Abstract: A method for fabricating a cathode plate of a field emission display is disclosed. A patterned electrode layer is formed on a surface of the substrate, and emitters for absorbing a light source are formed on the patterned electrode layer. Next, a dielectric layer is formed over the substrate, and a patterned gate layer is formed on the dielectric layer. Thereafter, a backside exposure process is carried out using the emitters as a mask, and portions of the dielectric layer not masked by the emitters react with a light used in the backside exposure process. Next, portions of the dielectric layer not exposed to the light and portions of the gate layer are removed to form via holes and gate holes.

Abstract: A light emission device and a display device having the light emission device are provided. The light emission device includes first and second substrates that are arranged to face each other, an electron emission unit that is located on a first surface of the first substrate facing the second substrate and has electron emission regions and driving electrodes, a light emission unit that is located on a surface of the second substrate and has an anode electrode and one or more phosphor layers, and a surface heat generation unit that is located on a second surface (or outer surface) of the first substrate facing away from the second substrate to control a temperature of the first substrate using a resistive layer having a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) property.

Abstract: An image display apparatus includes an envelope, first to third electroconductive members disposed in the envelope, a plate-like spacer disposed between the first and third members and between the second and third members, and a circuit for supplying a potential to the first member and supplying a potential lower than that of the first member to the second and third members. When a sheet resistance between a first region of the spacer to which the potential is supplied from the first member and a second region of the spacer to which the potential is supplied from the second member is defined as ?f [?/?] and a sheet resistance between a third region of the spacer to which the potential is supplied from the third member and a region located between the first and second regions is defined as ?r [?/?], a condition 1/100<?r/?f?40 is satisfied.

Abstract: An electron emission element according to the present invention is compact, thin and low cost, and has a structure and constitution in which deterioration of the electron emission material itself is low. In the electron emission element, boron nitride material is used as the electron emission material, and a metal material or a semiconductor material is used as a substrate for forming the boron nitride material. In this way it is possible to obtain good quality boron nitride material on the substrate. Also, a voltage can be applied to the material to emit electrons, also electrons can be supplied. Moreover, by using Sp3-bonded boron nitride as the boron nitride material, and using Sp3-bonded 5H—BN material or Sp3-bonded 6H—BN material as the Sp3-bonded boron nitride, a field electron emission element can be achieved for which high efficiency electron emission characteristics unprecedented in conventional art can be obtained.

Abstract: A flat panel display including: a film electron emitting cathode; and, an anode including: a plurality of pixels, a plurality of TFT circuits, each being associated with a corresponding one of the circuits; and a conductive frame laterally separating the pixels and substantially isolating their respective electric fields.

Abstract: The present invention provides a phosphor and an electron beam excited light-emitting device. The phosphor comprises a compound represented by the formula (I) ; and at least one selected from the group consisting of Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Mn as an activator, M1O.mM2O.nM3O2 ??(I) wherein M1 is at least two selected from the group consisting of Ca, Sr and Ba, Sr alone or Ba alone, M2 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Mg and Zn, M3 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Si, Ge and Zr, 0.8?m?1.2, and 1.6?n?2.4. The electron beam excited light-emitting device comprises the above phosphor.

Abstract: An electron source excellent in the uniformity in current emission distribution is provided certainly and at a low cost. A process for producing an electron source having an electron emitting portion at one end of a rod, which comprises a step of forming the electron emitting portion by machining, and a step of removing a damaged layer at the surface of the formed electron emitting portion by chemical polishing or electrolytic polishing.

Abstract: A display which does not require color filters, has low optical losses, and is not heavy and large, and a method for displaying an image using the display includes a substrate on one side of which sub-pixels are arranged. Each sub-pixel includes two opposite electrodes and an emitter layer which is interposed between the two electrodes. The emitter layer receives the light projected from an excitation light source, and is able to radiate photoluminescence light. The photoluminescence light from the emitter layer may be controllably quenched by an electrical field formed by the electrodes.

Abstract: A flat panel display including: a plurality of electrically addressable pixels; a plurality of thin-film transistor driver circuits each being electrically coupled to an associated at least one of the pixels, respectively; a passivating layer on the thin-film transistor driver circuits and at least partially around the pixels; a conductive frame on the passivating layer; and, a plurality of nanostructures on the conductive frame; wherein, exciting the conductive frame and addressing one of the pixels using the associated driver circuit causes the nanostructures to emit electrons that induce the one of the pixels to emit light.

