Abstract: A dielectric device of higher performance is provided. An electron emitter, to which the dielectric device is applied is provided with: an emitter including a dielectric; and an upper electrode and a lower electrode to which drive voltage is applied in order to emit electrons. The emitter is formed by the aerosol deposition method or the sol impregnation method, and the surface roughness of the upper surface thereof is controlled in the range from 0.1 to 3 in Ra.

Abstract: An emission device is provided for extracting electrons onto an anode of a visual display. The emission device (10) includes a conductivity limited material (18) positioned between first and second electrodes (14, 16) and having a surface (26). A plurality of catalytic nanoparticles (22) are distributed throughout the conductivity limited material (18), wherein some of the catalytic particles (22) are contiguous to the surface (26). A plurality of nanostructures (24), such as carbon nanotubes, are grown from the catalytic nanoparticles (22) contiguous to the surface (26). A voltage is applied across the conductivity limited material (18) having a plurality of catalytic particles (22) embedded therein, thereby causing the electrons to tunnel between the catalytic particles (22).

Abstract: A leading means of electrode leads of a field emission display includes a cathode plate, an anode plate and a package side frame. The cathode plate is combined with the anode plate correspondingly. The cathode plate has a cathode substrate. The cathode substrate is provided thereon with a cathode conductive layer. The anode plate has an anode substrate. The anode substrate is provided with an anode conductive layer thereon. Further, the package side frame is provided between the cathode substrate and the anode substrate. A lead plate extends from one side of the package side frame. Both end faces of the lead plate are provided with a plurality of electrode leads, and a conductive layer is provided between the electrode leads and the cathode/anode substrate to electrically connect with the cathode/anode conducting layer, respectively.

Abstract: An electron emission apparatus includes a first plate sectioned according to sub-pixels and including an electron emission part, and a second plate opposite to the first plate and including a plurality of light emission regions in which electrons emitted by the electron emission part collide with a fluorescent material and a plurality of non-light emission regions. The electron emission apparatus also includes a supporting member extending in at least one direction and supporting the first and second plates. End portions of the supporting member are disposed at intersections between the non-light emission regions that extend in substantially perpendicular directions with respect to each other, at least one of the non-light emission regions having a predetermined width along the at least one extending direction of the supporting member.

Abstract: A fabricating method of a field emission device array substrate is provided, which includes the following steps. First, a substrate is provided. Then, a cathode conductive layer is formed on the substrate. Moreover, an anodized layer with a plurality of holes is formed on the cathode conductive layer. Thereafter, a plurality of electron emitters is formed within the holes respectively. Additionally, an insulation layer is formed to cover the electron emitters and the anodized layer. Then, a gate material layer is formed on the insulation layer. Thereafter, the gate material layer is patterned to form a gate layer. The gate layer and the insulation layer have an opening to expose the electron emitters.

Abstract: A cathode substrate 10 is heated to 400 to 600° C. in the atmosphere of hydrocarbon gas such as methane and the gas is allowed to react with the surface of the cathode substrate 10 by a thermal CVD method. Thus, an electron emission source in which graphite nano-fibers 11 are allowed to grow in a gaseous-phase on the surface of the cathode substrate 10 by using nickel or iron existing on the surface of the cathode substrate 10 as a nucleus is held between upper and lower end hats 12 to form a cathode part 13.

Abstract: A monochromic, multi-color and full-color cold cathode fluorescent display (CFD), includes some shaped white or multi-color or red, green blue color cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL), reflector, base plate, temperature control means, luminance and contrast enhancement face plate, shades and its driving electronics. CFD is a large screen display device which has high luminance, high efficiency, long lifetime, high contrast and excellent color. CFD can be used for both outdoor and indoor applications even at direct sunlight, to display a character, or graphic and video image.

Abstract: An image display device is disclosed in which poor display resulting from deflection of electron bundles which occurs due to electrification of spacers and secondary electron emission can be positively prevented and a high-quality display can be therefore obtained. In the image display device, electron sources in the vicinity of the spacers are displaced with respect to arranging positions at equal pitches, by distances which allow drifts of the electron bundles from phosphors, which are brought about by the deflection of the electron bundles which occurs due to electrification of the spacers and secondary electron emission, to be cancelled.

