Abstract: A method for continuously manufacturing a high-temperature reducing gas, comprising: using a reducing gas manufacturing equipment including a heat medium heating apparatus and a gas reforming apparatus provided below said heat medium heating apparatus; burning a fuel gas in said heat medium heating apparatus to continuously produce a high-temperature combustion exhaust gas; on the other hand, introducing heat medium particles having an average particle size within the range of from 50 to 500 .mu.m into said heat medium heating apparatus to heat to a prescribed temperature and fluidize said particles through heat exchange with said high-temperature combustion exhaust gas; blowing a gas to be reformed containing CO.sub.2 and H.sub.

Abstract: A method for mixing a hydrocarbon-containing gas flow with a molecular oxygen-containing gas flow, wherein at least one aqueous medium sealing zone allowing the hydrocarbon-containing gas flow to pass therethrough is provided by sealing a side of introducing said gas flow with an aqueous medium and at least one shielding zone for flame propagation allowing said gas flow to pass therethrough is provided on a side of discharging said gas flow, and the molecular oxygen-containing gas flow is introduced in a gas mixing zone defined between both of the above zones to be thoroughly mixed with the hydrocarbon-containing gas flow.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for enriching the iron carbonyl content of a recycle gas stream produced in an iron carbonyl decomposition or reaction process to enable reuse of the recycle gas stream in the iron carbonyl decomposition or reaction process by cooling the recycle gas stream, adding carbon monoxide to the recycle gas stream, compressing the recycle gas stream to a pressure of about 20 to about 38 atmospheres under conditions suitable to prevent substantial decomposition of residual iron carbonyl, and contacting the compressed gas stream at a temperature of about 65 to about 160.degree. C. with a reduced iron containing material in the presence of hydrogen sulfide under conditions suitable to produce substantially condensed iron carbonyl.

Abstract: A carrier gas for chromatographic analysis of gaseous samples containing sulfur bearing molecules utilizes a sulfur-containing nucleophile mixed with the inert component of the carrier gas to deactivate sulfur reactive and adsorbtive sites in the analysis system and facilitates accurate analysis of the sample composition.

Abstract: A compound aerostat employing a primary lifting mixture of helium and methanol in a first enclosure and a secondary lifting mixture of ammonia in a second enclosure. Both enclosures are contained within a single envelope. The methanol in the primary enclosure gradually condenses out as the altitude increases yielding a decreasing lift with altitude up to the stratosphere to provide passive altitude stability to the system. An absorbent, metallic lithium is provided within a separate container and connected to controllably absorb the ammonia and thereby control the displacement of the secondary enclosure. The process is reversible with the application of heat by means of propane combustion or solar heating. Other absorbents are LiNO.sub.3, LiCl and CaCl.sub.2. This controllable displacement system can compensate for solar superheat and snow and ice accumulation and facilitate long endurance flights, especially in the troposphere.

Abstract: Oxygen is mixed into hydrogen for use as breathing gas for divers, pressure chambers and the like in precise and regulated amounts. Provision is also made to prevent explosion of these mutually reactive gases during mixing.

Abstract: Improved binary and tertiary gas mixtures for gas-filled particle detectors are provided. The components are chosen on the basis of the principle that the first component is one gas or mixture of two gases having a large electron scattering cross section at energies of about 0.5 eV and higher, and the second component is a gas (Ar) having a very small cross section at and below aout 0.5 eV, whereby fast electrons in the gaseous mixture are slowed into the energy range of about 0.5 eV where the cross section for the mixture is small and hence the electron mean free path is large. The reduction in both the cross section and the electron energy results in an increase in the drift velocity of the electrons in the gas mixtures over that for the separate components for a range of E/P (pressure-reduced electron field) values. Several gas mixtures are provided that provide faster response in gas-filled detectors for convenient E/P ranges as compared with conventional gas mixtures.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for pyrotechnically generating a mixture of at least two gases, substantially in a predetermined ratio, for an extended period of time, with separate pyrotechnic charges generating each component of the resultant mixture. At least one of the pyrotechnic charges is capable of sustained burning at a rate corresponding to the rate of total gas generation, and the remaining charges, not in themselves capable of sustained burning, are caused to sustain ignition by maintaining their burning surface in thermal communication with that of the first charge, so that all charges burn at substantially the same linear rate.

Abstract: A balloon filled with a gas mixture of ammonia and n-hexane will stay at a onstant altitude due to condensation at altitude of the n-hexane. Since both components are liquid below about 50 meters in the ocean and together with the load are buoyant, the aerostat may be submarine launched and rise to the surface at which point the ammonia and n-hexane evaporate and take the balloon and load to its preset altitude.