Abstract: A dielectric-film-type electron emitter includes an emitter section, a first electrode, and a second electrode. The emitter section is formed of a thin layer of a polycrystalline dielectric material. The dielectric material constituting the emitter section is formed of a material having high mechanical quality factor (Qm). Specifically, the dielectric material has a Qm higher than that of a so-called low-Qm material (a material having a Qm of 100 or less). The Qm of the dielectric material is preferably 300 or more, more preferably 500 or more.

Abstract: A preferred embodiment of the invention is directed to support structures such as spacers used to provide a uniform distance between two layers of a device. In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the spacers may be formed utilizing flow-fill deposition of a wet film in the form of a precursor such as silicon dioxide. Formation of spacers in this manner provides a homogenous amorphous support structure that may be used to provide necessary spacing between layers of a device such as a flat panel display.

Abstract: There are provided an electron emitter of which deviation in electron emission characteristic is small, a method of manufacturing the electron emitter, and an electro-optical device and an electronic apparatus having the electron emitter. The method of manufacturing an electron emitter, in which electrons are emitted from an electron emission portion formed in a conductive film, comprises forming the conductive film in a pattern on a substrate by the use of a droplet jetting method; selectively removing a part of the conductive film; and forming the electron emission portion in the conductive film.

Abstract: A spacer, disposed between first and second substrates of an electron emission display, includes a main body, a resistive layer arranged on a side surface of the main body, a secondary electron emission preventing layer arranged on the resistive layer, and a diffusion preventing layer arranged between the resistive layer and the secondary electron emission layer. The diffusion preventing layer prevents interdiffusion between the resistive layer and the secondary electron emission preventing layer.

Abstract: A microdevice has an electron emitter including a memory for accumulating electric charges corresponding to an input voltage, for emitting electrons corresponding to the electric charges accumulated in said memory; and an amplifier connected to a power supply and including a collector electrode for capturing the electrons emitted from the electron emitter. The atmosphere between at least the electron emitter and the collector electrode is a vacuum. When the electrons emitted from the electron emitter are captured by the collector electrode of the amplifier, a collector current flows between the collector electrode and the electron emitter to amplify the input voltage.

Abstract: An electron emission display device comprises: a front panel which includes a front substrate, an anode electrode formed on a surface of the front substrate, and a fluorescent layer; a rear panel which includes a rear substrate disposed facing the front substrate at a predetermined distance, electron emitters formed on the rear substrate, and at least one driving electrode that controls the emission of electrons from the electron emitters; a sealing member which seals the front and rear panels; and at least one dielectric layer included in the sealing member and having a dielectric constant less than that of the sealing member.

Abstract: An electron emission display includes first and second substrates facing each other, a plurality of election emission regions provided on the first substrate, a black layer formed on a first surface of the second substrate between the phosphor layers, and an anode electrode coupled to the phosphor and black layers. The anode electrode has a light transmissivity ranging from about 3% to about 15%. A method of forming the anode electrode includes forming an interlayer on the phosphor and black layer, depositing a conductive material on the second substrate, and removing the interlayer through a firing process.

Abstract: A field emission device (6), in accordance with a preferred embodiment, includes a cathode electrode (61), a gate electrode (64), a separator (62), and a number of emissive units (63) composed of an emissive material. The separator includes an insulating portion (621) and a number of conductive portions (622). The insulating portion of the separator is configured between the cathode electrode and the gate electrode for insulating the cathode electrode from the gate electrode. The emissive units are configured on the separator at positions proximate to two sides of the gate electrode. The emissive units are in connection with the cathode electrode via the conductive portions respectively. The emissive units are distributed on the separator adjacent to two sides of the gate electrode, which promotes an ability of emitting electrons from the emissive material and the emitted electrons to be guided by the gate electrode toward a smaller spot they bombard.

