Abstract: A slow-wave circuit suitable for a high-frequency traveling-wave tube has an array of metallic ladder rungs extending transversely across an elongated envelope and not in contact with the envelope except at the ends of the rungs. The envelope has a cross-shaped section to provide a fundamental backward wave. The rungs preferably have aligned apertures to pass a beam of electrons in traveling-wave interaction with the circuit.By making the rungs transversely broader than a critical value, the lowest passband of the circuit has poles of impedance at both its ends, whereby more efficient interaction is obtained, along with greater stability.

Abstract: This invention concerns a slow-wave circuit which is electrically equivalent to the well-known folded-waveguide or coupled-cavity circuit with staggered coupling slots. The central portion of the circuit is a metallic ladder. The ladder rungs are wide and flat to form the equivalent of flat cavities. The rungs have axially aligned holes thru their centers for beam passage. A pair of coupling ladders are joined to opposite sides of the central ladder. They have apertures or recesses spaced at twice the pitch of the central ladder; the recesses are aligned to provide a coupling duct between each pair of adjacent cavities, and cavity-closing walls at the ends of the pair. The coupling recesses in the two coupling ladders are staggered by the cavity pitch so that the coupling ducts are on alternating sides of the cavities.

Abstract: The thickness of the fingers of the line is modified, while the pitch of the fingers is kept constant, so that the capacitance between two successive fingers varies substantially proportionally to the product P.sub.HF .times.dI/dx, in which P.sub.HF represents the microwave power at any point x in the line and dI/dx the gradient, as a function of the position x on the line, of the current I delivered by the voltage supply creating a continuous electrical field E.sub.o between the electrodes of the tube. The values of P.sub.HF and of I are measured on the tube having a constant coupling resistance or are calculated by a computer program.

Abstract: A helix-type traveling wave tube delay line extends from an input side to an output side. An electron gun adjacent the input side of the helix means transmits an electronic beam to a collector adjacent the output side. An attenuator divides the helix at a location between the input side and the output side. Between the attenuator and input, the helix has a pitch (P.sub.0). Between the attenuator and the output, the pitch (P.sub.1) of the helix is greater than the pitch (P.sub.0) to form a fast velocity circuit. The pitch (P.sub.2) of a second part of the helix between the attenuator and output is less than the pitch (P.sub.0) to form a slow velocity circuit. A third part of the helix is interposed between the first and second parts to form a velocity taper section having a helical pitch which varies from the larger pitch (P.sub.1) to the smaller pitch (P.sub.2). One fairly central position in the third part of the helix has an average pitch of (P.sub.1 +P.sub.2)/2. A first length (L.sub.

Abstract: A helical microwave delay line for a travelling-wave tube, constituted by a conductor held in the envelope of the tube by insulating bars. The width of the conductor in contact with the supporting bars increases along the tube axis, particularly towards the microwave energy output.

Abstract: A crossed field amplifier including a linear, ladder type slow wave device ncluding an array of closely spaced parallel U-shaped rungs with a pair of oppositely wound helices running side-by-side inside said array, and a pair of trimmers running along each side of said array of rungs, the trimmer height at the input or cathode end of said slow wave structure being increased compared to its height for the remainder of said slow wave device.

Abstract: An aesthetically pleasing Lissajous figure is derived from a single signal source which feeds a common signal to both the horizontal and vertical deflection circuits of a cathode ray tube. Between the signal source and one or the other of said deflection circuits, a time delay is utilized to retard the transit of the signal to that deflection circuit. With a fixed frequency source, the Lissajous figure presented will be an ellipse whose eccentricity will be determined by the frequency of the signal output by said source. Where the signal source provides an output which randomly varies in frequency, the Lissajous figures presented will be reentrant in nature and of a character determined by the rate of change of frequency from said source and the magnitude of the time delay inserted in the selected deflection circuit. The invention lends itself to use with single or multiple gun CRT's and in either case may be used with monochromatic or polychromatic phosphorescent screens.

