Abstract: An inspection method of a secondary battery according to the present invention includes: a charging step of charging an inspection target cell to a predetermined voltage set in advance; a voltage drop amount calculation step of calculating an amount of a voltage drop due to discharge by discharging the inspection target cell at a voltage of not more than the predetermined voltage; a non-defective product determination step of determining that the inspection target cell is a non-defective product, when the voltage drop amount is a threshold or less; and an aging step of performing aging after the non-defective product determination step.

Abstract: An electrolyte suitable for use in lithium ion batteries contains 100 parts by weight of aprotic solvent, 1 to 50 parts by weight of lithium-containing conducting salt, 4 to 50 parts by weight of vinylene carbonate, and cyclic phosphonamide of the general formula 1 in which R1, R2, R3 are each hydrocarbyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by fluoro, chloro or silyl groups and which has 1-20 carbon atoms, where two or three of the radicals R1, R2, R3 may be joined to one another, and n has a value of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5. The electrolyte is used in a lithium-ion battery which comprises a cathode, an anode, a separator, and the electrolyte.

Abstract: A heat treatment device of a membrane-electrode assembly for a fuel cell for heat-treating a membrane-electrode assembly sheet includes an electrolyte membrane and electrode catalyst layers continuously adhered onto both surfaces of the electrolyte membrane, the heat treatment device of a membrane-electrode assembly for a fuel cell including: i) a feeding roller feeding the membrane-electrode assembly sheet along a predetermined transport path; and ii) hot presses disposed on upper and lower sides of the transport path, respectively, installed to be reciprocally movable in a vertical direction, and pressing portions of the electrode catalyst layers of upper and lower surfaces of the membrane-electrode assembly sheet at a predetermined temperature.

Abstract: Methods for fabricating an interconnect for a fuel cell stack that include providing a protective layer over at least one surface of an interconnect formed by powder pressing pre-alloyed particles containing two or more metal elements and annealing the interconnect and the protective layer at elevated temperature to bond the protective layer to the at least one surface of the interconnect.

Abstract: A method for charging a zinc-air battery, wherein the potential of the negative electrode during the charging is lower than, or equal to, the value of a critical charging potential. Also disclosed is a method for storing and restoring electrical energy, comprising such a charging step, and to a zinc-air battery suitable for implementing said charging method, and a discharging phase.

Abstract: Provided is an anode for use in electrochemical cells, wherein the anode active layer has a first layer comprising lithium metal and a multi-layer structure comprising single ion conducting layers and polymer layers in contact with the first layer comprising lithium metal or in contact with an intermediate protective layer, such as a temporary protective metal layer, on the surface of the lithium-containing first layer. Another aspect of the invention provides an anode active layer formed by the in-situ deposition of lithium vapor and a reactive gas. The anodes of the current invention are particularly useful in electrochemical cells comprising sulfur-containing cathode active materials, such as elemental sulfur.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a nonwoven fiber mat for reinforcing a plate or electrode of a lead-acid battery includes a plurality of glass fibers and an acid resistant binder that couples the plurality of glass fibers together. The nonwoven fiber mat also includes a wetting component that is applied to the glass fibers and/or nonwoven fiber mat to increase the wettability of the nonwoven fiber mat such that the nonwoven fiber mat exhibits an average water wick height of at least 0.5 cm after exposure to water for 10 minutes conducted according to method ISO8787. The wetting component may be dissolvable in an acid solution of the lead-acid battery such that a significant portion of the nonwoven fiber mat is lost due to dissolving of the wetting component.

Abstract: A solid electrolyte including a layer of LixPOy, free from nitrogen, with 3.6?x?6.3 and 1.5?y?4, and the ionic conductivity of which is greater than or equal to 10?5 S/cm. A microbattery including a layer of solid electrolyte.

Abstract: A three dimensional (“3D”) secondary battery includes an electrolyte layer and an anode active material layer that are sequentially stacked on a plurality of first trenches that are provided in a cathode active material layer where, in the anode active material layer, a plurality of second trenches having similar shape to that of the first trenches is provided and the plurality of second trenches are filled with an elastic member and where the elastic member absorbs expansion of the anode active material layer during charging and discharging the 3D secondary battery, and thus, the degradation of the 3-dimensional secondary battery is prevented.

