Abstract: Compositions for regeneration of spent dialysis fluid are disclosed. The compositions include a sorbent comprising a titanium-glyoxal complex. Sorbent cartridges comprising the sorbents, and methods and systems for using the cartridges in dialysis also are disclosed.

Abstract: A method of removing a sulfate scale from a surface is provided. The method includes contacting the sulfate-comprising scale with a conversion solution including 1 to 10 wt. % of an alkali metal carbonate, 0.5 to 10 wt. % of a borate salt or hydrate thereof, and 0.5 to 2.5 wt. % of a base to produce a carbonate-comprising scale. The method further includes exposing the carbonate-comprising scale with an acid solution including 2.5 to 25 wt. % of an acid.

Abstract: Disclosed are aluminum alloy products and methods of making and processing such products. Thus, disclosed are aluminum alloy products exhibiting controllable surface properties, including excellent bond durability, low contact resistance, and corrosion resistance. Aluminum alloy products described herein include a migrant element, a subsurface portion having a concentration of the migrant element, and a bulk portion having a concentration of the migrant element. The aluminum alloy product comprises an enrichment ratio of 4.0 or less, wherein the enrichment ratio is a ratio of the migrant element concentration in the subsurface portion to the concentration in the bulk portion. Additionally, the aluminum alloy products surface and/or subsurface can contain phosphorus (e.g., elemental phosphorus or oxidized phosphorus). The phosphorus containing surface provides reduced electronic stress on an electrode tip of a resistance spot welding apparatus, and an extended service lifetime (e.g.

Abstract: A solid, particulate composition having at least one water-soluble carrier material, at least one fragrance and at least one rheology modifier from the group of heteroglycans. The carrier material being a water-containing salt (hydrate) of which the water vapor partial pressure, at a specific temperature in the range of from 30 to 100° C., corresponds to the H2O partial pressure of the saturated solution of this salt, such that the salt melts at this temperature in its own water of crystallization. Furthermore, the invention relates to methods for preparing the solid composition and to a washing or cleaning agent containing the solid composition. Moreover, the present invention also relates to the use of such a washing or cleaning agent for cleaning textiles or hard surfaces and corresponding methods for cleaning textiles or hard surfaces using such a washing or cleaning agent.

Abstract: Compositions and methods of preparation and use for controlled release solid scale inhibitors used in hydraulic fracturing operations in oil and gas wells. The controlled release scale inhibitors comprise amorphous glass which is a reaction product of a phosphorus-containing compound, a calcium-containing compound, a magnesium-containing compound and base. The composition has a predetermined dissolution rate for controlled release of scale inhibitors in induced hydraulic fractures in hydraulic fracturing treatment of oil or gas wells.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of a specific group of acylated nitrogen-containing compounds as anti-agglomerants for gas hydrates. The anti-agglomerants are surface active nitrogen-containing compounds with 1-7 nitrogen atoms, which compounds have at least two hydrophobic groups with 6-24 carbon atoms, and where the hydrophobic groups are connected to the remainder of the molecule by an amine moiety or an amide moiety, and which compounds have at least one C2-C5 acyl group; or a salt thereof. The invention also relates to a method for inhibiting the agglomeration of gas hydrates in a conduit, and compositions comprising the gas hydrate anti-agglomerant, a corrosion inhibitor and/or a paraffin deposition inhibitor.

Abstract: The present invention discloses preservative-free toothpaste for children. The composition forming the preservative-free toothpaste for children consists of vitamin, calcium glycerophosphate, xylitol, sorbitol, polyethylene glycol, cellulose, hydroxypropyl guar gum, sodium lauryl sulfate, flavors and deionized water. The composition contains, by weight percentage, 0.01-0.06% of vitamin, 0.1-0.5% calcium glycerophosphate and 0.1-1% of xylitol. The vitamin comprises both vitamin E and vitamin C. In the present invention, vitamin E, vitamin C, calcium glycerophosphate and xylitol are combined in a certain proportion. The vitamin nourishes the children's tender gums. The calcium glycerophosphate provides calcium supplementation to the teeth. The xylitol has a reduced content of sugar, which prevents tooth decay and strengthens the teeth.