Abstract: A supporting system for a delay line of a travelling wave tube wherein a number of clamping rings press dielectric support rods against the delay line. The clamping rings have a natural length along the delay line and a spacing distance such that (N.multidot.w.lambda.)/4=L.sub.1,2, where L.sub.1,2 designates the length of the line resonators, .lambda..sub.w the wave length on the delay line, and N a whole uneven number.

Abstract: In a traveling wave tube (TWT) using an interaction circuit of the helix-derived type, the gain of the tube normally varies significantly over the passband. The invention provides a simple method of reducing the gain variation together with a reduction in the noise power density produced at the output of the tube. This is accomplished by affixing a nonresonant terminated transmission line such as a meander line on at least one of the dielectric rods used to support the helix.

Abstract: A material which absorbs microwaves and constituted by carbon-filled ceramic material is placed in the vacuum enclosure level with the supports of the cylindrical cathode.

Abstract: A synchronous switched vertical deflection circuit for use with a television receiver comprises first and second bidirectional switches coupled to conduct current in opposite directions. Horizontal rate energy is coupled into one end of the switches. Vertical deflection means are connected to the other end of the switches. Pulse-width modulated signals are applied to the control terminals of the switches to allow conduction of the horizontal rate energy in the vertical deflection means during selected portions of each vertical deflection interval.

Abstract: A focusing device for an electron tube is constituted by alternating magnets and pole pieces in the form of washers, which are fixed against one another in such a way as to form a cylinder surrounding the envelope of the tube and being of the same axis as the latter, the electron beam propagating along said axis. The magnetized washers have a central hole and are interrupted over part of their circumference by an opening permitting their fitting between the pole pieces previously fixed to the envelope.

Abstract: A raster scan color display system for a CRT includes a vertical sweep system wherein a parabolic signal repeating at the horizontal sweep rate is multiplied with a vertical sweep signal corresponding to a linear ramp repeating at a vertical deflection rate. The output is differentiated and capacitively coupled to a wideband voltage drive vertical deflection amplifier to provide pin-cushion non-linearity correction.

Abstract: The device of the invention comprises a body of dielectric material having a metallic surface on one portion thereof. An electron beam is passed adjacent a second portion of the dielectric body in order to generate electromagnetic radiation in the dielectric. A feedback loop is provided to improve the coherence of the radiation output.

Abstract: A side pincushion corrected deflection circuit for a television receiver includes a deflection winding, a trace capacitor and a first switch for generating scanning current in the deflection winding. A modulator circuit includes a modulator inductor and capacitor and a second switch for generating a sawtooth modulator current in the inductor. The trace and modulator capacitors are charged from a B+ operating voltage source through the primary winding of a flyback transformer. A transistor stage in the modulator circuit shunts current away from the modulator capacitor to control the modulator and trace capacitor voltages. A vertical rate bias voltage is applied to the transistor stage and varies the shunt current at a vertical rate in a parabolic manner to provide side pincushion correction. Under fault conditions, such as an open-circuited deflection winding or trace capacitor, the modulator capacitor voltage tends to undesirably increase above the peak voltage developed under normal operating conditions.

Abstract: A sweep generator for producing a circular raster of curved scanning lines on the target surface of a video camera is disclosed. Each curved trace follows a substantially circular path through a scanning angle of 360.degree.. The circular raster is generated by horizontal and vertical scanning signals which are synchronized with the horizontal line frequency of a video receiver. The horizontal scanning signal is characterized by a constant amplitude component followed by a sine wave component, and the vertical scanning signal is characterized by a composite waveform including a constant amplitude component followed by a sine wave component which is shifted 90.degree. in phase with respect to the sine wave of the horizontal scanning signal.

Abstract: A coupled cavity traveling wave tube is disclosed which includes a plurality of pole piece members and hollow spacer members which are alternately arrayed to define a plurality of cavities. The pole piece members each has a central aperture and a coupling slot through which microwave energy is coupled between adjacent cavities. The tube includes a plurality of first loss elements each of which is positioned in both of two respective adjacent cavities, with each of the first loss elements having its first end in contact with the front face of a respective one of the alternate pole piece members, its central portion pass through an aperture in the next intervening pole piece member in which it is coupled to the coupling slot in that pole piece member, and its second end in contact with the rear face of the next alternate pole piece member.