Abstract: The method of autogenously bonding a nonwoven web made from polyamide filaments wherein the filaments contain 0.1 to 20 weight percent of an activating agent and sufficient moisture that the molar ratio of water to activating agent in the filaments is above the bonding limit, wherein the web is heated sufficiently to drive off enough water to reduce the molar ratio of water to agent to a value below the bonding limit and pressed to autogenously bond the filaments in the web. After pressing, the activating agent is desorbed from the web.

Abstract: A chemical canister for use in a respirator has opposed openings, one for connection to a mouthpiece and the other for connection to the rest of the respirator. The canister contains a carbon dioxide removing and oxygen liberating chemical, and there also is a chemical which, upon being heated, will liberate nitrogen to mix with the oxygen liberated in the canister.

Abstract: A method of testing a gas insulated system for the presence of conducting particles. The method includes inserting a gaseous mixture comprising about 98 volume percent nitrogen and about 2 volume percent sulfur hexafluoride into the gas insulated system at a pressure greater than 60 lb./sq. in. gauge, and then applying a test voltage to the system. If particles are present within the system, the gaseous mixture will break down, providing an indicator of the presence of the particles.

Abstract: A nitrogen-rich inert gas mixture is produced by the partial oxidation of a hydrocarbonaceous feed containing substantially no metals nor noncombustible materials with air in a free-flow, unpacked, refractory-lined gas generator at a temperature in the range of about 1300.degree. to 3000.degree. F. and a pressure in the range of about 1 to 250 atmospheres. The product gas will comprise a mixture of nitrogen, argon and carbon dioxide and may contain small amounts of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, depending on the O/C atomic ratio selected. The atomic ratio of free oxygen in said air to carbon in said hydrocarbonaceous fuel is in the range of about 1.7 to stoichiometric, or slightly less than stoichiometric. By operating at this level of O/C atomic ratio, the H.sub.2 + CO content of the product gas may be minimized or deleted, substantially all of the particulate carbon may be oxidized, substantially no NO.sub.x is produced, and the product gas contains substantially no free oxygen.

Abstract: As a new class of multifunctional additives for industrial fluids, the compounds having the following general formula: ##STR1## IN WHICH EACH X and Y represents a heterocyclic nitrogen radical and may be the same or different for each occurrence of X and Y; Z is a basic nitrogen-containing radical; n is 0 or an integer of at least 1, preferably 1 to 10; and A, B, C, and D are linked groups derived from compounds which may provide desired functions, such as detergent, antioxidant, and antiwear properties, or indirectly useful functions, such as adsorbency. At least one of A, B, C, or D is amino or anilino or is derived from an alkenylsuccinimide or an alkyl lactam or tetrahydropyrrolidine, or alkyl-substituted Mannich base, having at least 8 carbon atoms in the alkenyl or alkyl radical, or combinations of any of these. The reaction between these products and metal compounds particularly alkali and alkaline earth metal compounds provides more improved properties.

Abstract: A method and generator are provided for producing singlet molecular oxygen, O.sub.2 (.sup.1 .DELTA..sub.g). A hypohalite selected from the group consisting of BrSO.sub.3 F, BrNO.sub.3, BrOCF.sub.3, ClSO.sub.3 F, ClNO.sub.3, Cl0CF.sub.3, FSO.sub.3 F, FOCF.sub.3, and ISO.sub.3 F, is reacted with hydrogen peroxide to produce singlet molecular oxygen. A preferred embodiment of the reaction is illustrated by the following example:ClSO.sub.3 F + H.sub.2 O.sub.2 .fwdarw. O.sub.2 (.sup.1 .DELTA..sub.g) + HSO.sub.3 F + HCl.The generator for producing the singlet molecular oxygen is a reactor vessel having nozzles for introducing the chlorine fluorosulfate and hydrogen peroxide into the vessel. An outlet is provided for withdrawing the products, and the singlet molecular oxygen is separated by condensing out the other products in a condensor.

Abstract: A process is provided for recovering oxygen from air and particularly providing a product stream comprising a mixture of oxygen and steam useful, for example, in coal gasification processes. The instant process involves contacting a suspension of manganese dioxide in an aqueous solution of sodium or potassium hydroxide with air in a low pressure absorbing zone. The resulting liquid oxygen enriched stream is then pumped into a relatively high pressure generating zone where it is contacted with steam to release oxygen absorbed in the absorbing zone and thereby provide the above mentioned product.

Abstract: A liquid composition, containing methylene chloride, can provide phosphate coatings on metal articles. In addition to the methylene chloride, the composition contains a phosphatizing proportion of phosphoric acid and a solubilizing solvent capable of solubilizing phosphoric acid in methylene chloride. Most critically, the composition contains water in an amount exceeding the proportion of phosphoric acid, yet, the water-containing liquid composition maintains liquid phase homogeneity. Phosphatized coatings of desirable water insolubility are thereby obtained.