Abstract: An electrochemical device manufactured using an electrode layer in which severe increase of electrode resistance is prevented and/or a solid electrolyte layer in which severe decrease of ion conductivity of a solid electrolyte is prevented is provided. The electrochemical device includes a pair of electrode layers, and a solid electrolyte layer provided between the pair of electrode layers, wherein at least one layer of the electrode layers and the solid electrolyte layer is composed of first particles each providing a function of the at least one layer, second particles and a binder which is composed of an organic polymer and binds the first and second particles, and wherein the at least one layer is formed from a mixture material containing the first particles and binder particles, each of the binder particles including the second particle and the binder carried on at least a part of a surface thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed are a process for separating an electrode for membrane-electrode assemblies of fuel cells from the decal transfer film and an apparatus for separating the electrode. In particular, during the electrode separating process, only an electrode is separated from the decal transfer film on which the electrode is coated, without any damage, by a freezing method for freezing the specimen on the deionized water surface, and thus, wasting the expensive MEA is prevented. Thus, mechanical properties of the pristine electrode can be rapidly quantified in advance, and therefore, long term durability evaluation period during developing MEA having excellent durability is substantially reduced.

Abstract: A negative electrode for a secondary battery, the negative electrode including: a current collector; an interlayer on the current collector and consisting of at least one first polymer selected from a cation-substituted polycarboxylic acid and a copolymer thereof; a negative electrode active material layer on the interlayer and which includes a negative electrode active material and a binder.

Abstract: A re-chargeable battery comprising a non-dendrite forming sodium (Na)/potassium (K) liquid metal alloy anode, a sulfur and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) conductive polymer composite cathode, a polyethyleneoxide (PEO) solid electrolyte, a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formed on the PEO solid electrolyte; and a cell housing, wherein the anode, cathode, and electrolyte are assembled into the cell housing with the PEO solid electrolyte disposed between the cathode and anode.

Abstract: Lithium metal powder based inks are provided. The inks are provided in formulations suitable for printing using a variety of printing techniques, including screen printing, offset litho printing, gravure printing, flexographic printing, pad printing and inkjet printing. The inks include lithium metal powder, a polymer binder and optionally electrically conductive materials and/or lithium salts in a solvent. The inks are well suited for use in printing electrodes for use in lithium metal batteries. Batteries made from lithium powder based anodes and electronic applications such as RFID labels, Smart Cards and wearable medical devices are also provided.

Abstract: The present invention refers to a method of preparing a separator, a separator prepared therefrom and an electrochemical device having the separator. The method of preparing a separator according to the present invention comprises providing a planar and porous substrate having multiple pores; and coating a first slurry on at least one surface of the porous substrate through a slot section to form a porous coating layer, while continuously coating a second slurry on the porous coating layer through a slide section adjacent to the slot section to form a layer for adhesion with an electrode, the first slurry comprising inorganic particles, a first binder polymer and a first solvent, and the second slurry comprising a second binder polymer and a second solvent.

Abstract: According to various embodiments, an electronic structure may be provided, the electronic structure may include: a semiconductor carrier, and a battery structure monolithically integrated with the semiconductor carrier, the battery structure including a plurality of thin film batteries.

Abstract: A method for preparing thin double-structured composite corrosion resistant and/or passivating coatings that consist of a thin metal oxide-hydroxide subcoating prepared by anodizing the metal substrate materials near-surface part and then provided with an atomic layer deposition (ALD) topmost nanocoating, of e.g. oxide, nitride, carbonate, carbide etc. or their mixes or laminates, or laminates with ceramic and metallic layers, or laminates with inorganic or organic polymers and ceramic layers.

Abstract: Disclosed is a cathode current collector for an electrical energy storage device and a method for manufacturing the same, which improves adhesion between a current collector and an electrode material and provide a high reaction surface area, thereby improving the performance of the electrical energy storage. In particular, a first alumina film is formed on the surface of an aluminum foil using an anodic oxidation process. Next, the first alumina film formed on a surface of the aluminum foil is removed through etching and a second alumina film is formed on the surface of the aluminum foil, from which the first alumina film is removed, using the anodic oxidation process again. Subsequently, a carbon layer is coated on a surface of the aluminum foil on which the second alumina film is formed.

