Abstract: An axial gap motor is configured such that: a rotor includes a plurality of rotor cores fixed along the circumferential direction of a rotor pedestal, and a plurality of magnets; and a stator includes a plurality of stator cores fixed along the circumferential direction of a stator pedestal, and coils wound around the stator cores. A first divided surface of each rotor core faces an N-pole of a corresponding magnet, and a second divided surface of the each rotor core faces an S-pole of a corresponding magnet. Respective divided surfaces of the rotor cores are placed to face respective divided surfaces of the stator cores across the magnets.

Abstract: An axial field rotary energy system has a housing and rotors with an axis of rotation that are rotatably coupled to the housing. Each rotor includes a magnet. A stator assembly is located axially between the rotors and coupled to the housing. The stator assembly has a printed circuit board (PCB). The PCB includes a plurality of layers, and each layer has coils. A shaft is coupled to the rotors and the housing. The shaft can dispense a liquid coolant between the rotors and stator assembly. The housing can include a sump to collect the liquid coolant.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an axial flux motor for a reaction wheel, and method of using and making the same. The motor includes a stator and a rotor. The stator comprises a printed circuit board (PCB) including a first motor coil. The rotor is coupled to a first ring-shaped magnet having an alternating pole arrangement. In a further embodiment, the rotor includes permanent magnets, and the stator PCB includes a first motor coil, and a first high thermal conductivity element.

Abstract: An energy conserving power generator has a frame, a transmitting device, and a power generating device. The transmitting device and the power generating device are disposed in the frame. The power generating device has a coil disposing board, multiple coil seats, multiple coils, a conductor, multiple rotating shafts, and multiple rotating magnets. The coil disposing board is fixed on the frame. The multiple coil seats are disposed at spaced intervals on the coil disposing board. Each one of the multiple coils is winded around a respective one of the multiple coil seats. The conductor is fixed on the transmitting shaft. Each one of the multiple rotating shafts passes through the coil disposing board. Each one of the multiple rotating magnets is mounted to a respective one of the multiple rotating shafts, is adjacent to the conductor, and extends into two of the multiple coils winded around two corresponding coil seats.

Abstract: Provided is a pole-number-changing rotary electric machine having excellent torque-current characteristics both at a more-pole drive time and at a less-pole drive time without use of a winding changing mechanism. The pole-number-changing rotary electric machine is configured to change a number of poles between the more-pole drive time and the less-pole drive time, and includes: a rotary electric machine including: a stator including stator slots arranged in a mechanical angle direction; and a rotor configured to be rotated by magnetomotive forces generated by currents flowing through stator coils stored in the stator slots; an inverter configured to supply an m-phase current to the stator coils; and a control unit configured to control the inverter, the per-stator-slot magnetomotive forces being arranged at regular angle intervals.

Abstract: An induction motor assembly includes a motor. The motor includes a rotor rotatable about a rotor axis, and a stator at least substantially circumscribing the rotor. The stator includes a generally toroidal core. The core includes a generally circumferential yoke and a plurality of arcuately spaced apart teeth extending radially inwardly from the yoke. The tooth length is at least three (3) times the yoke thickness.

Abstract: An electric motor or generator comprising a stator having stator teeth for mounting electrical coils, a rotor, a first electrical device arranged to control current in the electric coils to generate a rotational torque on the rotor and a second electrical device arranged to modify current provided to the first electrical device, wherein the stator includes a cooling arrangement having a cooling channel arranged to cool the electrical coils, the first electrical device and the second electrical device.

Abstract: An axial brushless DC motor comprising a stator, a rotor including a magnet, a sleeve bushing extending through the stator and including a pair of opposed distal collars, a motor shaft extends through the sleeve bushing, and a pair of opposed bearings are seated in the respective pair of collars and mount the shaft and a rotor for rotation relative to the sleeve bushing and the stator. The bearings are adapted for thrust, radial support/self-alignment, and angular adjustment of the motor shaft. In one embodiment, a stator overmold member includes a central tube that defines the sleeve bushing and includes a stator shorting ring. In one embodiment, a metal pole piece is seated in a cup-shaped magnet with a rim and the magnetic flux travels through the rim of the magnet and through a magnetic flux sensor.