Abstract: Apparatus for the production of an inert gas wherein liquid of gaseous hydrocarbons are burnt within a combustion chamber with air, possibly with the admixture of a gaseous atomizing agent, especially steam, inert gas or air, whereby a first shock-like cooling is performed, which is followed by a second cooling step and a scrubbing with water or an aqueous solution of a temperature in the vicinity of the freezing point, and the gas treatment is finished with an adsorption drying.

Abstract: Improved process and apparatus for drying oxygen-containing streams, particularly wet air streams, are provided wherein these streams are contacted with glycols. The regeneration of glycols and in particular the removal of oxygen from the glycols is effected in a first step at a temperature below the oxidation temperature of the glycols, and then the removal of water from the glycols is effected in a second step, preferably by heating the wet glycols.

Abstract: A process for controlling a bonding gas system is disclosed. The process controls temperature and composition of an activating gas used for bonding a nonwoven web of continuous nylon filaments and for supplying the gas to a gas box at a temperature just above its dew-point. A monitored concentration of liquid HCl, maintained at a predetermined temperature, is supplied to a stripper column; an HCl-water-air mixture which contains a low volume percent of HCl is circulated through the stripper column so that the mixture evaporates a portion of the liquid HCl wherein the volume percent of HCl in the mixture is increased thereby forming a bonding gas having the desired HCl concentration; the temperature of the gas leaving the stripper column is controlled so that the HCl concentration of the gas is just above its dew-point and then the gas is fed into a gas box.

Abstract: A nitrogen-rich inert gas mixture is produced by the partial oxidation of a hydrocarbonaceous feed containing substantially no metals nor noncombustible materials with air in a free-flow, unpacked, refractory-lined gas generator at a temperature in the range of about 1300.degree. to 3000.degree. F. and a pressure in the range of about 1 to 250 atmospheres. The product gas will comprise a mixture of nitrogen, argon and carbon dioxide and may contain small amounts of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, depending on the O/C atomic ratio selected. The atomic ratio of free oxygen in said air to carbon in said hydrocarbonaceous fuel is in the range of about 1.7 to stoichiometric, or slightly less than stoichiometric. By operating at this level of O/C atomic ratio, the H.sub.2 + CO content of the product gas may be minimized or deleted, substantially all of the particulate carbon may be oxidized, substantially no NO.sub.x is produced, and the product gas contains substantially no free oxygen.

Abstract: Perfluorinated ethers evidence useful properties as gaseous dielectrics and do not exhibit a high carbon tracking tendency, which is commonly a problem with halogenated alkanes. Mixtures of the perfluorinated ethers with SF.sub.6 and/or CO.sub.2, in critical proportions which are specific to each system, evidence improved dielectric breakdown voltages. The perfluorinated ethers and mixtures of the perfluorinated ethers with SF.sub.6 and/or CO.sub.2 are useful in high voltage coaxial lines, transformers, minisubstations, and the like.

Abstract: A gas mixer and reactor is provided which includes an elongated gas flow chamber with a nozzle arrangement at its inlet end for passing a first gaseous reactant into the interior of the chamber, toward the outlet of the chamber from points uniformly about the inner periphery of the chamber, and an annular nozzle arrangement near the outlet of the gas flow chamber for directing another gaseous reactant, or reactants, through the outlet of the gas flow chamber and into a thermal reaction chamber which communicates with the outlet of the gas flow chamber. In this manner controlled amounts of gaseous reactants may be thoroughly admixed and reacted to produce an atmosphere of desired composition. Atmospheres for kilns having controlled amounts of free hydrogen, carbon monoxide, oxygen, or carbon for example, are produced by burning controlled ratios of fuel, air and in some cases an inert gas, mixed by the reactor.

Abstract: Process for the production of an inert gas wherein liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons are burnt within a combustion chamber with air, possible with the admixture of a gaseous atomizing agent, especially steam, gas inert gas or air, whereby a first shock-like cooling is performed, which is followed by a second cooling step and a scrubbing with water or an aqueous solution of a temperature in the vicinity of the freezing point, and the gas treatment is finished with an adsorption drying. The invention relates also to an apparatus for carrying out such process.

Abstract: Atmosphere compositions and processes utilizing the compositions for heat treating ferrous metal articles under a controlled furnace atmosphere to either maintain or change the surface chemistry of the article being treated are disclosed in the following specification.The invention features atmosphere compositions or mixtures which are blended from normally gaseous components outside the furnace and the mixture or blend is injected into the furnace to provide a carburizing, decarburizing, carbonitriding or neutral hardening atmosphere inside the furnace.