Abstract: A lithium battery including a negative electrode including a lithium metal or a lithium alloy; a positive electrode; and a polymer gel electrolyte contacting the negative electrode, wherein the polymer gel electrolyte has an ionic conductivity of about 10?3 S/cm or greater, a lithium ion transference number of about 0.15 or greater, and a lithium ion mobility of about 10?6 cm2/V×sec or greater, wherein the polymer gel electrolyte includes a lithium salt, a polymer capable of forming a complex with the lithium salt, an insulating inorganic filler, and an organic solvent, wherein the organic solvent is inert with respect to the lithium metal, wherein an anionic radius of the lithium salt is about 2.5 Angstroms or greater, and wherein a molecular weight of the lithium salt is about 145 or greater.

Abstract: Provided is a method of manufacturing a negative electrode for a solid-state battery, the method including: a step of mixing a negative electrode active material, a sulfide solid electrolyte, a binder, and a solvent with each other to prepare a negative electrode slurry; a step of applying the prepared negative electrode slurry to a surface of a solid electrolyte layer of the solid-state battery or a substrate of the negative electrode; and a step of drying the applied negative electrode slurry. In this method, the solvent is butyl butyrate, and the binder is a copolymer containing a vinylidene fluoride (VDF) monomer unit and a hexafluoropropylene (HFP) monomer unit, in which a molar ratio of the HFP monomer unit to a total amount of the VDF monomer unit and the HFP monomer unit is 10% to 25%.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for manufacturing an electrode structure including (S1) coating and drying a slurry for an electrode active material layer on an electrode current collector placed on a heated bottom surface, (S2) coating and drying a slurry for an insulating layer including inorganic particles, a binder, and a solvent, on a heated roller located at a predetermined distance from the bottom surface, and (S3) transferring the dried slurry for an insulating layer to the dried slurry for an electrode active material layer on the bottom surface, and thermo-compressing the dried slurry for an insulating layer and the dried slurry for an electrode active material layer, to form an insulating layer on an electrode surface.

Abstract: A secondary battery including: spirally wound electrode body in which positive electrode and negative electrode are laminated via separator and spirally wound, wherein the positive electrode includes an inner circumference side positive electrode active material layer and an outer circumference side positive electrode active material layer while including a single side active material layer formation region, the ratio A/(A+B) of an area density A (mg/cm2) of the inner circumference side positive electrode active material layer and an area density B (mg/cm2) of the outer circumference side positive electrode active material layer, an inner diameter C (mm) of the coil opening portion, and the ratio D/E of a thickness D (?m) of the positive electrode and a thickness E (?m) of the positive electrode collector satisfy the relationship expressed in Formula 1, and a length F (mm) of the single side active material layer formation region satisfies the relationship expressed in Formula 2.

Abstract: Cohesive carbon assemblies are prepared by obtaining a functionalized carbon starting material in the form of powder, particles, flakes, loose agglomerates, aqueous wet cake, or aqueous slurry, dispersing the carbon in water by mechanical agitation and/or refluxing, and substantially removing the water, typically by evaporation, whereby the cohesive assembly of carbon is formed. The method is suitable for preparing free-standing, monolithic assemblies of carbon nanotubes in the form of films, wafers, discs, fiber, or wire, having high carbon packing density and low electrical resistivity. The method is also suitable for preparing substrates coated with an adherent cohesive carbon assembly. The assemblies have various potential applications, such as electrodes or current collectors in electrochemical capacitors, fuel cells, and batteries, or as transparent conductors, conductive inks, pastes, and coatings.

Abstract: A metal-air battery with a high discharge capacity is provided. Discharge capacity can be increased by a metal-air battery that includes an air electrode, a negative electrode and an electrolyte layer, where the electrolyte layer includes a porous separator, and a liquid electrolyte infiltrated in the separator, and a contact angle between the liquid electrolyte and a negative electrode side-face of the separator is smaller than that between the liquid electrolyte and an air electrode side-face of the separator.

Abstract: An electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC) energy storage device is provided that includes at least two electrodes and a redox-enhanced electrolyte including two redox couples such that there is a different one of the redox couples for each of the electrodes. When charged, the charge is stored in Faradaic reactions with the at least two redox couples in the electrolyte and in a double-layer capacitance of a porous carbon material that comprises at least one of the electrodes, and a self-discharge of the energy storage device is mitigated by at least one of electrostatic attraction, adsorption, physisorption, and chemisorption of a redox couple onto the porous carbon material.

Abstract: A battery includes at least two externally accessible battery electrodes to provide a supply voltage and at least more than half of a wafer including at least two wafer electrodes. The wafer includes a plurality of trenches reaching into the wafer. At least a part of a trench of the plurality of trenches is filled with a solid state battery structure. The solid state battery structure within the trench includes electrodes electrically connected to the wafer electrodes.