Abstract: In a traveling wave tube (TWT) with a non-dispersive interaction circuit such as a helix, the length of the circuit in wavelengths, and hence the gain of the tube, varies with the frequency. The variations of gain over a very wide bandwidth can cause oscillation problems. The invention provides an inverse variation with frequency of the physical length over which the circuit interacts with the beam. This is done by resonant attenuators coupling to the interaction circuit over various lengths depending on their resonant frequency, the attenuation being enough to effectively remove the interaction circuit wave. The attenuators are preferably formed of resonant sections of slow-wave circuit deposited on longitudinal ceramic rods such as the helix support rods.

Abstract: In traveling wave tubes with broad bandwidth, such as an octave or more, the gain varies by many dB across the band. One or more lossy circuits inside the tube coupled to the interaction helix-type slow-wave circuit are resonant at frequencies within the operating band. They provide a loss varying with frequency to compensate for the gain variation. The resonant circuits are typically metallized patterns on a dielectric rod which may be a support rod for the interaction circuit. Compared to an external gain equilizer in the drive circuit of the TWT, the internal equalizer is cheaper and provides a better noise figure.

Abstract: In a traveling wave tube device of the type comprising a helix which causes a microwave power to interact with an electron beam and a periodic permanent magnet assembly for focusing the electron beam, there are provided a plurality of annular permanent magnets and a plurality of pole pieces which are alternately disposed between input and output member of the microwave. The permanent magnets and pole pieces define annular recesses and a plurality of troidal metal spring rings are disposed in each recess in thermal contact with the permanent magnets and a carbonaceous coating coated on a pumped enclosure containing the helix.

Abstract: A traveling wave tube (TWT) has a slow wave structure in the form of a helix for amplifying the forward electromagnetic wave. The TWT is provided with an outer slow wave assembly for attenuating a backward wave to provide stability to the TWT. A set of ceramic rods are uniformly spaced circumferentially around the helix for supporting the outer slow wave assembly which is formed by an electrically conducting wire wound around the supporting rods. The wire is wound in a helical fashion with individual turns of the helix being spaced apart to form the outer slow wave structure. An electrically conducting cylinder surrounds the outer slow wave structure and is in contact therewith only at the sites of the rods. Dielectric slabs, having a slow wave structure such as a meander line disposed thereon, are inserted periodically around the outer slow wave structure in spaces between the winding and the cylinder.

Abstract: The horizontal frequency control pulses of, respectively, increasing and decreasing pulse widths required by switches which control the transfer of energy from the horizontal output stage to the vertical deflection coils are furnished by a first and second comparator. Each of the comparators is a difference amplifier having an inverting and a direct input. The inverting input of the first comparator is connected only through a resistor to the output of a vertical frequency sawtooth generator and, similarly, only through a resistor, to the output of a stage which furnishes horizontal deflection frequency pulses having slanted pulse tops. The direct input of the second comparator is also connected, through a decoupling resistor only, to the output of the vertical sawtooth generator and, while its inverting input is connected to the output of the stage which furnishes the shaped horizontal frequency pulses.

Abstract: A slow wave guiding structure such as a helix delay line for electron intction devices of the traveling wave type having diamond heat sink supports for substantial enhancement of power levels of operation is provided. The diamond supported helix structures are maintained in good thermal contact by pressure only in lieu of the diamonds being bonded to metallic members. The invention is applicable to numerous slow wave structures including ladder, ring-bar, meander, as well as interdigital types.

Abstract: A traveling wave tube has a helix or ring-bridge delay line arranged within a vacuum envelope and a plurality of dielectric holding rods parallel to each other for supporting the delay line. The vacuum envelope has an axial longitudinal groove intermediate between two holding rods, and a pressure element located within the groove presses, by way of a tension plate, the holding rods against receiving surfaces provided in the interior of the vacuum envelope, whereby the holding rods are in good mechanical and heat-conducting relationship with the envelope.

