uses a polygonal mirror and a beam shaper for laser drilling of holes in one or more layers during solar cell fabrication is provided. The apparatus may be used to laser drill holes in a back side passivation layer of a solar cell during back electrical contact formation. The apparatus includes the use of a polygonal mirror to improve the speed of the back electrical formation of a solar cell. The apparatus may also include the use of a beam shaper to tune the profile of the beam to prevent damage to the underlying solar cell substrate during laser drilling operations. A laser scanning module is provided which controls the speed and timing of linear movement of substrates and the operation of the laser scanning apparatus in a closed loop manner for laser drilling of material layers disposed on the substrates.

Abstract: Methods and systems for reduced temperature radiation sterilization of stents are disclosed.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method, in a handheld portable multi purpose device, for producing multiple and variable wavelength distributions of UV radiation, or visible radiation, comprising a primary UV radiation source, and a system of wavelength transforming (WT) materials that allows selecting at will between UV A, UV B, UV C radiation (individual selections or various combinations,) and visible radiation, whereby the apparatus provides for UV sterilization of food, fluid, air, fluids, and surfaces; while also providing a means to emit visible light. Additionally, an apparatus and method, in a handheld portable multi purpose device, for enabling production and emission of UV radiation selectable between UV A, UV B, UV C radiation (individual selections or various combinations,) and visible radiation in a small form factor device embodied in a handheld portable flashlight, or lamp, type device.

Abstract: An irradiation surface of an electron beam irradiation device 28 is directed toward a vessel 2 conveyed by a vessel conveying device 24 to thereby irradiate the vessel 2 with the electron beam to sterilize the vessel, an irradiation chamber 30 is provided so as to surround the irradiation surface of the electron beam irradiation device 28 and the vessel 2 subjected to the irradiation, a discharge chamber 32 is provided on an outlet side of the irradiation chamber 30, and dry-air supply means 80 for supplying a dried aseptic air is connected to the irradiation chamber 30. By removing moisture within the irradiation chamber 30 which is irradiated with the electron beam, the changing of nitrogen oxide to nitric acid is suppressed to thereby prevent metal portions from corroding.

Abstract: A testing system for examining the coating and open cooling-air holes of turbine blades includes a positioning device for an infrared camera with two degrees of freedom, a rotating-pivoting device for positioning the turbine blade, and a rotatable air duct arranged on the rotating-pivoting device. The rotatable air duct is configured for introducing into the turbine blade air at a temperature higher or lower in comparison with the turbine blade.

Abstract: A charged particle beam drawing apparatus includes: a charged particle optical system; a substrate stage; an interferometer configured to measure a position of the stage in the direction of the optical axis of the charged particle optical system; a measuring device configured to measure a characteristic of the charged particle beam; and a controller configured to correct the measurement, obtained by the interferometer, using correction information. The controller is configured to cause first measurement as measurement by the interferometer and second measurement as measurement by the measuring device to be performed in parallel, and to obtain the correction information based on the first measurement and the second measurement obtained with respect to each of the plurality of positions.

Abstract: The drawing apparatus of the present invention includes an optical system housing configured to emit a charged particle beam toward the substrate; a stage configured to hold the substrate and be moved at least in a direction perpendicular to an axis of the optical system housing; a detection device including a detector and a support for supporting the detector such that the detector faces a side surface of the stage, and configured for measuring a position of the stage; and a magnetic shield member provided to the stage and configured to shield an opening of the optical system housing that faces a top surface of the stage from a magnetic field. Here, the magnetic shield member is provided to the stage at a detection region, in a direction of the axis, other than a region where the detection device is provided.

Abstract: A substrate processing apparatus capable of increasing the life span of a lamp for heating a substrate is provided. The substrate processing apparatus includes: a light receiving chamber for processing a substrate; a substrate support unit inside the light receiving chamber; a lamp including an electrical wire, and a seal accommodating the electrical wire to hermetically seal the lamp with a gas therein, the lamp irradiating the substrate with a light; a lamp receiving unit outside the light receiving chamber to accommodate the lamp therein, the lamp receiving unit including a lamp connector connected to the lamp to supply an electric current through the electrical wire, a heat absorption member including a material having a thermal conductivity higher than that of the seal, and a base member fixing the heat absorption member; and an external electrical wire connected to the lamp connector to supply current to the lamp connector.

Abstract: An optical detection system (100) includes an optical element (116, 202, 502) that directs emission radiation (108), which traverses away from an optical collection path (122), to the path, wherein the emission radiation is emitted by a radiation sensitive material in a sample (204) under study in response to the material absorbing excitation radiation, and the emission radiation has a spectral characteristic that corresponds to the material.