Abstract: Compositions and methods for remediation of contaminated materials, such as contaminated water, are provided. The composition may include at least one fermentable compound and at least one metal or metal containing compound to promote conversion of the contaminants into non-toxic substances through abiotic and/or biotic processes. The composition may further include sulfur or a sulfur containing compound, and/or microorganisms or derivative thereof.

Abstract: A reconfigurable electronic component comprising a channel having first and second ends and outer walls defining a lumen; a liquid phosphonic acid within the lumen; and a liquid metal within the lumen. A first electrical contact at the first end of the channel and a second electrical contact in communication with the lumen at the second end of the channel. A predetermined amount of a solvent and a liquid metal may be within the lumen, and the solvent may comprise ethanol. The liquid metal may be selected from the group consisting of eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn) and eutectic gallium-indium-tin alloys. The phosphonic acid may be selected from the group consisting of decylphosphonic acid (DPA), fluorobenzylphosphonic acid (FPA), and difluorobenzylphosphonic acid (DFPA). The first and second electrical contacts comprise copper. An overflow channel and a reservoir for the liquid metal and phosphonic acid may be in fluid communication with the lumen.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel acid dianhydride, a method for preparing the same, and a polyimide prepared therefrom. More specifically, the acid dianhydride according to the present invention is useful as a colorless transparent polyimide unit exhibiting excellent thermal stability and a low dielectric ratio, and the polyimide of the present invention has excellent solubility to an organic solvent compared with the conventional polyimide.

Abstract: Compositions and methods for removing phosphates, nitrates and heavy metals from aqueous solutions.

Abstract: A composition includes a polysaccharide hybrid polymer composition. In one embodiment, the polysaccharide hybrid polymer composition includes a polysaccharide residue present in an amount from about 5% to about 90% by weight of the polysaccharide hybrid polymer composition and a residue of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer present in an amount from about 10% to about 75% by weight of the polysaccharide hybrid polymer composition.

Abstract: A composition includes a polysaccharide graft polymer composition. In one embodiment, the polysaccharide graft polymer composition includes a polysaccharide residue present in an amount from about 5% to about 90% by weight of the polysaccharide graft polymer composition and a residue of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer present in an amount from about 10% to about 75% by weight of the polysaccharide graft polymer composition.

Abstract: There are provided methods of suppressing corrosion of a corrodible metal surface that contacts a water stream in a water system, the method comprising: (a) introducing into the water stream a shot dose of a treatment composition comprising a corrosion inhibitor, the shot dose being introduced into the water stream over a first time period and the water stream having a first concentration of corrosion inhibitor during the first time period; (b) then reducing the amount of treatment composition that is introduced into the water stream; and (c) after the first time period, maintaining a second concentration of corrosion inhibitor in the water stream over a second time period, the second concentration being less than 25% of the concentration of corrosion inhibitor during the first time period.

Abstract: Corrosion protection formulation comprising (A) from 0.01 to 5% by weight of alkylamine ethoxylates as surfactant component, (B) from 0.01 to 10% by weight of corrosion inhibitors, (C) from 0 to 0.3% by weight of thickeners, (D) from 5 to <75% by weight of freezing point-lowering alcohols selected from among alkanols, glycols, polyalkylene glycols and glycerol, (E) from 5 to 90% by weight of vegetable and/or fatty oils, (F) from 0 to 5% by weight of water and (G) from 0 to 5% by weight of conventional emulsifiers. The formulation is particularly suitable for protecting zinc or zinc-plated components or surfaces or cadmium or cadmium-plated metallic surfaces against corrosion caused by runway deicing compositions used at airports.