Abstract: The present invention provides a coating liquid, a laminated porous film and a method for producing a laminated porous film. The coating liquid comprises a binder resin, a filler and a medium, wherein the filler is a mixture comprising (a) a filler having a specific surface area of not less than 7 m2/g and not more than 80 m2/g and (b) a filler having a specific surface area of not less than 3 m2/g and not more than 6 m2/g in a filler (a) to filler (b) weight ratio of from 5:95 to 40:60. The laminated porous film is a laminated porous film in which a heat-resistant layer is laminated on one or both of the surfaces of a porous film substrate, wherein the heat-resistant layer is a heat-resistant layer formed by removing the medium from the coating liquid.

Abstract: The method for manufacturing a lithium ion secondary battery includes a binder coating step (18), a mixture supplying step (20), a magnetic field applying step (22), and a convection generating step (24). The binder coating step (18) is a step of coating a slurry-form binder (18a) on a metal foil (12a) (collector). The mixture supplying step (20) is a step of supplying a negative electrode mixture containing graphite so as to be superposed on the slurry-form binder (18a) coated on the metal foil (12a) in the binder coating step (18). The magnetic field applying step (22) is a step of applying a magnetic field having magnetic lines of force pointing in the direction orthogonal to the metal foil (12a), to the negative electrode mixture (20a) coated on the metal foil (12a) in the mixture supplying step (20).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for preparing a graphene-based LiFePO4/C composite material, to solve the problem of poor conductivity and rate performance of lithium iron phosphate cathode material. The main features of the present invention include the steps of: 1) preparing an iron salt solution having graphene oxide dispersed therein; 2) preparing a ferric phosphate/graphene oxide precursor; 3) preparing the graphene-based LiFePO4/C composite material. The beneficial effects of the method is that the process is simple, easy to control and the resulted graphene-based LiFePO4/C composite material has high specific capacity, good recycle performance and excellent rate capability is particularly suitable to the field of the power battery application.

Abstract: Provided is an anode for use in electrochemical cells, wherein the anode active layer has a first layer comprising lithium metal and a multi-layer structure comprising single ion conducting layers and polymer layers in contact with the first layer comprising lithium metal or in contact with an intermediate protective layer, such as a temporary protective metal layer, on the surface of the lithium-containing first layer. Another aspect of the invention provides an anode active layer formed by the in-situ deposition of lithium vapor and a reactive gas. The anodes of the current invention are particularly useful in electrochemical cells comprising sulfur-containing cathode active materials, such as elemental sulfur.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of manufacturing an anode for a thermally activated reserve battery using a thin metal foam and a cup, which includes rolling a metal foam, coating the metal foam with a molten eutectic salt, impregnating the metal foam with lithium, and providing the metal foam with an electrode cup and a conductive separation membrane, and in which lithium having excellent capacity and output characteristics is employed in an anode for a thermal battery operating at high temperature.

Abstract: The present invention provides a manufacturing method of a membrane electrode assembly which makes it possible to produce a polymer electrolyte fuel cell at a high level of productivity. According to the present invention, it is possible to make differences in characteristics between a first catalyst electrode 11A and a second catalyst electrode 11B, which are formed on the both surfaces of a polymer electrolyte membrane 3, without changing materials of the first and the second catalyst electrode 11A and 11B. In the present invention, the first and the second catalyst electrode 11A and 11B are adhered to the polymer electrolyte membrane 3 by sticking the first catalyst electrode 11A by a first roll press 7 followed by sticking the second catalyst electrode 11B by a second roll press 8.

Abstract: A method for making lithium ion battery is provided. A cathode material layer and an anode material layer are provided. A cathode current collector is formed on a surface of the cathode material layer to obtain a cathode electrode. The cathode current collector includes a graphene layer and a carbon nanotube layer stacked with the graphene layer. An anode current collector is formed on a surface of the anode material layer to obtain an anode electrode. A separator is applied between the cathode electrode and the anode electrode thereby forming a battery cell. At least one battery cell is encapsulated in an external encapsulating shell. An electrolyte solution is injected into the external encapsulating shell.

Abstract: A clamping device for an electrochemical cell stack is provided. The clamping device can include a first plate and a second plate. The second plate can be positionable relative to the first plate such that a space between the first plate and the second plate can be sized to receive an electrochemical cell stack. The device also can include a coupling member coupling the first plate to the second plate. At least one of the first and second plates can be movable away from the other plate. The coupling member can have a first end portion and a second end portion. The device further can include an elastic member disposed between the first end portion and the second end portion.