Abstract: A method of reforming a fluid to make it suitable for use as a reducing gas in a direct reduction process is provided. The method is also taught in conjunction with a specific process for which it is particularly suited. The method uses a high-temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactor as a heat source for a catalytic reformer which is coupled with a cryogenic gas separation step to remove a substantial amount of the unreacted hydrocarbon.

Abstract: Methods of preparing fluid mixtures in a chamber under close temperature and pressure controls in which liquid water is introduced into the chamber along with gases selected from the group consisting of oxidizing and reducing gases for providing in the liquid water a mixture of carbon dioxide, hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and of oxidizing and carburizing gases for providing in the liquid water a mixture of carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen and carbon monoxide under reaction conditions. The liquid water in the chamber is maintained under close temperature control of from about 32.degree. F. to about 160.degree. F. and gases in the chamber are maintained under control pressures from ambient atmospheric up to 218.5 atmospheres so that a saturated fluid mixture is generated having predetermined properties as determined by the controlled temperatures and pressures.

Abstract: A gaseous fuel for use in heating, hardening, welding, cutting, and other working of metals comprises a mixture of about 80 to 82 per cent propane, or a propane-butane mixture, about 15 to 17 per cent propylene oxide, and about 2 to 4 per cent methanol. The fuel gas is generated from a cylinder containing the foregoing mixture under pressure, by being dispensed through a discharge tube reaching to near the bottom of the cylinder and engaging valve means for dispensing the fuel gas mixture.

Abstract: A protective gas for annealing steel and other metals is characterized by a mixture of nitrogen and 0.2% by volume to 50% by volume of carbon monoxide.

Abstract: A combustible mixture for torches and burners is formed essentially of at least 15% of a member of the group consisting of methylacetylene and/or propadiene diluted with up to 85% of a diluent which itself is formed of a mixture of at least one C.sub.3 hydrocarbon and at least one C.sub.4 hydrocarbon, and in addition wherein the C.sub.3 diluent comprises at least about 45% of all the C.sub.3 hydrocarbons including the C.sub.3 acetylenes, such that the endothermic heat of formation of the mixture for a molar volume is at least 10 KCal and that the proportion between the C.sub.3 and C.sub.4 hydrocarbons in the diluent is between 70/30 and 95/5.

Abstract: A hot gaseous fluid of low ash content, suitable for use in open-cycle MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) power generation, is produced by means of a three-stage process comprising (1) partial combustion of a fossil fuel to produce a hot gaseous product comprising CO.sub.2 CO, and H.sub.2 O, (2) reformation of the gaseous product from stage (1) by means of a fluidized char bed, whereby CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 O are converted to CO and H.sub.2, and (3) combustion of CO and H.sub.2 from stage (2) to produce a low ash-content fluid (flue gas) comprising CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 O and having a temperature of about 4000.degree. to 5000.degree.F.

Abstract: Lubricant for internal combustion engines comprising lubricating oil components including dispersing substances so that water insoluble components of the lubricant may be dispersed in the water so that no visible oil slick will remain.

Abstract: A standard breath alcohol test medium comprises a canister containing a charge of nitrogen and vaporized alcohol having a predetermined amount of alcohol per unit of volume therein, and means on the canister accommodating discharge of the nitrogen and alcohol mixture therefrom, preferably by pressure discharge or hypodermic extraction through a self-sealing septum in the wall of the canister. A method for filling the containers with a predetermined amount of alcohol vapor is also disclosed.

Abstract: A organo-halide composition for use in the manufacture of semiconductor devices. To enable the removal of all the photoresist material along with its inorganic contamination, after development and etching of preselected portions of an oxide layer on a semiconductor slice, the material is exposed to a low pressure (few torr) rf generated "cold" plasma (200.degree.-300.degree.C), where the plasma is a homogeneous gaseous mixture of oxygen and organohalides. The organo-halide preferably is a binary or ternary mixture where each component preferably includes no more than two carbon atoms per molecule and is desirably fully halogensubstituted. One of the substituents should include predominantly chlorine, while the other should include a predominance of either fluorine or fluorine-bromine combinations.

Abstract: A solid composition capable of self-sustained combustion to produce gaseous nitrogen and nonvolatile solids as its combustion products comprises a mixture of a first metal azide and the oxide or salt of a second metal which second metal is below the first metal in the electrochemical series and which is capable of being substituted by the first metal in the oxide or salt. Many combinations of various components may be used, but some care is required to select only those combinations in which the solid products are nonvolatile at the temperatures encountered during the combustion. A representative system employes iron oxide and sodium azide according to the following reactions:Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 +6NaN.sub.3 .fwdarw.2Fe+3Na.sub.2 O+9N.sub.2 .uparw.Another embodiment of the invention generates mixtures of nitrogen and other gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and/or water particularly suitable for use in lasers.