Abstract: A vehicle drive apparatus includes: an engine; a rotary machine; an output member coupled to a drive wheel of a vehicle; a differential mechanism configured to couple the engine, the rotary machine, and the output member together to be differentially rotatable via a plurality of differentially rotatable rotational elements; and an elastic member configured to couple a rotation shaft of the rotary machine to the rotational element of the differential mechanism to be relatively rotatable.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a rotating electrical machine includes a rotor and a stator. The rotor includes a first coil, first magnetic poles and second magnetic poles. The stator includes a second coil, third magnetic poles and fourth magnetic poles. One of a first magnetic pole and a second magnetic pole opposite to the first magnetic pole is formed such that a leading end of the one of the first magnetic pole and the second magnetic pole lies opposite a central portion of an opposite surface of the stator. One of a third magnetic pole and a fourth magnetic pole opposite to the third magnetic pole is formed such that a leading end of the one of the third magnetic pole and the fourth magnetic pole lies opposite a central portion of an opposite surface of the rotor.

Abstract: Disclosed are various embodiments for a new and improved electrical motor/generator, specifically a motor/generator comprising: a plurality of coils radially positioned about a coil assembly, a plurality of magnetic tunnels forming a relative rotational path for the coil assembly, wherein the all of plurality of magnets forming each magnetic tunnel have like poles facing inward toward the interior of the magnetic tunnel or facing outward away from the interior of the magnetic tunnel such that each magnetic field of any magnetic tunnel is of an opposite polarity to the magnetic field of an adjacent magnetic tunnel.

Abstract: Permanent magnet electrical machine rotors and construction methods can include at least one magnet and at least one retention element. An axial relative force maintained between one or more magnets and one or more retention elements can urge the retention element along one or more magnet surfaces to induce a hoop stress in the retention elements and a compressive stress within the magnets.

Abstract: A digital motor comprising a stator, an internal rotor and an external rotor; wherein the internal rotor is embedded into the external rotor, with a cavity provided between the internal and external rotors; the cavity is filled with magnetic phase-change material. The asynchronous motor comprising a rotor and a stator; the asynchronous motor adopts two groups of rotor-stator structures that are arranged coaxially; one group is a driving rotor-stator structure, including a primary stator and a primary rotor; the primary rotor is formed by embedding a primary inner rotor into a primary outer rotor, phase-change magnetic materials are filled into a cavity between the primary inner rotor and the primary outer rotor.

Abstract: The invention relates to electric machines having permanent excitation, having a very high specific torque and a high power density when correspondingly supplied through power electronics. They are characterized by advantageous production possibilities using composite materials that can be pressed in molds. The nonferrous rotor construction and low required magnet mass results in an extremely low moment of inertia.

Abstract: In precision mechanical actuators, wherein a high precision stepping motor can notably be used in the actuating mechanisms of artificial satellites, a stepping motor comprises two rotors that rotate in opposite directions to generate a low-amplitude movement between one of the rotors and a stator. The first rotor comprises a first set of teeth distributed at a first pitch p1 and a second set of teeth distributed at a second pitch p2. The stator comprises N stator contacts comprising a plurality a of teeth distributed at the pitch p1, distributed at a third pitch equal to p1(a+1/N), and able to cooperate with the teeth of the first set. The second rotor comprises N rotor contacts comprising a plurality b of teeth distributed at the pitch p2, distributed at a fourth pitch equal to p1(b+1/N), and able to cooperate with the teeth of the second set of the first rotor.

Abstract: A stator coil heating apparatus and a stator coil heating method that are capable of effectively preventing a core from thermal deformation particularly caused due to a magnetic flux generated by a coil head, without the problem of heating temperature variation, and also shortening a time for the process of heating a stator coil, are provided. A stator coil heating apparatus A to heat a stator coil L wound around a circular core F, comprises: induction heating coil heads 1 and 11 that heat the circular coil L by generating an inductive effect acting from outside in the thickness direction of the core F, against circular winding coil bases La and Lb that are sticking out of end faces Fa and Fb of the core F in the thickness direction thereof; and shields 2 and 12 that block a magnetic flux generated by the coil heads 1 and 11, out of the end faces Fa and Fb of the core F in the thickness direction thereof.