Abstract: An electrochemical device comprises an element body 10 in which a pair of a first inner electrode and a second inner electrode are laminated to sandwich a separator layer; an exterior sheet 4 covering the element body; a first lead terminal 18 drawn to an outside of the exterior sheet 4; and a second lead terminal 28 drawn to the outside of the exterior sheet 4. A proof stress of the exterior sheet is 390 to 980 N/mm2 in JIS Z2241, and a hardness of the exterior sheet is 230 to 380 Hv in Vickers hardness (JIS Z2244).

Abstract: A semiconductor substrate-based system for an RFID device, in particular an RFID transponder, having a semiconductor substrate and an electronic circuit system which is structured on the semiconductor substrate is provided. The semiconductor substrate-based system also has a thin-layer battery, likewise structured on the semiconductor substrate, for supplying power to the RFID device. Moreover, an RFID device having a corresponding semiconductor substrate-based system, and a method for manufacturing a corresponding semiconductor substrate-based system are provided.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a cathode for a secondary battery, which includes a combination of one or more selected from compounds represented by Formula 1 and or more selected from compounds represented by Formula 2, as illustrated below, and a secondary battery having the same, xLi2MO3*(1?x)LiM?O2??(1) (1?u)LiFePO4*uC??(2).

Abstract: A separator-electrolyte layer product for use in a lithium battery, comprising: (a) a porous thin-film separator selected from a porous polymer film, a porous mat, fabric, or paper made of polymer or glass fibers, or a combination thereof, wherein the separator has a thickness less than 500 ?m; and (b) a non-flammable quasi-solid electrolyte containing a lithium salt dissolved in a liquid solvent up to a concentration no less than 3 M; wherein the porous thin-film separator is coated with the quasi-solid electrolyte so that the layer product exhibits a vapor pressure less than 0.01 kPa when measured at 20° C., a vapor pressure less than 60% of the vapor pressure of the liquid solvent alone, a flash point at least 20 degrees Celsius higher than a flash point of the first liquid solvent alone, a flash point higher than 150° C., or no detectable flash point.

Abstract: A process for producing a separator-electrolyte layer for use in a lithium battery, comprising: (a) providing a porous separator; (b) providing a quasi-solid electrolyte containing a lithium salt dissolved in a first liquid solvent up to a first concentration no less than 3 M; and (c) coating or impregnating the separator with the electrolyte to obtain the separator-electrolyte layer with a final concentration?the first concentration so that the electrolyte exhibits a vapor pressure less than 0.01 kPa when measured at 20° C., a vapor pressure less than 60% of that of the first liquid solvent alone, a flash point at least 20 degrees Celsius higher than a flash point of the first liquid solvent alone, a flash point higher than 150° C., or no detectable flash point. A battery using such a separator-electrolyte is non-flammable and safe, has a long cycle life, high capacity, and high energy density.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an anode active material-containing slurry, an anode using the slurry, and an electrochemical device comprising the anode. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to a slurry comprising an anode active material; a polymer binder comprising styrene butadiene rubber and potassium polyacrylate; a conductive material; and a dispersing medium, an anode using the slurry, and an electrochemical device comprising the anode. The anode active material-containing slurry according to one aspect of the present disclosure can relieve the volume expansion of an anode active material by the intercalation and disintercalation of lithium during cycles of electrochemical devices to improve the durability of an anode active material layer, thereby enhancing the life characteristics of the electrochemical devices, and can form an anode active material layer having a high peeling force even though potassium polyacrylate with a relatively lower weight-average molecular weight is used.

Abstract: A composite positive active material including an over-lithiated lithium transition metal oxide, the over-lithiated transition metal oxide including a compound represented by Formula 1 or Formula 3: [Formula 1] xLi2-yM?yMO3-(1-x)LiM?O2, [Formula 3] xLi2-yM?yMO3-x?LiM?O2-x?Li1+dM??2-dO4, x+x?+x?=1, 0<x<1, 0<x?<1, 0<x?<1, 0<y?1, and 0?d?0.33, is disclosed. A positive electrode and a lithium battery containing the composite positive active material, and a method of preparing the composite positive active material are also disclosed.