Abstract: A traveling wave tube has a delay line in the form of a spiral conductor supported within a metallic vacuum shell by a plurality of dielectric support rods. The support rods are covered at least partially with a metalization and soldered together with the delay line and the vacuum shell is shrunk onto the support rods, thus providing a simple structure having good heat dissipating properties.

Abstract: A traveling wave device, or the like, having an internal metallic helical core element which has a plurality of particulate deposition deposited dielectric segments to form an unific slow wave structure having an improved balance between the heat conductive and electrical requirements of said slow wave structure; and methods for forming said balanced slow wave structure.

Abstract: A helix type traveling-wave tube comprises a conductive tubular envelope wherein a coaxial helix interaction structure is provided, the function of which is to shield the electromagnetic wave of the signal. By a proper arrangement of metallic conductive elements suitably applied upon dielectric support rods firmly inserted between the inner conductive surface of said tubular envelope and outer perimetrical surface of said helix, a selective shielding may be attained in order that the helix dispersions are almost null or even negative and the operative frequency band is remarkably extended with a substantially constant velocity of phase.

Abstract: A microwave delay line, which has a periodic geometrical structure involving more particularly the repetition of first and second meshes so that the amplitude of the inverse mode of transmission is reduced compared with that of a helical line, which comprises rods made from a dielectric and good heat conducting material, arranged parallel to the line axis and regularly distributed over its periphery. These rods are equally subdivided into first and second groups, which are regularly distributed over the line periphery. The rods of the first group are brazed to the first meshes of the line and insulated from the second meshes and the rods of the second group are brazed to the second meshes of the line and insulated from the first meshes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a backward wave mode oscillator tube, the delay line of which is in two sections of dissimilar length both operating in the backward wave mode, aligned in the direction of propagation of the electrons of the beam, the second being substantially shorter than the first and exhibiting a structure homothetic with the first in the ratio 1/n, n being an integer, with a load arranged at the end of this second section which is adjacent the electron-gun, in which load is picked-up electromagnetic energy on the n.sup.th harmonic of the predominant component of the wave in the first section.

Abstract: The external outline of the transverse section of the walls externally bounding the cavities (4) is circular, but the thickness of these walls is not constant, being smaller in the zones of these walls which are not traversed by the cooling ducts (5) than in the other zones. Application to travelling-wave tubes carried in aircraft.

Abstract: A delay line for a high frequency tube that is cooled by circulating fluid.The cooling fluid circulates in a duct (FIG. 3, 10), formed in the space between two sleeves (8 and 9). The sleeves are of non-magnetic material, impervious to the cooling fluid, and have an axis parallel to the axis of the delay line. The first sleeve (8), is vacuum tight, brazed or hard soldered to dielectric supports (2) and, in cross section connects two adjacent supports in a straight line. The second sleeve (9), is cylindrical, and contains the first sleeve to which it is brazed at several points. A focusing device made of permanent magnets is mounted on the second sleeve.The invention will find use in high frequency tubes.

Abstract: An SCR is one controllable switch thyristor in an SSVD circuit and the other is a triac. One electrode of each thyristor is grounded, and the gates of the thyristors are driven from the SSVD control circuit by pulse voltages relative to ground.

Abstract: In a travelling-wave tube for very high frequencies the slow-wave circuit is formed of four metal combs having teeth pointed toward the electron beam. The combs are arranged in two pairs. The teeth of the two combs in each pair extend inward from opposite sides of the beam and are axially aligned to form the electrical equivalent of a half-wave bar or ladder structure. They may or may not be joined at the tips because those are low-current points. The teeth of one pair are at right angles to those of the other pair and are displaced axially to interleave with them. Each comb is preferably made from a single piece of copper to provide better dimensional precision, low circuit loss, mechanical durability and high thermal capability.