Abstract: An electric machine has a stator and a rotor. The stator has a housing and at least one pair of magnetic poles. Each magnetic pole has a primary magnet and two auxiliary magnets disposed on respective sides of the primary magnet. All of the magnets are disposed on an inner surface of the housing. All the magnets of a magnetic pole have the same polarity.

Abstract: An electrical machine includes a rotor with a rotational axis, a coil arranged circumferentially with respect to and fully encircling the rotational axis, and a stator assembly. The stator assembly includes first and second lamination stacks comprising associated pluralities of laminae, the stacks being arranged circumferentially with respect to the rotational axis on opposing sides of the coil for conducting magnetic flux. The stacks are configured with gaps generally radially through the laminae thereof, defining separate circumferential segments in each laminae, to prevent creating a continuous electrical circuit around the rotational axis in the segments. Each laminae has a connecting ring spaced radially from the segments, and beams connecting the segments to the ring as a unitary piece. Back return elements extend axially between the stacks to provide a flux path therebetween, and are positioned circumferentially between adjacent parts of the beams and radially between the segments and the ring.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are stator components designed to facilitate stator mounting as part of a generator. Also disclosed are generators suitable for use, for example, as part of a wind turbine, their components, as well as methods for their production.

Abstract: Alternating current electric induction motor, in particular a motor (12-22) which is fed by a frequency variator, comprising a casing (4) which supports a rotor (9) by means of roller bearings (8) and which supports a stator (13) with a coaxial ring-shaped core (16) made of a magnetic material, characterized in that the stator (13) is provided with an auxiliary closed loop toroidal winding (20).

Abstract: What is claimed is a downhole tool string component comprising a generator. The generator may comprise a toroidal stator comprising an interior channel formed between inward extending stator poles. A coil of wire is disposed within the interior channel, and a plurality of magnets are rotatably disposed proximate each pole. A downhole tool string component comprises a bore to receive a flow of drilling fluid comprising a central passage and at least one peripheral passage. A compliant member is disposed within the bore and forms an internal diameter of the central passage, and at least one opening. The at least one opening comprises an internal area within the compliant member to divert the flow of drilling fluid into the at least one peripheral passage. The compliant member comprises a compliant property allowing the internal area of the at least one opening to change thus changing the amount of diverted drilling fluid.

Abstract: A permanent magnet-less and brushless synchronous system includes a stator that generates a magnetic rotating field when sourced by polyphase alternating currents. An uncluttered rotor is positioned within the magnetic rotating field and is spaced apart from the stator. An excitation core is spaced apart from the stator and the uncluttered rotor and magnetically couples the uncluttered rotor. The brushless excitation source generates a magnet torque by inducing magnetic poles near an outer peripheral surface of the uncluttered rotor, and the stator currents also generate a reluctance torque by a reaction of the difference between the direct and quadrature magnetic paths of the uncluttered rotor.

Abstract: A permanent magnet-less, brushless synchronous system includes a stator that generates a magnetic rotating field when sourced by an alternating current. An uncluttered rotor disposed within the magnetic rotating field is spaced apart from the stator to form an air gap relative to an axis of rotation. A stationary excitation core spaced apart from the uncluttered rotor by an axial air gap and a radial air gap substantially encloses the stationary excitation core. Some permanent magnet-less, brushless synchronous systems include stator core gaps to reduce axial flux flow. Some permanent magnet-less, brushless synchronous systems include an uncluttered rotor coupled to outer laminations. The quadrature-axis inductance may be increased in some synchronous systems. Some synchronous systems convert energy such as mechanical energy into electrical energy (e.g., a generator); other synchronous systems may convert any form of energy into mechanical energy (e.g., a motor).

Abstract: A motor stator is disclosed. Each of a first phase, second phase and third phase of three-phase winding has multiple toroidal coils and crossover wires connecting the coils. The crossover wire of the first phase runs inside the second phase coil and the third phase coil. The crossover wire of the second phase runs over the first phase coil with a guide by guide posts and runs inside the third phase coil. The crossover wire of the third phase runs over the first phase coil and the second phase coil with a guide by the guide posts.

Abstract: A so-called gap winding motor capable of preventing a rotation detector from being affected by noise generated by a stator coil connection portion and decreasing the size and cost is provided. The gap winding motor comprises a stator including a stator core, a plurality of stator coils arranged on an inner peripheral surface of the stator core, a ring-shaped coil connection board configured to connect the plurality of stator coils, and ring-shaped shield patterns provided at both surfaces of the ring-shaped coil connection board. The stator core, the coil connection board, and the shield patterns are encapsulated with resin, and a rotation detector mounting printed circuit board is arranged in a gap located at an inner side of the stator core.