Abstract: An energy storage device can include a cathode having a first plurality of frustules, where the first plurality of frustules can include nanostructures having an oxide of manganese. The energy storage device can include an anode comprising a second plurality of frustules, where the second plurality of frustules can include nanostructures having zinc oxide. A frustule can have a plurality of nanostructures on at least one surface, where the plurality of nanostructures can include an oxide of manganese. A frustule can have a plurality of nanostructures on at least one surface, where the plurality of nanostructures can include zinc oxide. An electrode for an energy storage device includes a plurality of frustules, where each of the plurality of frustules can have a plurality of nanostructures formed on at least one surface.

Abstract: A separator is provided that has a metal substrate and a conductive resin layer on the surface of the metal substrate. The conductive resin layer contains a resin and a conductive substance dispersed in the resin. The separator is configured such that the proportion of the conductive substance to the resin increases continuously from the metal substrate toward the surface of the separator.

Abstract: The present invention provides one with an iron electrode employing a binder comprised of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) binder. In one embodiment, the invention comprises an iron based electrode comprising a single layer of a conductive substrate coated on at least one side with a coating comprising an iron active material and a binder, wherein the binder is PVA. This iron based electrode is useful in alkaline rechargeable batteries, particularly as a negative electrode in a Ni—Fe battery.

Abstract: The present invention provides a separator for a non-aqueous secondary battery including a porous substrate and an adhesive porous layer that is formed at at least one side of the porous substrate and contains the following polyvinylidene fluoride-based resin A and the following polyvinylidene fluoride-based resin B. (1) Polyvinylidene fluoride resin A selected from the group consisting of vinylidene fluoride homopolymers having a weight average molecular weight of from 600,000 to 2,500,000, and vinylidene fluoride copolymers having a weight average molecular weight of from 600,000 to 2,500,000 and containing a structural unit derived from vinylidene fluoride and a structural unit derived from hexafluoropropylene, the total content of structural units derived from hexafluoropropylene in each of the vinylidene fluoride copolymers being 1.5 mol % or less of the total content of structural units in each of the vinylidene fluoride copolymer.

Abstract: A stainless steel separator for fuel cells and a method of manufacturing the same are disclosed. The method includes preparing a stainless steel sheet as a matrix, performing surface modification on a surface of the stainless steel sheet to form a Cr-rich passive film having a comparatively increased amount of Cr in a superficial layer of the stainless steel sheet by decreasing an amount of Fe in the superficial layer of the stainless steel sheet, and forming a coating layer on the surface of the surface-modified stainless steel sheet. The coating layer is one selected from a metal nitride layer (MNx), a metal/metal nitride layer (M/MNx), a metal carbide layer (MCy), and a metal boride layer (MBz) (where 0.5?x?1, 0.42?y?1, 0.5?z?2).

Abstract: An electrochemical detector includes a carbon based element located between a separator and a current collector of an adjacent electrode. Elements can take the form of a carbon fabric located between the separator and the collector, or a linear, or, circular carbon deposit on a surface of the separator adjacent to the respective current collector. Other conductive coatings including gold, platinum or transition metals, as well as carbon, can be deposited directly onto a porous substrate, such as a masked separator material.

Abstract: A composite structure disclosed includes a base (X) and a layer (Y) stacked on the base (X). The layer (Y) includes a reaction product (R). The reaction product (R) is a reaction product formed by a reaction at least between a metal oxide (A) and a phosphorus compound (B). A peak for a binding energy of an oxygen-atom 1s orbital observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the layer (Y) is located at 532.0 eV or higher, and the peak has a half width of less than 2.0 eV.

Abstract: A plasma treatment apparatus includes a discharge electrode; a dielectric roller which includes a rotatable counter electrode and a rotatable dielectric, the dielectric being at least provided on a surface with which a treatment target comes into contact; an adjusting roller configured to adjust a contact amount of the treatment target with respect to the dielectric roller; and a control unit configured to control the adjusting roller.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for discharging a Li—S battery having at least one battery unit comprising a lithium-containing anode and a sulfur-containing cathode with an electrolyte layer there between. One method comprises electrochemically surface treating the sulfur-containing cathode during discharge of the battery. A method of electrochemically surface treating a cathode of a lithium-sulfide battery comprises applying at least one oxidative voltage pulse during a pulse application period while the lithium-sulfur battery discharges and controlling pulse characteristics during the pulse application period, the pulse characteristics configured to affect a morphology of lithium sulfide forming on the sulfur-containing cathode during discharge.