Abstract: A quadrode field emission display is provided, where a low driving voltage is reached by an edge structure, and display in the dark is achieved by adding a sub-gate electrode. With respect to the electrical characteristics that an edge structure may raise the electric field intensity, an edge of a cathode plate through an opening of a gate layer is exposed, thereby forming the edge structure at an emitter to raise the electric field. It also reduces the driving voltage substantially. Therefore, the display in the dark is achieved by adjusting the voltage without changing the structure.

Abstract: A spacer for an electron emission display and an electron emission display containing the spacer. The spacer includes an insulating member having a predetermined shape, and at least one inner electrode laterally inserted into the insulating member. A portion of the inner electrode is exposed to an outer side of the insulating member. The electron emission display includes: an electron emission substrate having an electron emission region containing an electron emission device thereon; an image-forming substrate having an image forming region adapted to light from electrons emitted by the electron emission device; and at least one spacer for spacing apart the electron emission substrate from the image-forming substrate. At least one inner electrode is inserted into the spacer, and at least a portion of the inner spacer is exposed to the exterior of the spacer.

Abstract: Provided are a carbon nanotube in which a Full-Width at Half-Maximum of X-ray diffraction is 0.6 or less, an electron emission source including the carbon nanotube, and an electron emission device including the electron emission source.

Abstract: A ballistic electron surface-emitting device (BSD) emitter that can be used in a field emission display (FED). The emitter being made of metallic carbon nanotubes extending in a direction that is normal to a surface of the cathode. The carbon nanotubes are designed so that electrons therein can experience a ballistic effect where the mean free path between collisions is as large or larger than a length of the carbon nanotube and that the width of the carbon nanotube being a fermi wavelength. On an opposite end of the carbon nanotubes is a thin metal electrode layer and a thin insulating layer to protect the carbon nanotubes from damage.

Abstract: The present invention provides an image display device which can lower the resistance of scanning signal lines, can ensure the enhancement of reliability of supply of electricity and conductivity and the reliability of separation of elements, can exhibit excellent display characteristic, and can possess an extremely prolonged lifetime. The scanning signal line has the stacked film structure constituted of a lower layer film formed of an aluminum film and an upper layer film formed of an aluminum alloy film containing aluminum as a main component.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrode for a source of field emitting electrons and a lighting panel and a lighting apparatus thereof. A plurality of conductive emitters made from a combination of an electrical emitting source material and an electrical conductive material is formed on a cathode plate. Therefore, the conductive emitter can be a cathode, a gate and a field emitting electric source as well to simplify the structure and the process, and improve the brightness and uniformity thereof.

Abstract: An electron emission device with conductive layers for preventing accumulation of static charges on an insulating layer of the device is shown that does not require an independent driving circuit. The device includes cathode electrodes formed on a substrate and separated from gate electrodes by an insulating layer formed over the cathode electrodes, all inside a partial vacuum chamber. Crossings of cathode and gate electrodes form the display areas while in the non-display areas of the insulating layer, that are susceptible to accumulation of electrostatic charge, conductive layers are formed parallel to the cathode or gate electrodes, for the most part separated from these electrodes by the insulating layer. Outside the device chamber, the conductive layers are electrically coupled to their corresponding electrodes. Conductive layers thus formed and coupled discharge accumulated static charge over the insulating layers inside the device to the outside circuit.

Abstract: An apparatus of the field emission light source having a luminous area and a non-luminous area includes a first plate, a second plate, cathode structures, gate structures, emission sources, an anode layer, a fluorescent layer, a getter, a retaining device and a sealant. The cathode structures are disposed in the luminous area and on the first plate. The emission sources are disposed on the cathode structures. The anode layer is disposed on the second plate. The fluorescent layer is disposed on the anode layer. The getter is disposed in the non-luminous area and on one of the first and the second plates. The retaining device is disposed between the luminous area and the non-luminous area. The sealant is sandwiched between the first plate and the second plate. When activating the getter, the retaining device can prevent metal ions gushed from the getter from entering the luminous area.

Abstract: In a plane emissive cathode structure of a field emission display having a common plane structure, a cathode plate includes a cathode substrate, and a plurality of cathode units on the cathode substrate, and the cathode unit includes an emitter layer, a gate electrode layer and a dielectric layer. The emitter layer and the gate electrode layer are disposed on a common plane of the cathode substrate and separated with each other to form an interval. The dielectric layer is formed in the interval between the emitter layer and the gate electrode layer, but not connected to the interval between the emitter layer and the gate electrode layer, so as to change the electric field distribution of the emitter layer and the gate electrode layer.