Abstract: A field emission display device and a field emission type backlight device having a sealing structure for a vacuum exhaust are provided. The field emission display device is constructed with a cathode substrate and an anode substrate attached to each other and facing each other and a vacuum-exhausted panel space formed therebetween to generated a visual image. Also, the field emission display device is constructed with a sealing member disposed along edges of the cathode substrate and the anode substrate to seal the panel space. At least one inlet exposed to the panel space and an exhaust passage through which the inlet communicates with an outside of the field emission display device are formed in the sealing member. The field emission display device and the field emission type backlight device according to the present invention has a reduced number of manufacturing processes and is suitable for a compact, slim and lightweight design, and a large screen by having the sealing structure for the vacuum exhaust.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electron emitting device having a structure for efficiently emitting electrons. The electron emitting device has a substrate comprised of an n-type diamond, and a pointed projection provided on the substrate. The projection comprises a base provided on the substrate side, and an electron emission portion provided on the base and emitting electrons from the tip thereof. The base is comprised of an n-type diamond. The electron emission portion is comprised of a p-type diamond. The length from the tip of the projection (electron emission portion) to the interface between the base and the electron emission portion is preferably 100 nm or less.

Abstract: An electron emission device includes a substrate, a plurality of cathode electrodes formed on the substrate, a plurality of electron emission regions electrically coupled to the cathode electrodes, an insulating layer formed on the substrate while covering the cathode electrodes, and a plurality of gate electrodes formed on the insulating layer and crossing the cathode electrodes. The insulating layer is provided with a plurality of openings exposing the corresponding electron emission regions, each of the openings having at least two opening portions that communicate with each other and are different in a size from each other. The gate electrodes are provided with openings communicating with the corresponding openings of the insulating layer. The two opening portions may include a gap in the insulating layer where the gate and cathode electrodes interesect.

Abstract: A three-dimensional structure forming a space in which a wiring-side portion of a device electrode is located is arranged on a rear plate. A surface potential of the three-dimensional structure is defined so that an electric field intensity of the space becomes weaker than an average electric field intensity expressed below, average electric field intensity=Va/d, where Va is application voltage of an anode electrode, and d is an interval between a rear plate and the face plate. The device electrode includes a high-temperature portion where temperature locally rises when current flows through the device electrode. The high-temperature portion is positioned in the space or at a distance of less than or equal to 20 ?m from the space.

Abstract: An amorphous carbon layer sticking on a carbon nanotube surface is remarkably reduced when a carbon nanotube is joined to a conductive substrate by bringing a single fibrous carbonaceous material in contact with the tip of the conductive substrate and covering at least a part of the contact portion with a conductive material while at lest either of the fibrous carbonaceous material or the conductive substrate is heated in a vacuum.

Abstract: A field emission electron source (10) includes a conductive base (12), a carbon nanotube (14), and a film of metal (16). The conductive base includes a top (122). One end (142) of the carbon nanotube is electrically connected with the top of the conductive base. The other end (144) of the carbon nanotube extends outwardly away from the top of the conductive base. The film of metal is formed on the nearly entire surface of the carbon nanotube and at least on the portion of the top of the conductive base proximate the carbon nanotube. A method for manufacturing the described field emission electron source is also provided.

Abstract: Methods for fabricating field emission display devices. A first substrate is provided. A cathode structure is formed on the first substrate. A surface treatment procedure is performed on the first substrate with cathode structure thereon. A second substrate opposing the first substrate is provided and assembled in vacuum with a wall rib therebetween. The surface treatment procedure includes free radical oxidization and a supercritical CO2 fluid cleaning.

Abstract: An electron-emitting device includes a pair of oppositely disposed electrodes and an electroconductive film arranged between the electrodes and including a high resistance region. The high resistance region has a deposit containing carbon as a principal ingredient. The electron-emitting device can be used for an electron source of an image-forming apparatus of the flat panel type.

Abstract: A field emission lamp (2) includes a housing (20), a first electrode (22), and a second electrode (24). The housing (20) includes a first supporting element (201) and a second supporting element (202). The first supporting element (201) is disposed at one end of the housing (20). The second supporting element (202) is disposed at opposite end of the housing (20). The first electrode (22) includes an electron emitter (222) and a first electric conduction element (224) electrically connected with the electron emitter (222). The first electric conduction element (224) is fastened to the first supporting element (201). The second electrode (24) includes an electric conduction membrane (241), a fluorescent layer (242) and a second electric conduction element (243). The fluorescent layer (242) is disposed on the electric conduction membrane (241) and corresponding to the electron emitter (222).