Abstract: Cellulose acetate or polyvinylpyrrolidone is electrospun into fibers having diameters of nanometer scale to form a first mat that is capable of absorbing hydrocarbons. A second mat may be formed from a solution of cellulose acetate or polyvinylpyrrolidone further containing tungsten trioxide. The solution is electrospun onto a copper mesh and then thermally oxidized to create a nanostructure comprising a grid or network of tungsten trioxide crystals and copper oxide crystals. The nanogrid is capable of photocatalyzing the degradation of hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water. The grid may be combined with the first mat to degrade hydrocarbons that the first mat absorbs.

Abstract: Water treatment compositions are provided that are effective for mitigating corrosion or fouling of surfaces in contact with aqueous systems. The water treatment compositions can include one or more azole compounds, one or more transition metals, and one or more dispersants, in addition to various other additives. The water treatment compositions can exclude phosphorus and still be effective. Methods for mitigating corrosion or fouling of a surface in an aqueous system are also provided.

Abstract: A method for production and storage of hypochlorous acid is disclosed. The method comprises using high purity water achieved by a combination of softening and reverse osmosis steps. The shelf life is further improved by storing the hypochlorous acid in opaque PET bottles or Nylon/PE bags or nylon bags in a box. Solutions stored in opaque PET bottles exhibit the best stability. Anticipated uses of the extended life hypochlorous acid solution include sanitizer for food contact and non-food contact surfaces, a streak-free cleaner for smooth surfaces and a cut flower life extender. Other biocide uses include water treatment in oil and gas production, cooling tower, lazy river and swimming pools, process water distribution systems, drinking water, portable humidifier, fish tanks and treatment of metalworking fluids and lubricants.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a liquid treatment device and a liquid treatment method each capable of efficiently generating plasma and treating a liquid in a short time period. A liquid treatment device according to the present disclosure includes a first electrode, a second electrode disposed in a liquid, an insulator disposed surrounding the first electrode through a space, the insulator having an opening portion at a position in contact with the liquid, and a power supply that applies an AC voltage or a pulse voltage between the first electrode and the second electrode.

Abstract: Dual action amines provide corrosion protection from corrosion and fouling for a steam generator system and distillation tower of a petroleum or petrochemical refinery. These amines are chosen to provide protection for the steam condensate section of the boiler while simultaneously minimizing amine salt fouling and corrosion problems in the crude distillation tower and overhead condensing system of crude distillation units. The distribution ratio of the dual action amine should be about 4.0 or less, the amine pKa should be in the range of about 7.0 to about 11.0, and the amine HCl salt volatility index should be about 2.5 or less.

Abstract: The present invention relates to activated solutions comprising one or more of hypochlorous acid, bicarbonate ions, and phosphate ions for use in water treatment, in particular water purification and descaling, and processes for making the same.

Abstract: A composition for purifying raw water comprising alum, sodium carbonate, calcium hypochlorite and bentonice is described.

Abstract: A method of inhibiting scale formation and deposition from a feed stream passing through a membrane system is disclosed. The method comprises: (a) controlling the pH of said feed stream within the range between about 7.0 and about 8.2; (b) optionally controlling the temperature of said feed stream within the range between about 5° C. to about 40° C. when the membrane system is an RO system, a NF system, an ED system, an EDI system or a combination thereof; (c) optionally controlling the temperature of said feed stream within the range between about 40° C. and about 80° C. when the membrane system is an MD system; and (d) adding an effective amount of a scale inhibitor to said feed stream, said scale inhibitor comprises an AA-AMPS copolymer.

Abstract: A product-by-process produces a product having a vibrational frequency to balance the chemistry of water when untreated water is exposed to the product to thereby enhance the biophysical properties of water, without adding any compound to the water. The result of the exposure is that the physical properties of specific gravity, conductivity, and resistivity of water are modified, and the biophysical properties of the treated water in organisms such as humans, including but not limited to hydration, oxygenation, and detoxification, are enhanced as verified by human clinical tests.