Abstract: The invention is to provide a flat panel display of excellent characteristics, not easily causing a discharge. For this purpose, the invention provides a producing method for an image display apparatus including a first substrate with an conductive surface, and a second substrate with an conductive surface opposed to the first substrate, the method including: a step of applying a voltage between the first substrate and the second substrate; and a step of introducing conductive particles into a space between the first substrate and the second substrate under the voltage application; wherein the voltage applied between the first substrate and the second substrate causes the introduced conductive particles to reciprocate between the first substrate and the second substrate and to collide with dust attached to the first or second substrate, thereby removing the dust from the first or second substrate.

Abstract: An electron-emitting device in which the specific capacitance and the drive voltage are reduced, and which is capable of obtaining a finer electron beam by controlling the trajectory of emitted electrons. An electron-emitting portion of an electron-emitting member is positioned between the height of a gate and the height of an anode. When the distance between the gate and a cathode is d; the potential difference at driving the device is V1; the distance between the anode and the substrate is H; and the potential difference between the anode and the cathode is V2, then the electric field E1=V1/d during driving is configured to be within the range from 1 to 50 times E2=V2/H.

Abstract: To prevent an irregular shift of an electron beam emitted from an adjacent electron emitting device when preventing electrification of a spacer covered with a resistance film by using the spacer. A spacer 3 is set along a row-directional wiring 5 connected to a plurality of electron emitting devices 8 of a first substrate and a resistance film 14 formed on the surface of the spacer 3 is brought into contact with and electrically connected to a conductive member 11 such as a metal backing on a second substrate 2 and the row-directional wiring 5 on the first substrate while the shape of the contact face between the resistance film 14 and the row-directional wiring 5 or the resistance film 14 and the conductive member 11 has a concave shape or convex shape to be almost symmetric with respect to the center line of the spacer 3.

Abstract: A vacuum retention agent, which is safe, easy to handle, saves space, and absorbs residual gases inside a hermetic envelope to maintain the hermetic envelope in a high degree of vacuum is provided in place of the conventional metal getter. A display device including the vacuum retention agent is provided. A gas occlusion material containing ZrOx (where 1?x?2) is disposed in a hermetic envelope forming a self-luminous element. ZrOx is formed in pattern from a paste of zirconium dioxide, which can be generally obtained as a reagent. In a production step, the patterned self-luminous element is hermetically sealed in vacuum in an atmosphere at 120° C. to 500° C., so that the vacuum retention effect is more improved.

Abstract: In a method of manufacturing an electron-emitting device, an electroconductive film formed on a substrate is subjected to a clean processing to remove a foreign matter from the electroconductive film, and thereafter, energization is conducted on the electroconductive film, to form an electron-emitting region. Accordingly, there is provided an electron-emitting device which avoids a formation defect of the electron-emitting region due to the existence of the foreign matter and which has satisfactory characteristics without fluctuation.

Abstract: An electron emission device includes first and second substrates facing each other with a predetermined distance therebetween, and an electron emission region formed on the first substrate. First and second electrodes are placed on the first substrate while being insulated from each other to control an electron emission of the electron emission region. An insulating layer is disposed between the first and second electrodes. An anode electrode is formed on the second substrate. A phosphor layer is formed on a surface of the anode electrode. The insulating layer has a multiple-layered structure including at least two layers differing from each other in electro-physical property.

Abstract: A field emission display (FED) is provided. The FED has an emitter structure where the emitter, a conductor and a cathode electrode are so arranged to produce a certain electric field about the emitter. The electric field about the emitter causes the electron beam emitted from the emitter to have improved focus and have less dispersion. This causes the electron beam to hit the intended pixel without exciting phosphor layers in neighboring pixels, thus improving image quality.

Abstract: A carbon film is coated over the surface of a spacer. The carbon film has the following three features when the binding state of carbon is analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: (a) an integral area of a region of 284.5 eV or below is 27% or less of an integral area attributed to carbon, (b) an integral area of a region of 286.0 eV-287.0 eV is 18% or less thereof, and (c) an integral area of a region of 287.0 eV or above is 9% or more thereof.