Abstract: An electron source includes a first electrode, a second electrode, a thermionic element interposed between and electrically isolated from the first electrode and the second electrode, and a guard electrode interposed between and electrically isolated from the first electrode and the second electrode. The thermionic element and the guard electrode may be at substantially the same voltage. Another electron source includes a first electrode, a second electrode, a thermionic element interposed between and electrically isolated from the first electrode and the second electrode, and a thermal expansion component interposed between and electrically isolated from the first electrode and the second electrode. The thermal expansion component may be heated to cause expansion. The heating may be cycled to cause alternating expansion and contraction.

Abstract: A vacuum container comprising: a first and second substrate of relatively the same dimensions and areas, a peripheral seal positioned about the outer periphery of each substrate for bonding the first substrate to the second substrate to form a composite stacked member; and a getter box having a vacuum aperture in one side with an evacuation tube of a given diameter opening to enclose the vacuum aperture, the tube joined to the box about the opening and having a sealed end remote from the box, the getter box having a getter source in the box hollow to absorb any residual gasses in the display hollow after the display hollow has been evacuated to a desired vacuum before sealing the end of the evacuation tube, wherein the area of the aperture is equal to or greater than ?(D/2)2 where D is the diameter of the evacuation tube opening.

Abstract: A planar light unit provided with field emitters and a method for fabricating the same. According to the present invention, the planar light unit has a first substrate, a plurality of first conductive strips, a plurality of second conductive strips, a plurality of field emitters, a second substrate and a fluorescent film. The plurality of first conductive strips are formed over the first substrate, and the plurality of second conductive strips are formed over the first substrate and interposed inbetween the plurality of first conductive strips. The plurality of field emitters are formed in proximity of the plurality of first conductive strips. The second substrate is provided to be attached to and spaced apart from the first substrate to form a chamber therebetween, whereas a fluorescent film is formed over the interior surface of the second substrate facing the plurality of field emitters.

Abstract: A field emission display includes: a substrate (11); cathode electrodes (21) formed on the substrate; a plurality of emitters formed on the cathode electrodes; a barrier array (41) defining a plurality of openings (42) therethrough according to a pixel pattern, the barrier array comprising a shadow mask with an insulative layer (43) formed thereon, the barrier array being fixed to the substrate; gate electrodes (51) formed on the barrier array; and a phosphor screen (70) spaced from the substrate. This field emission display employs the known technology for making a shadow mask in the field of CRTs. In addition, the thickness and the material of the insulative layer can be determined according to the insulative performance required for the field emission display. In summary, the present invention provides a field emission display having a high precision, and low production cost barrier array.

Abstract: A field emission device (10), in accordance with a preferred embodiment, includes an anode electrode (22), a cathode electrode (12), a gate electrode (16), a phosphor layer (23), and a number of electron emitters (13) formed on the cathode electrode. The anode electrode is opposite to and spaced from the cathode electrode. The phosphor layer is attached/formed on the anode electrode. The gate electrode (preferably in the form of a wire) is spatially positioned between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode. In addition, the gate electrode is correspondingly arranged relative to the phosphor layer. The electron emitters are distributed on surfaces of the cathode electrode at least adjacent to two sides of the gate electrode, thus promoting the ability of the emitted electrons to be guided by, yet not readily impinge on, the gate electrode on a path toward the phosphor layer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrode for a source of field emitting electrons and a lighting panel and a lighting apparatus thereof. A plurality of conductive emitters made from a combination of an electrical emitting source material and an electrical conductive material is formed on a cathode plate. Therefore, the conductive emitter can be a cathode, a gate and a field emitting electric source as well to simplify the structure and the process, and improve the brightness and uniformity thereof.

Abstract: A front substrate includes a phosphor screen including a plurality of phosphor layers arranged at a specific pitch in a first direction and at another specific pitch in a second direction intersecting at right angles to the first direction and including a light-shielding layer, divided metal-back layers laid on the phosphor screen and divided, in the first and second directions, divided getter films laid on the metal-back layer and divided, in the first and second directions, and a thin-film dividing layer formed on divided portions of at least one of the divided metal-back layers and the divided getter-films. Spacers are provided between the front substrate and a rear substrate and oppose to the thin-film dividing layer. Spacer-abutting layers are discretely arranged near the thin-film-dividing layer, at positions where the spacer-abutting layers abut the spacers.