Abstract: A stator for a reciprocating motor includes a coil winding in which a coil is wound plural times, and fixed and insulated with a bonding material distributed between gaps of the wound coil, an insulation band formed in a circular band shape along an outer circumferential surface of the coil winding, an annular bobbin coupled to both side surfaces of the coil winding and covering the coil winding together with the insulation band, a plurality of core blocks coupled on the bobbin in a circumferential direction, and an inner core inserted with a certain interval from the circular inner circumferential surface formed by the bobbin and the plurality of core blocks.

Abstract: Electrical generators are provided with toroidally wound stator windings electrically connected in series; a high permeability stator core, preferably an amorphous magnetic alloy material, glassy metal or HYPERCO™ 50 laminations; and a rotor. The toroidally wound stator coils and the stator core trap essentially all of the flux fields generated by the stator coils within the stator core. Since there is essentially no magnetic field leaving the stator, there is essentially no flux field interaction with the field generated by the rotor. The reduction of flux field interaction also reduces counter torque.

Abstract: A brushless AC motor has a rotor, N stator pole group, and plural loop-configuration stator windings. The rotor has magnetic poles with alternating N poles and S poles circumferentially disposed at equal interval. The stator has plural stator poles divided to N stator pole groups. Each group is formed circumferentially on the stator with each of adjacent pairs of the groups mutually differing in circumferential position by a desired amount. The stator windings are formed circumferentially on the stator, with each winding disposed immediately adjacent to a corresponding one of the stator pole groups, with respect to a rotor axis direction. As an example, the stator pole has an approximate parallelogram shape in which a top side and a base side of the stator pole in axis direction of the stator has an approximately same width in rotational direction, and the positions of the top side and the base side is shifted in rotational direction to each other.

Abstract: The present invention deals with a transverse flux machine of the switched reluctance variety. The transverse flux machine consists of multiple phases where each phase is spaced axially along the shaft. Axial spacing provides many benefits including a decreased weight and a capability to use simple wound bobbin coils for the windings. An embedded cooling loop is provided within the coils themselves. This cooling loop provides internal temperature regulation for the windings and allows for a higher efficiency among other benefits.

Abstract: A pair of stators produce a magnetic field within a space between them a ferromagnetic toroidal rotor is rotationally mounted within the magnetic field. A plurality of windings are wound radially on the rotor and each winding provides a plurality of coils. Each of coils is interconnected through a switch, the switch configured for placing each of the coils within each winding alternatively in one of an electrical series connection, an electrical parallel connection, and an electrically isolated connection, so that when operated as a generator, a selected output voltage and current are produced by rotor rotation and when operated as a motor a selected output speed and torque are produced.

Abstract: A drive apparatus having a shortened axial dimension. First and second magnets are each formed into a semi-cylindrical shape and each provided with a magnetized pattern portion. A rotor yoke includes a shaft portion and a magnetic pole portion facing magnetized surfaces of the magnets. First and second stator yokes are each disposed to cooperate with the rotor yoke to sandwich therebetween a part of the first or second magnet where the magnetized pattern portion is formed. First and second coils each magnetize a part of the magnetic pole portion of the rotor yoke which faces the first or second stator yoke.

Abstract: A low-cost, small-sized and high-output driving device which makes it possible to produce two outputs separately and is easy to handle. The driving device has two driving units comprised of a coil, a stator, a magnet, and a rotor. The two driving units are arranged, side by side, along the axis of the driving device. In particular, a portion of the first rotor of one driving unit inserted in an inner periphery of the second coil of the other driving unit and the inner periphery of the second rotor of the other driving unit. The portion of the first rotor is magnetized by the second coil.