Abstract: A television synchronous switched vertical deflection circuit couples energy from horizontal deflection circuit to a vertical deflection winding by means of a pair of controllable switches to form the vertical deflection current. One switch of the pair couples energy during the horizontal retrace interval and the other couples energy during the horizontal trace interval.

Abstract: A traveling wave tube arrangement for use in satellite communications systems is disclosed wherein a plurality of traveling wave tube delay structures and an electron gun are contained in a single envelope with beam deflection apparatus. The electron beam deflection apparatus is disposed between the electron gun and the plural traveling wave tube delay structures to selectively deflect the electron beam to the individual delay structures on a time division basis. In one embodiment, electron beam deflection apparatus is simplified by arranging the individual delay structures radially from a point in the path of the electron stream where the stream is deflected by the beam deflection apparatus.

Abstract: Helical slow-wave structure assemblies including a helical dielectric supporting member are disclosed along with methods for fabricating such assemblies. After the slow-wave structure helix is wound on a mandrel, a masking helix is coaxially wound about the slow-wave structure helix in the same sense as the slow-wave structure helix over the helical space between turns of the slow-wave structure helix and in overlapping relationship with portions of adjacent turns of the slow-wave structure helix. The supporting helix is formed by plasma spraying dielectric material into the helical space between turns of the masking helix. The dielectric material is ground to a predetermined radial dimension, and the mandrel and the masking helix are removed. By utilizing a masking helix of tapered width, a dielectric supporting helix of tapered width may be fabricated to provide a slow-wave structure assembly with a tapered phase velocity.

Abstract: A generator of meter- or decimeter-long waves based on an interaction of the cyclotronic type between a tubular electron beam and an azimuthal field set up in a resonant structure, wherein the said resonant structure comprises a plurality of circular cylindrical sectors separated by capacitive openings.

Abstract: A synchronous switched vertical deflection (SSVD) circuit is coupled by a flyback transformer to a horizontal deflection circuit. The SSVD circuit loads the horizontal deflection circuit at a vertical parabolic rate providing East-West pincushion correction. Because of the inductance of the vertical deflection winding, the parabolic loading is asymmetrical, producing a keystone-like raster distortion. A correction circuit, such as a constant current source coupled to the vertical deflection winding, substantially reduces the asymmetry of the loading thereby substantially reducing the keystone-like distortion.

Abstract: Crossed field amplifier collector efficiency is improved by decreasing the ratio of electron velocities to r.f. signal wave velocity at the output end of the amplifier slow wave circuit. In a preferred embodiment of the invention this is accomplished by tapering the sole emitting cathode so as to increase the cathode-slow wave circuit spacing in the output end of the interaction region prior to the collector. Alternatively, an increasing r.f. signal phase velocity taper can be used to provide the required decreased electron velocities to r.f. signal wave velocity ratio.

Abstract: A vertical deflecting circuit for a television receiver having a first signal source for supplying a first signal which has a sawtooth wave shape and a vertical period, second signal source for supplying a corrected signal having a horizontal period, a vertical output circuit for amplifying the first signal, and a vertical deflecting coil connected to the vertical output circuit. In this case, the vertical deflecting circuit further includes a mixing circuit for mixing the first signal and said correcting signal and a resistor connected to the deflecting coil in parallel for forming with the vertical deflecting coil an integrator for the correcting signal.

Abstract: A generator for variable frequency submillimeter waves launches surface astic waves in piezoelectric material for generation of an associated acousto-electrical field. An electron beam is acted upon by the acousto-electrical field in a manner simulating the effect of an etched grating, resulting in an output frequency which may be varied by the variation of the acoustic wave frequency, or the velocity of the electron beam.

Abstract: A traveling wave tube having a helix continuously supported within a dielectric barrel provides efficient operation at high power levels. The wire forming the helix has a greater width along its inner surface adjacent the interaction space of the traveling wave tube than along its outer surface which is continuously secured to the dielectric barrel. The wire confines the electromagnetic field to an area adjacent the interaction space for low dielectric loading thereby assuring a good coupling impedance into and out of the traveling wave tube and a wide bandwidth. Improved thermal conductivity for heat from the helix is provided as a result of the helix being continuously supported and in contact with the dielectric barrel. The tube is low in cost, which makes it attractive for expendable use.