Abstract: There is disclosed a display apparatus using a long-lived MIM electron source that is excellent in grayscale controllability. In a device including an MIM dielectric layer having a film thickness of 9.6 nm, the diode current Id rises exponentially from around 4.8 V together with the voltage. The emission current Ie rises exponentially from 4.7 V. That is, VthIe<VthId or VthIe?VthId. A detailed measurement has shown that the difference between VthIe and VthId is less than 0.3 V.

Abstract: The essential thought of this patent is that organic emission layer is utilized instead of inorganic phosphor thin film in field emission display (FED). The field emission organic light emitting diode (FEOLED) in this invention is configured with an electron multiplier (dynode) between the cathode of FED and the organic emission layer, wherein secondary electron material is coated in the holes of the dynode. The design for the organic emission layer, which includes a hole injection layer (HIL), a hole transport layer (HTL) and an emission layer (EL), is able to attain higher luminance and lower power consumption for the innovative FEOLED than conventional OLED.

Abstract: An electron emitting device comprising on a substrate: an electrode extracting electrons from the electron emitting portion, the electrode applied with a voltage higher then the cathode electrode; and an deflecting electrode deflecting the electrons extracted from the electron emitting portion by the extraction electrode, the deflecting electrode applied with the voltage lower than the voltage of the extraction electrode; wherein the electron emitting device is disposed so as to be opposed to an anode electrode, and the extraction electrode is disposed between the cathode electrode and the deflecting electrode, and wherein the deflecting electrode comprises a portion opposed to the electron emitting portion, and other portions disposed to nip a region between the electron emitting portion and said portion in a direction crossing the direction along which the portion and the electron emitting portion are opposed.

Abstract: An electron emission display includes first and second substrates facing each other. First electrodes are arranged on the first substrate along a first direction. Second electrodes are arranged along a second direction such that the second electrodes cross the first electrodes. Sub-pixels are formed at crossed regions of the first and second electrodes, and electron emission regions are provided on the first electrodes within the sub-pixels. Phosphor layers are formed on a surface of the second substrate such that the phosphor layers are spaced apart from each other with a distance therebetween. A metallic reflection layer is formed on the second substrate to cover the phosphor layers. The metallic reflection layer has spaced portions covering at least two of the phosphor layers and spaced away from the phosphor layers with an open gap therebetween, and contact portions not spaced away from the second substrate with an open gap therebetween.

Abstract: A field emission display includes a cathode plate and an anode plate. The anode plate is provided with an anode unit thereon. The cathode plate is provided on a cathode substrate with two electrodes that are located in a common plane and separated from each other to correspond to a common anode unit. Cathode electron-emitters are provided on the two electrodes respectively. A reverse voltage is applied to the two electrodes alternately, causing the alternation of the positive and negative voltages between the two electrodes. As a result, the two electrodes form a gate and an emitter alternately based on the applied positive or negative voltage. Therefore, the cathode electron-emitter provided on the coplanar electrodes will generate electron beams alternately.

Abstract: A display apparatus having a first plate-shaped member having plural electron-emitting devices which are dispersively distributed and a second plate-shaped member having a plurality of light-emitting members arranged on a surface which faces the first plate-shaped member in correspondence to the plural electron-emitting devices, in which in at least either the first plate-shaped member or the second plate-shaped member, directions of normal lines extending from the plural electron-emitting devices or the plural light-emitting members are distributed in a tendency. A pitch of arranging the adjacent electron-emitting devices and a pitch of arranging the light-emitting members corresponding to the adjacent electron-emitting devices are different in accordance with the distribution of the normal-line directions.

Abstract: An electronic device in which a substrate with a pair of electrodes is provided and a carbon nanotube is formed or arranged in relation to the electrodes.

Abstract: There are disclosed methods for manufacturing an airtight container and an image display apparatus. Especially, as a constitution of supplying a potential to an electrode in the airtight container, the container is constituted which includes a structure having a concave portion opened at a through-hole of a substrate and closed at the bottom, and a shape is formed in which by applying a pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the container, the structure is deformed to enable supplying of a potential to the electrode.

Abstract: An electron-emitting device of the present invention has an electron-emitting film, and the electron-emitting film is composed of a first layer made of a first material, and a plurality of particles made of a second material whose electric resistivity is lower than that of the first material and provided into the first layer. The first material contains oxygen and nitrogen. A method for manufacturing the electron-emitting device according to the present invention has a step of forming the electron-emitting film, and the electron-emitting film forming step includes a step of forming the plurality of particles made of a second material whose electric resistivity is lower than that of a first material into the first layer made of the first material containing oxygen and nitrogen.