Abstract: Described is a method for preparation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with medium to low-site density growth for use in field emission devices (FEDs). The method involves the deposition of a non-catalytic metal layer (interlayer), preferably a metallic conductor, onto the surface of a substrate, prior to the deposition of a catalytic layer (overlayer). The interlayer allows for only partial (sparse) growth of CNTs on the substrate, and helps to prevent resist layer “lift-off” when photolithographic processing is employed.

Abstract: A flat panel display with improved adhesion of the anode to the second substrate is disclosed. The adhesion of the anode to the second substrate is reinforced to prevent damage to the anode at the spacer formation area and to stably adhere the phosphor layer to the anode. The flat panel display comprises first and second substrates each facing each other and separated from each other by a distance. An electron emission unit is formed on the first substrate. A plurality of phosphor layers are formed on the second substrate. An anode is formed on the second substrate covering the phosphor layers and the non-light emitting regions between the phosphor layers. In the non-light emitting regions, the anode is placed on the second substrate without leaving a gap between the anode and the second substrate.

Abstract: A triode field emission display is provided. It utilizes the electrical characteristics that an edge structure may raise the electric field intensity to expose an edge of a cathode plate through an opening of a gate layer, thereby forming the edge structure at an emitter to raise the electric field intensity. Therefore, reduction of driving voltage is achieved.

Abstract: A cathodoluminescent light source has a field-emission cathode serving as a source of electrons, an anode having a specular light-reflecting surface, and an electron-excited phosphor applied to the specular light-reflecting anode surface. The cathode and anode are enclosed in an evacuated housing having a transparent surface, so as to let the electron-excited phosphor on the anode surface be irradiated with an electron beam, and to let the luminous flux resulting from the process of cathodoluminescence to emerge.

Abstract: The present invention prevents the oxidization of a member of carbon fibers and improves the electric connection between the carbon fibers and the member of carbon fibers. In the present invention, a member 5 of carbon fibers 4 includes: a first element selected from the group consisting of IVa group elements and Va group elements; a second element selected from the group consisting of C, Al, Si, Cr, and Zr; and N. Preferably, the first element is Ti. More preferably, the member 5 includes Al or Si and the ratio of Al or Si to Ti is not less than 10 atm % and not more than 30 atm %.

Abstract: An electron-emitting device having little dispersion of its electron emission characteristic and a suppressed “fluctuation” of its electron emission quantity is provided. The electron-emitting device includes a substrate equipped with a first portion containing silicon oxide and a second portion arranged abreast of the first portion and having a higher heat conductance, and an electroconductive film including a gap therein, the electroconductive film arranged on the substrate, wherein the first and the second portions having a resistance higher than that of the electroconductive film, and the gap is arranged on the first portion.

Abstract: An image display device includes a sealed container having an interior which is maintained at a lower pressure than an atmospheric pressure, a phosphor disposed in the interior of the sealed container, an electron-emitting device disposed in the interior of the sealed container, to emit an electron to the phosphor, and a getter disposed in the interior of the sealed container. In addition, an exhaust pipe is in communication with the interior of the sealed container, and bellows connects the exhaust pipe to the sealed container. The exhaust pipe has, inside thereof, a breakable vacuum isolating member formed from glass film.

Abstract: To provide a light emitter substrate which is characterized in that discharge current reduction performance is excellent, plural phosphors are arranged in an X direction and a Y direction on a substrate, metal backs are arranged on the phosphors, ribs extending in the Y direction are arranged between the phosphors adjacent in the X direction, first resistors to electrically connect the metal backs adjacent in the Y direction are formed on the ribs respectively, and second resistors to electrically connect the metal backs adjacent in the X direction are formed under the ribs respectively.

Abstract: A method of making a microelectromechanical microwave vacuum tube device is disclosed. The device is formed by defining structural regions and sacrificial regions in a substrate. The structural regions have flexural members. The substrate is treated to remove the sacrificial regions and release the structural regions such that the structural regions are moveable by the flexural members. The structural regions include a device cathode, a device grid or both a device cathode and a device grid. The cathode comprises electron emitters. The device further includes an output structure where amplified microwave power is removed from the device. In the method, the cathode surface and the grid surface are moved to a position where they are substantially parallel to each other and substantially perpendicular to the substrate. The device further comprises an anode that is substantially parallel to the cathode surface and the grid surface.