Abstract: A machine with transversal flux comprises a stator and a rotor. Therein, either the stator has a coil arrangement and the rotor is provided with permanent magnet elements, or the rotor may have a coil arrangement and the stator is provided with permanent magnet elements. The coil arrangement has at least one cylindrical winding and is encompassed by a magnetic flux yoke which in a sectional view along the centre longitudinal axis of the coil arrangement is approximately C-shaped. The magnetic flux yoke has a leg at each end which at least partially encompasses one face each of the coil arrangement. At one surface area of the coil arrangement several magnetic flux conducting pieces are arranged coaxially with the centre longitudinal axis of the coil arrangement in several rows. Under the formation of an air gap, the permanent magnet elements are arranged whose magnetic orientation towards the air gap is alternating.

Abstract: Disclosed is a stator structure of a rotary device and its forming method.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for production of stator windings for dynamoelectric mechines of different configurations is provided. The windings are preferably formed on a bobbin (10) or similar article, which may then be transferred onto an appropriate carrier such as a ferromagnetic core (24). The core (24) may be provided as a substantial linear article and then be bent into an appropriate shape, so that the assembly may be provided as the stator of a dynamoelectric machine. In this configuration, only a portion of each winding will face the magnetic poles of the rotor and thus be operative, as the return path of the windings will not be used. However, the invention as disclosed also shows it is possible to build a drum rotor (39) with both external and internal rotors in order to make use of both portions of the windings on the ferromagnetic core (24).

Abstract: A silicon-steel structure for motor comprises a silicon-steel plate made of magnetic material. The silicon-steel plate comprises a main body of rectangular shape when being expanded and a plurality of tooth portions on top and bottom sides of the main body. The tooth portions are integrally formed on top and bottom sides of the main body and have same pitch. Moreover, the tooth portions on top of the main body are complementary and staggered with the tooth portions on bottom of the main body. The tooth portions are bent vertically with respect to the main body and the main body is rolled to form a cylindrical shape to form a silicon-steel structure for motor.

Abstract: A rotation angle sensor and a method of winding a rotation angle sensor involve a single electrical wire that is wound from a rotor transformer to a magnetic rotor. The magnetic rotor is axially spaced on a shaft from the rotor transformer. A notch is formed in a wall of a bobbin of the rotor transformer to permit the wire to pass from the rotor transformer to the magnetic rotor. The ends of the single wire are electrically connected together at a junction, and the junction is fixed to the rotor transformer with resin.

Abstract: A stator device in a motor includes a magnetism guiding part, a magnetizing part, a coil seat, a circuit board and a support part. The magnetism guiding part has a split opening straightly extending along the length thereof and a projection is provided at a specific spot of the circumferential edges of the central through holes of the magnetizing part, the coil seat and the circuit board respectively to engage with the split opening. A stem extends upward from the support part to fit with the inner wall surface of the magnetism guiding part.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electric motor, in particular for high speed operation, comprising a motor housing (4); inside the housing (4), a stator (2) having a core (8) and windings (9) toroidally wound on the core (8); and a rotor (1) inside the stator (2). The motor comprises an inductance controlling ring (3) in soft-magnetic material around the stator core (8), increasing for each phase the leakage inductance and forming for each phase an integrated filter inducatnce (L1, L2, L3) outside the core (8) of the stator (2) but still inside the motor housing (4).

Abstract: The invention provides a motor which can reduce a generation of a cogging, has a thin size, and can generate a strong torque. In a motor having an armature including a back yoke formed in a cylindrical shape and a wound coil and a magnet formed in a cylindrical shape and magnetized by a plurality of magnetic poles on a cylindrical circumferential surface, the back yoke forms a convex portion protruding from the back yoke toward the magnet in a current switching portion of the coil. The invention further provided a disc apparatus using the motor mentioned above.

Abstract: A voice coil for a disk drive includes a spiral formation of winding of an electrically conductive material. This formation has a generally triangular shape with an open center. First and second active leg portions of the formation curve inward of it, and an inactive leg portion curves outward of it. The cross-sectional area of the coil varies along its length with the segments in the inactive leg portion having a smaller cross-sectional area than those of the active leg portions. The voice coil is a laminate with the conductive layer disposed between two electrically insulating layers. It lies fixedly secured to a surface of a base member of the disk drive's actuator. The method of making this laminate includes securing the conductive layer to an insulating layer, removing selected portions of the conductive layer to form the coil, and covering the conductive layer with another insulating layer.