Abstract: Mesoporous activated carbon is disclosed. In at least some embodiments, virgin activated carbon to be processed may be coconut shell-based. The enhanced activated carbon may have a mesopore structure of at least about 10%. The enhanced activated carbon may be produced through a calcium-catalyzed activation process. A chelator may also be used. Catalyzed thermal activation may be carried out until a desired mass loss is achieved.

Abstract: An embodiment prevents equipment fouling (deposition of unwanted material) in an oil recovery system via implementing passivation of metallic components. By preventing or at least slowing or inhibiting corrosion of equipment or components via passivation, such as passivating heat exchangers, metallic piping, and the like, an embodiment in turn reduces fouling thereof. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: A solid composition includes a polysaccharide hybrid polymer composition and a hydratable salt. In one embodiment, the polysaccharide hybrid polymer composition includes a polysaccharide residue present in an amount from approximately 5% to 90% by weight of the polysaccharide hybrid polymer composition and a residue of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer present in an amount from approximately 10% to 75% by weight of the polysaccharide hybrid polymer composition.

Abstract: This invention relates to the preparation and making use of a catalyst for the photo-catalytic degradation of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) in water. Palladium doped on composite Cerium oxide-zinc oxide (Ce2O3—ZnO) photo-catalyst was prepared by wetness incipient impregnation method. This catalyst composition demonstrated 99.6% degradation of MTBE at room temperature in a photo catalytic reaction conducted in oxygen saturated aqueous medium in the presence of UV light.

Abstract: A novel composition for a photocatalyst Fe doped ZnO nano-particle photocatalyst that enables the decontamination process by degrading toxic organic material such as brilliant cresyl blue, indigo carmine and gentian blue by using solar light is described. In the current disclosure method of making a specific size of the nano photocatalyst is described. Characterization of the photocatalyst, optimal working conditions and efficient use of solar light has been described to show that this photocatalyst is unique. The process described to use the photocatalyst to degrade toxic organic material using the solar light to activate the photocatalyst is cost efficient and cheap to clean our water resources.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for producing chlorine dioxide by reducing sodium chlorate with a reducing agent in the presence of a strong acid comprising feeding ammonium salt to the reactor to produce also chloramine. The present invention also provides a method for disinfecting water.

Abstract: Highly sulfated, high basicity polyaluminum chlorosulfate compositions that can be made by mixing dry aluminum hydroxychloride with a solution of aluminum sulfate or by diluting a dry mixture of aluminum hydroxychloride and aluminum sulfate with water.

Abstract: Provided are a water-treating agent which includes a specific nonionic polymer and a phosphorus compound and can exhibit the ability to inhibit the deposition of silica-based scale under wide ranges of water quality conditions and temperature conditions; and a method of treating water. The inhibitor for silica-based scale includes a nonionic polymer and a phosphorus compound, the nonionic polymer being: a polymer formed by the reaction of an unsaturated double bond and including units derived from at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylamide, N-substituted (meth)acrylamide and N-vinyl lactam; and/or one or more polymers having an ether group and selected from the group consisting of alkyl alcohol/polyalkylene oxide adducts, aliphatic monocarboxylic acid/polyalkylene oxide adducts, and polyvinyl alcohol/polyalkylene oxide adducts.

Abstract: A corrosion prevention and control composition and method comprises combining primarily two-component polyurethane foam formed by reacting polyols with an isocyanate compound, and a 2 to 10 percent by weight of either an organic or inorganic gas-phase corrosion inhibitor. The closed cell foam provides a barrier protection for the underlying corrodible surface, while the inhibitor protects the metal from the absorbed moisture vapor, thereby preventing corrosion from occurring at the foam/metal interface. The resulting foam and inhibitor composition maintains better adhesion to the underlying corrodible structure in corrosive environments.