Abstract: In order to prevent a spacer from being charged by using a plate shaped spacer covered with a high resistance film, the present invention is aimed at preventing irregular displacements of electron beams emitted from adjacent electron-emitting devices and suppressing displacements of impinging positions of the electron beams emitted from the adjacent electron-emitting devices even with a slight displacement of an installation position of the spacer. The spacer is disposed along a row directional wiring. The high resistance film is allowed to come into contact with a metal back and the row directional wiring to achieve electrical connection therebetween. Contact portions between the high resistance film of the spacer and the row directional wiring are provided at predetermined intervals.

Abstract: In a spacer having concave/convex portions to prevent short-time charging in a flat type image forming apparatus in which an electron source substrate and an anode substrate are arranged so as to face each other through the spacer, the charging upon long-time driving due to the concave/convex portions is suppressed. In the spacer in which the surface of an insulating substrate having a rough surface is coated with a high resistance film, the high resistance film has double layers of a low resistance region locating on the substrate side and a high resistance region locating on the front surface side, and a thickness (t) of high resistance film on the slant surface of each of the concave/convex portions and a thickness (s) of high resistance region are set to (t?dp+??s) for the primary electron penetration length (dp) and the ionization electron diffusion length (?).

Abstract: A double-faced field emission display device includes two parallel fluorescent screens (10, 10?) and an electron emission structure (20) located between the fluorescent screens. Each fluorescent screen includes a transparent substrate (21, 21?) with an anode plate (12, 12?) and coplanar fluorescent layers (13, 13?) formed at an inner surface of the transparent substrate. The electron emission structure includes an opaque insulative substrate (28) with cathode plates (26, 26?), electron emitters (27, 27?) and grid plates (25, 25?) formed at each of opposite surfaces (281, 282) thereof. Symmetrically opposite pairs of same electrodes are electrically interconnected so that the fluorescent screens can simultaneous display a same image. Only a single driving system is needed to achieve the simultaneous display.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for improving the field emission of an electron field emitter comprised of an acicular emitting substance such as acicular carbon, an acicular semiconductor, an acicular metal or a mixture thereof, comprising applying a force to the surface of the electron field emitter wherein the force results in the removal of a portion of the electron field emitter thereby forming a new surface of the electron field emitter.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for improving the field emission of an electron field emitter comprised of an acicular emitting substance such as acicular carbon, an acicular semiconductor, an acicular metal or a mixture thereof, comprising applying a force to the surface of the electron field emitter wherein the force results in the removal of a portion of the electron field emitter thereby forming a new surface of the electron field emitter.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus comprises first and second substrates, a support frame arranged between the first and second substrates, and surrounding a space between the first and second substrates, electron emitting devices arranged on the first substrate facing the space, and an image forming member arranged on the second substrate. A spacer is disposed in the space between the first and second substrates, and a conductive film is arranged on the second substrate to surround the image forming member. The conductive film is supplied with a potential lower than that applied to the image forming member, and the spacer has a length greater than that of the image forming member. Each longitudinal end of the spacer is arranged between the inner periphery of the support frame and a respective plane through which a corresponding end of the conductive film extends perpendicularly to a principal surface of the second substrate.

Abstract: A semiconductor comprises a compound (A) adsorbed on a surface of the semiconductor, the compound (A) having at least one lone electron pair and substantially not undergoing in oxidation-reduction reactions, wherein the presence of the compound (A) negatively changes a flat band potential of the semiconductor with reference to that when the compound is absent.

Abstract: An electron emission display includes a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other, a side member formed along the edges of the first substrate and the second substrate to form a vacuum envelope together with the first substrate and the second substrate, an electron emission unit provided on the first substrate, a light emission unit provided on the second substrate to emit visible light when impacted by electrons from the electron emission unit, and a thermal conduction member connecting the first substrate and the second substrate.

Abstract: An image display apparatus for forming an image in an image displaying region provided with a vacuum chamber having an electron source substrate and an image forming substrate has an ion pump for evacuating the vacuum chamber by an action of a magnet-filed-forming portion through an aperture portion formed in the electron source substrate or an image displaying substrate, wherein the magnet-filed-forming portion is arranged so that a shadow formed by perpendicularly projecting the magnet-filed-forming portion onto the electron source substrate or the image forming substrate can be located outside the image displaying region.