Abstract: Methods for processing an amorphous silicon thin film sample into a polycrystalline silicon thin film are disclosed. One method includes generating a sequence of excimer laser pulses, controllably modulating each pulse to a predetermined fluence, homoginizing each modulated pulse in a predetermined plane, masking portions of each homoginized pulse with a pattern of slits to generate a sequence of fluence controlled pulses of line patterned beamlets, each slit in the pattern of slits being sufficiently narrow to prevent inducement of significant nucleation in region of a silicon thin film sample irradiated by a beamlet corresponding to the slit, irradiating an amorphous silicon thin film sample with the sequence of fluence controlled slit patterned beamlets to effect melting of portions corresponding to each fluence controlled patterned beamlet pulse, and controllably sequentially translating a relative position of the sample with respect to each of the fluence controlled pulse of slit patterned beamlets.

Abstract: One embodiment disclosed relates an apparatus which includes an electromagnet arranged to provide a large-scale magnetic field in a region. The apparatus further includes an array of multiple electron beam columns formed in the region using an array of bores through magnetic material. Another embodiment relates to a method of generating an array of electron beams. A large-scale magnetic field is generated in a region using at least two magnetic poles. The array of electron beams is generated using an array of columns formed using bores through a magnetic material positioned in the region. Other embodiments, aspects and features are also disclosed.

Abstract: A seasoning apparatus includes: a table on which a stack of paper sheets is loaded, each of the paper sheets having at least one face on which active light curable aqueous ink has been deposited; an air blowing device which blows air in an air blowing direction to a side of the stack loaded on the table; an active light emission device which emits the active light in an active light emitting direction to a side of the stack loaded on the table; and a control device which causes the air blowing device to blow the air to the stack to create gaps between faces of the paper sheets, and causes the active light emission device to emit the active light to the stack to cause the active light to enter the gaps.

Abstract: A self-cleaning material is generally described that may include a substrate having a first surface. A self-cleaning layer of aligned nanotube structures may be formed on the first surface of the substrate, where absorption of light by the nanotube structures may cause a change in state of the self-cleaning material based on an angle of incidence of the light and an orientation vector corresponding to the layer of aligned nanotube structures.

Abstract: Even in a case where a spark is generated in an electron beam irradiation device 28, all the vessels 2 being conveyed are sterilized by the irradiation with the electron beam. The electron beam is emitted by heating filaments 42 arranged in a vacuum chamber 40 and the vessels 2 are irradiated with the electron beam taken out into the atmosphere through a window foil 48 of an irradiation window 46 formed to an irradiation section 44. The vessels 2 are conveyed in a state of being held by vessel holding portions 36A and 36B of a vessel conveying device 24 and pass in front of the irradiation window 46. Although the electron beam irradiation is temporarily interrupted when a spark is generated, a length of the irradiation window 46 in a vessel conveying direction X is made larger than a vessel conveying distance in an interruption time.

Abstract: A crystalline silicon thin film is formed by irradiating a silicon thin film with a laser beam. The laser beam is a continuous wave laser beam. An intensity distribution of the laser beam in a first region about a center of the intensity distribution is symmetric on an anterior side and a posterior side of the center. The intensity distribution in a second region about the center is asymmetric on the anterior side and the posterior side. The first region is from the maximum intensity of the laser beam at the center to an intensity half of the maximum intensity. The second region is at most equal to the half of the maximum intensity of the laser beam. In the second region, an integral intensity value on the posterior side is larger than on the anterior side.

Abstract: A vacuum packaged product and method for reducing tensile strength loss associated with sterilization of polyolefin-based products by gamma radiation, and reducing odors commonly produced by such sterilization.

Abstract: In view of the above-mentioned problems, an object of the present invention is to provide a processing method that is not dependent on the material or the ion beam irradiation angle. In order to achieve the object above, the present invention provides a processing device that processes a sample by irradiating the sample with an ion beam, the processing device comprising a sample tilting/rotating mechanism that rotates/tilts the sample relative to the ion beam, wherein the sample rotating mechanism comprises a rotating shaft that rotates the sample relative to the ion beam, and a tilting shaft that is orthogonal to the rotating shaft and that tilts the sample relative to the ion beam, the sample rotating mechanism being adapted to simultaneously perform the rotating and tilting of the sample.

Abstract: A method of radiation sterilizing a plurality of stent-catheter assemblies includes positioning a plurality of stent-catheter assemblies on a fixture, each of the stent catheter assemblies being arranged in a planar configuration and disposed in corresponding planar packages supported on the fixture, wherein the packages are stacked horizontally on the fixture, and wherein the stents of the assemblies are positioned at a position in each package such that the stents are exposed to the same or substantially the same radiation; and exposing the packages to an incoming radiation beam, the radiation beam being at an acute angle to the planes of the planar configuration of the assemblies, wherein the packages are arranged such that a front end of the stack faces the radiation beam and a back end of the stack faces away from the radiation beam.