Abstract: An aspect of the present disclosure relates to a functional defoaming agent composition, and more particularly to an environmentally-friendly defoaming agent composition containing loess. In an aspect, a loess-based, environmentally-friendly functional defoaming agent includes: 1-20 wt % loess; 10-30 wt % silicone resin having a kinematic viscosity of 10-50,000 cst; 1-5 wt % thickening agent; 1-10 wt % natural surfactant; 1-10 wt % water-purifying agent; and 60-80 wt % water. In another aspect, a loess-based, environmentally friendly functional defoaming agent includes: 1-20 wt % inorganic mixture of loess with at least one selected from among elvan, tourmaline and germanium; 10-30 wt % silicone resin having a kinematic viscosity of 10-50,000 cst; 1-5 wt % thickening agent; 1-10 wt % natural surfactant; 1-10 wt % water-purifying agent; and 60-80 wt % water.

Abstract: A product-by-process produces a product having a vibrational frequency to balance the chemistry of water when untreated water is exposed to the product to thereby enhance the biophysical properties of water, without adding any compound to the water. The result of the exposure is that the physical properties of specific gravity, conductivity, and resistivity of water are modified, and the biophysical properties of the treated water in organisms such as humans, including but not limited to hydration, oxygenation, and detoxification, are enhanced as verified by human clinical tests.

Abstract: The invention relates to an aqueous solution of acrylic acid polymers, obtainable by polymerization of acrylic acid in feed mode with peroxodisulfate as initiator in the presence of hypophosphite in water as solvent, wherein (i) water and optionally one or more ethylenically unsaturated comonomers are initially charged, and (ii) acrylic acid in acidic, unneutralized form, optionally one or more ethylenically unsaturated comonomers, aqueous peroxodisulfate solution and aqueous hypophosphite solution are added continuously, and (iii) a base is added on completion of the acrylic acid feed to the aqueous solution, wherein the comonomer content does not exceed 30% by weight, based on total monomer content.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for separating a target substance from a fluid or mixture. Capsules having a coating and stripping solvents encapsulated in the capsules are provided. The coating is permeable to the target substance. The capsules having a coating and stripping solvents encapsulated in the capsules are exposed to the fluid or mixture. The target substance migrates through the coating and is taken up by the stripping solvents. The target substance is separated from the fluid or mixture by driving off the target substance from the capsules.

Abstract: A water hardness controlling agent includes a polyacrylic acid or salt thereof having a molecular weight of between about 1,000 and about 50,000 g/mol, an acrylic-maleic acid copolymer or salt thereof having a molecular weight of between about 1,000 and about 100,000 g/mol and a phosphonocarboxylic acid or salt thereof. A ratio of acrylic-maleic acid copolymer or salt thereof to polyacrylic acid or salt thereof to phosphonocarboxylic acid or salt thereof in parts per million is about 1-30:10-80:6-20.

Abstract: A novel metal-organic framework (MOF) templated process for the synthesis of highly porous inorganic sorbents for removing radionuclides, actinides, and heavy metals is disclosed. The highly porous nature of the MOFs leads to highly porous inorganic sorbents (such as oxides, phosphates, sulfides, etc) with accessible surface binding sites that are suitable for removing radionuclides from high level nuclear wastes, extracting uranium from acid mine drainage and seawater, and sequestering heavy metals from waste streams. In some cases, MOFs can be directly used for removing these metal ions as MOFs are converted to highly porous inorganic sorbents in situ.

Abstract: A process for the preparation from a partially decomposed organic material like peat a granulated or pelletized sorption medium using low-temperature, thermal activation of the sorption medium to produce a high degree of granule or pellet hardness balanced against an efficacious level of ion-exchange and adsorption capacity, followed by chemical treatment of the thermally-activated sorption material via an acid solution and a salt solution to increase its ion-exchange and adsorption performance while minimizing the transfer of natural impurities found in the sorption medium to an aqueous solution is provided by this invention. The sorption medium of this invention can be used in a variety of aqueous solution treatment processes, such as wastewater treatment.