Abstract: An electron source producing apparatus for forming an electron-emission part on a conductive member disposed on a substrate in an atmosphere containing a desired gas. The apparatus includes a container for forming a hermetic atmosphere between the container and a surface of the substrate on which the conductive member is formed. The container has a gas inlet and a gas outlet. A diffusing member is for diffusing an introduced gas, and is disposed between the gas inlet and the surface of the substrate. A resisting member provides exhaust resistance, and is disposed between the gas outlet and the surface of the substrate and is separated from the gas outlet. The resisting member is disposed closer to the surface of the substrate than is the diffusing member.

Abstract: A field emission display (FED) is provided. The FED has an emitter structure where the emitter, a conductor and a cathode electrode are so arranged to produce a certain electric field about the emitter. The electric field about the emitter causes the electron beam emitted from the emitter to have improved focus and have less dispersion. This causes the electron beam to hit the intended pixel without exciting phosphor layers in neighboring pixels, thus improving image quality.

Abstract: A field emission light source (100) includes: a cathode (111); a nucleation layer (112) formed on the cathode; a field emission portion (102) formed on the nucleation layer; and a light-permeable anode (117) arranged over the cathode. The field emission portion includes an isolating layer (113) formed on the cathode; a plurality of isolating posts (114) disposed on the isolating layer; and a plurality of field emitters (115) located on the respective isolating posts. The field emitters contain molybdenum. The isolating posts contain silicon carbon. Preferably, the field emitter has a diameter ranging from about 0.5 nanometers to 10 nanometers.

Abstract: A multi-color luminous fluorescent display device includes therein a vacuum-sealed vessel having a glass substrate, an anode disposed on the glass substrate, a cathode installed in the vacuum-sealed vessel, a first phosphorescent layer containing a phosphor emitting yellow to red light, and a second phosphorescent layer containing a phosphor emitting blue to green light. The first phosphorescent layer contains a Ln2O2S:Eu phosphor (Ln is at least one selected from a group consisting of La, Gd, Lu and Y) which emits yellow to red light, and the second phosphorescent layer contains at least one phosphor selected from ZnO:Zn phosphor, ZnGa2O4 phosphor and ZnGa2O4:Mn phosphor which emit blue to green light.

Abstract: A flat lamp device includes lower and upper glass plates facing each other in parallel; spacers interposed between the plates to keep a distance therebetween; a cathode electrode singly formed over the entire upper surface of the lower glass plate; an insulation film formed on the cathode electrode; semiconductor films independently patterned on the insulation at intervals; a catalyst metal layer laminated on a buffer metal layer to improve adhesive force of the catalyst metal formed on the semiconductor films; carbon nano-tubes formed on the catalyst metal layer; a grid electrode installed above the carbon nano-tubes between the plates to guide electron emission from the carbon nano-tubes with a mesh shape having an opening for passage of the emitted electrons; an anode electrode formed below the upper glass plate to accelerate the emitted electrons; and a fluorescent layer formed on a lower surface of the anode electrode.

Abstract: A field emission display device with flexible gate electrode and method for manufacturing the same. The field emission display device includes a cathode plate, a gate electrode and an anode plate. The cathode plate includes a cathode substrate and supports on both sides of the cathode. A recess is defined on outer bottom face of the support. The gate electrode includes a flexible mesh and a plurality of fixing tabs on both sides of the flexible mesh. The fixing tab is locked into the recess. The flexible mesh is arranged on the supports in stretching manner. The anode plate includes an anode substrate. A sealing spacer is arranged on the peripheral of the anode substrate and connected to the peripheral of the cathode substrate. The sealing spacer presses the fixing tabs evenly against the cathode substrate to induce a tension force to the flexible mesh.

Abstract: An image display apparatus includes an air-tight container and components provided in the air-tight container. The components include an image display member, a spacer on a surface of which a first electrode is provided, a first electroconductive member which is electrically connected to the first electrode and fixed to the spacer, and a second electroconductive member which is fixed to the first electroconductive member by a weld joining and provided outside an image display area in the air-tight container. The second electroconductive member is defined with a predetermined potential.