Abstract: A light emission device and display device including the light emission device are provided. The light emission device includes a first electrode located on the first substrate and extending in a first direction. A second electrode is arranged above the first electrode and extends in a second direction crossing the first direction. An insulation layer is interposed between the first and second electrodes. A plurality of electron emission regions are electrically connected to the first or second electrodes. A light emission unit is located on the second substrate. Furthermore, one or more cut-away portions are formed in the second electrode at a crossed region between the first and second electrodes such that an overlapping area between the first and second electrodes is reduced.

Abstract: A flat light source having a main region and an edge region around the main region is provided. The flat light source includes a first substrate, first electrodes, dielectric patterns, a phosphor layer, first phosphor patterns, a second substrate, and a sealant. The first electrodes are disposed on the first substrate and arranged within the main region and the edge region. The dielectric patterns cover the first electrodes. The phosphor layer is disposed between the dielectric patterns in the main region and the edge region. The first phosphor patterns are disposed on the phosphor layer within the edge region. The second substrate is disposed above the first substrate, and the sealant is formed out of the edge region between the first and second substrates so as to bond the two substrates.

Abstract: An electron emission device and display including the same include a substrate; a cathode electrode including a first electrode portion formed on the substrate and having opening portions, and second electrode portions placed within respective ones of the opening portions such that the second electrodes are separated from the first electrode; a resistance layer electrically interconnecting the first electrode portion and the second electrode portions of the cathode electrode; and electron emission regions electrically connected to the second electrode portions. A width of the second electrode portions or of the resistance layer between the first and second electrode portions varies along a longitudinal direction of the cathode electrode.

Abstract: An electron emission device includes first and second substrates facing each other, cathode electrodes formed on the first substrate, and electron emission regions formed on the cathode electrodes. An insulating layer is formed on the cathode electrodes with opening portions exposing the electron emission regions. Gate electrodes are formed on the insulating layer with opening portions corresponding to the opening portions of the insulating layer. Phosphor layers are formed on the second substrate. At least one anode electrode is formed on a surface of the phosphor layers. The cathode and the gate electrodes are formed by thin filming, and the insulating layer is formed by thick filming.

Abstract: In a display panel adopting the structure that conductive members surrounding a potential introducing terminal are disposed on both sides of a substrate, the potential introducing terminal is applied with a potential higher than those applied to the conductive members and a discharge suppressing mechanism is provided between the potential introducing terminal and at least the conductive member mounted on the surface of the substrate constituting an outer surface of the display panel.

Abstract: An electron emission device is disclosed. The electron emission device includes a resistance layer for electrically connecting a line electrode and isolate electrodes included in the cathode electrode. The cathode electrode can maintain a uniform voltage due to the resistance layer. A protection layer is located on the resistance layer. The protection layer prevents conductive elements contained in the resistance layer from diffusing over the protection layer. The protection layer also prevents the resistance layer from being oxidized.

Abstract: A trichromatic field-emission display is disclosed to include a cathode plate, three cathode electroluminescent phosphor screens and an anode plate, the anode plate having a transparent oxide thin film bonded to the photo gate electrode thereof, electron sources emitted by the photo gate electrode of the cathode plate striking the cathode electroluminescent phosphor screens to cause change of the electric field in the gap between the cathode plate and the anode plate. The cathode electroluminescent phosphor screens are made of an excitable rare earth element, assuring high stability and uniformity of luminous brightness when excited by an electron beam.

Abstract: A light emission device and a display device using the light emission device as a light source are provided. The light emission device includes a vacuum envelope formed by first and second substrates and a sealing member, first electrodes formed on the first substrate in a first direction, an insulating layer formed on the first substrate and covering the first electrodes, second electrodes formed on the insulating layer in a second direction crossing the first direction, electron emission regions electrically connected to the first electrodes or the second electrodes, a resistive layer for covering a first surface of the insulating layer, the first surface facing the second substrate, a phosphor layer formed on the second substrate, and an anode electrode formed on the phosphor layer.