Abstract: A water treatment composition capable of effectively adsorbing pollutants from water is described. The composition includes magnetic extractants, which comprise magnetite nanoparticles containing functional groups. The composition is used to remove from water and aqueous streams oils and other contaminants. A process for removing contaminants from water and apparatus used in the process are also described.

Abstract: A water treatment agent for removing pollutant by reinforcing potassium permanganate with intermediate manganese consists of a potassium permanganate and a chelating agent, or, alternatively, consists of a potassium permanganate, a chelating agent and an inducer. The chelating agent is capable of forming a coordination complex with the intermediate manganese which is produced during the reaction of potassium permanganate and organic substance. Thus self decomposition of intermediate manganese is reduced so that the effective utilization rate is increased and the capability for potassium permanganate to degrade organic pollutants is enhanced. The inducer accelerates the production of the intermediate manganese and increases the utilization rate so that the capability of potassium permanganate for degrading the organic pollutants is further enhanced.

Abstract: A composition includes a polysaccharide graft polymer composition. In one embodiment, the polysaccharide graft polymer composition includes a polysaccharide residue present in an amount from about 5% to about 90% by weight of the polysaccharide graft polymer composition and a residue of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer present in an amount from about 10% to about 75% by weight of the polysaccharide graft polymer composition.

Abstract: A composition includes a polysaccharide hybrid polymer composition. In one embodiment, the polysaccharide hybrid polymer composition includes a polysaccharide residue present in an amount from about 5% to about 90% by weight of the polysaccharide hybrid polymer composition and a residue of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer present in an amount from about 10% to about 75% by weight of the polysaccharide hybrid polymer composition.

Abstract: A formula and method for reducing water hardness includes the combination of a sulfate donor, salt of phosphoric acid, and salt of sulfamic acid. Preferred formulas include effective amounts of sodium bisulfate, sodium hexametaphosphate, and sulfamic acid. In a swimming pool, preferred formulas are effective in reducing calcium to under 200 ppm within a two day period. In addition, preferred formulas provide ongoing effectiveness in suppressing scaling, staining and cloudy water.

Abstract: Described herein are elements comprising a p-type semiconductor comprising mixed valence oxide compounds and an n-type semiconductor having a deeper valence band than the p-type semiconductor valence bands wherein the semiconductor types are in ionic communication with each other. The elements enhance photocatalytic activity.

Abstract: A device may comprise first matter including a first material adapted, when in contact with a liquid, to clean the liquid and to maintain the liquid at a first color. The device may include second matter including a second material adapted, when in contact with the liquid, to maintain the liquid at a second color. The device may further include an interface configured to limit an exposure of the second material to the liquid before at least a portion of the first material contacts the liquid.

Abstract: The present invention provides improved methods for purifying and/or removing oily particles, and/or contaminants suspended or dissolved in water. In particular the process relates to an additive composition that has the appropriate surfactant characteristics for effectively removing an oil phase from an oil/aqueous mixed phase via foam fractionation. According to the invention, a hydrophobically modified polymer that acts as an associative thickener is combined with surfactant in appropriate ratios to facilitate oil removal for water purification in any of a number of commercial, environmental and industrial applications.

Abstract: The present invention provides improved methods for purifying and/or removing multiply charged cations and suspended solids from water. In particular the process relates to an additive composition that has the appropriate surfactant characteristics for effectively removing multiply charged cations and suspended solids from an aqueous or oil/aqueous mixed phase via foam fractionation. According to the invention, a hydrophobically modified polymer that acts as an associative thickener is used in the presence of a source of alkalinity or anionic reactant as well as surfactant in appropriate ratios to facilitate multiply charged cation and suspended solids removal for water purification in any of a number of commercial, environmental and industrial applications.

Abstract: The combination of colloidal silica in conjunction with a chemical, such as a cationically-modified water soluble polymer, e.g. aluminum brine dispersion polymer, clarifies combinations of oil and water, for instance wastewater comprising an oil-in-water emulsion. The colloidal silica may have an average silica particle size of about 0.5 to about 10 nanometers.