Abstract: Transverse flux electric motors are made using a unique process where individual components are premade and then assembled together. A stator portion is made by nesting a coil between two stator core portions. The stator core portions are made from laminations or sintered powder materials. A separate rotor portion is provided with a core and two permanent magnets that interact with projections on the stator core portions. In one example, the stator includes support members that support additional magnetic core portions to magnify the magnet flux density in the air gap between the stator and the rotor.

Abstract: The invention concerns a transverse flux electrical machine operating with alternating current, having a first element having an alternate arrangement of excitation cores and of flux return cores and a winding of electrical conductors, the winding of electrical conductors being wound as a toroid, inside all said excitation cores; a second element having an exciter section comprising two toothed magnetic structures, each toothed magnetic structure comprising a number of slots equal in number to the total number of excitation cores and of flux return cores, the corresponding slots of each magnetic structure being toothed by being aligned; a magnetized sub-assembly is inserted inside each indentation so that an alternating arrangement of magnetic north poles and south poles is produced in each of these magnetic toothed structures of said exciter section; an air gap between the first element and the second element; at least one of the first element and of the second element being capable of rotating around a rota

Abstract: An electrical machine includes first and second magnetically permeable parallel cores. Each core is elongated to thereby define a lengthwise direction and first and second core profiles transverse to the lengthwise direction. First coils are wound about the first core profile and sequentially disposed along the length of the first core. Second coils are wound about the second core profile and sequentially disposed along the length of the second core. A multi-pole elongated permanent magnet is parallel with the cores and located between them. The magnet is movable, relative to the cores, in the lengthwise direction.

Abstract: A motor/alternator is formed by a single toroidal magnet and flux conductors which, in combination with flux switches, create an alternating magnetic circuit around a power coil. The motor/alternator geometry minimizes flux leakage. The form of the flux conductor and flux switch terminations allows for a high number of poles and reduces magnetic reluctance.

Abstract: An outer stator of a motor is mounted in a linear compressor for compressing a coolant gas. The outer stator comprises a coil assembly having a coil wound on a bobbin with flange parts and a plurality of core blocks that surround the coil assembly. The flange parts of the bobbin are provided with bobbin pressers that include protrusions so that the core blocks and the bobbin are pressed by a cylinder block and a back cover mounted in the linear compressor when the outer stator is in the linear compressor. The core blocks and the coil assembly of the outer stator are assembled in the linear compressor while the core blocks and the coil assembly of the outer stator are integrally attached to each other. Consequently, relative movement between the coil assembly and the core blocks is effectively prevented when the linear compressor is operated. Furthermore, shifting of coil wound on the bobbin is effectively prevented.

Abstract: An integrated drive motor assembly is described where the functional components of a powered device are an integral part of the motor. The assembly comprises a brushless, direct current drive motor having a ring-shaped stator with flat printed circuit coil windings, a ring-shaped permanent magnet rotor, and an electronic commutator circuit. Functional embodiments of the assembly include a rotor impeller and an axial flow fan.

Abstract: A toroidal AC generator includes an outer casing and an annular stator core of ferromagnetic material which is encased in a hollow annular cover of plastics material and which is fixed to the casing between the discs of a twin disc rotor. Each rotor disc carries a circular array of alternately polarised permanent magnets which face the stator core. The hollow annular cover is a two-part moulding and is formed of radially inner and outer ring portions which are joined by circular arrays of radial ribs which extend across the opposed radial faces of the annular core and form open-ended radial passages for the electrical phase windings which are wound around the cover. The ribs project radially beyond the radially outer ring portion and form hooks around which a winding may be retained temporarily during winding.

Abstract: An electrical machine comprises a magnetically permeable ring-shaped core centered on an axis of rotation and having two axially-opposite sides. Coils are wound toroidally about the core and disposed sequentially along the circumferential direction. Each coil includes two side legs extending radially alongside respectively sides of the core. Coil-free spaces exist between adjacent side legs. A bracket has first and second side flanges that are connected by a bridging structure and respectively abut the first and second sides of the coil.

Abstract: The invention concerns a machine forming a motor or generator including a stator and a rotor. The rotor is a passive rotor, consisting of two ferromagnetic discs whereof at least one is toothed. The stator includes a fixed polyphase field coil arranged in an air gap defined by the space provided between the two discs and generating a rotating magnetic field, and a field coil likewise fixed. The invention is applicable to a cylindrical rotary machine or to a machine with linear displacement.