Abstract: A vertical deflection amplifier includes a preamplifier having an input at which is applied a DC feedback signal for the stabilization of the amplifier's DC output. In order to assure an undistorted or unattenuated vertical deflection upon initial turn-on of the receiver, a fast-start circuit superimposes a transient voltage on the DC feedback signal. The fast-start circuit allows the amplifier's output to reach its quiescent DC output level in a period of time that is substantially shorter than the time constant of a sampling network from which the DC feedback signal is derived.

Abstract: A delay line for transit time amplifier tubes which has a filter characteristic with a negative dispersion in the fundamental wave of the longest pass band, i.e.

Abstract: To permit use of a circuit in which the energy derived during horizontal flyback is used to control vertical deflection, without damage to the vertical deflection system upon vertical flyback, the vertical deflection output stage is dimensioned to have a time constant which is less, preferably about half, of the time constant of the sawtooth wave generator controlling vertical deflection. The vertical deflection output stage forms, in essence, a parallel oscillatory circuit which, to provide the lesser time constant, is damped.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a backward wave mode travelling wave oscillator tube.The delay line is in two sections of dissimilar length, 40 and 42, aligned in the direction of propagation of the electron beam (the cross-hatched area); the second 42 being the shorter, receives the beam already modulated by the first, 40, operating in the backward wave mode. The load 8 is arranged at that end which is adjacent the electron-gun 1, 2, of the second delay line section, also operating in the backward wave mode.Application to the design of high-output backward wave tubes for operation in the millimetric sub-millimetric wavebands.

Abstract: A traveling wave tube employing a coupled-cavity type slow-wave circuit and having high gain and efficiency over a wide operating frequency band as a result of a design in which the slow-wave circuits are separated into first and second (i.e. fore) and output slow-wave circuits connected to one another by sever sections containing nonreflectivity terminated waveguides. The synchronizing frequency of one of the fore slow-wave circuits is selected to be different from that of the other fore slow-wave circuit and the output slow-wave circuit. The aforesaid slow-wave circuits incorporate coupler cavities at the opposite ends thereof and a plurality of main unit cavities positioned between the coupler cavities. The desired synchronizing frequencies are obtained by controlling the dimensions of the cavities, interaction gaps, apertures and coupling irises.

Abstract: A travelling wave tube is provided with a slow wave structure consisting of clover leaf cavities in which frequency selective attenuators are present in subsidiary cavities formed within the nose of a clover leaf cavity. Each attenuator consists of dielectric material loaded with attenuation material. The use of the invention enables the coupling properties of the clover leaf cavities and their resonant frequencies to be chosen to provide optimum oscillation suppression.

Abstract: A first capacitor is coupled in parallel with a vertical deflection winding and the two are coupled to a source of horizontal rate energy by means which permit the capacitor to be charged with decreasing and increasing amounts of horizontal rate energy during respective first and second portions of each vertical deflection interval. The discharge of the first capacitor through the winding produces the vertical rate sawtooth scanning current therein. A second capacitor and impedance means coupled in circuit with the first capacitor are responsive to the horizontal rate energy to alter the shape of the generally sawtooth shaped horizontal rate voltage developed across the capacitors for producing a substantially symmetrical horizontal rate parabolic current component superimposed on the vertical rate sawtooth scanning current during each horizontal trace interval during the vertical trace interval for effecting north-south pincushion distortion correction current in the vertical winding.

Abstract: A horizontal deflection circuit drives a voltage generator by way of a first transformer, and also drives a switched synchronous vertical deflection circuit. In order to reduce variations of the energy coupled from the horizontal deflection circuit to the vertical deflection circuit attributable to variation of the load coupled to the voltage generator, the horizontal deflection circuit is coupled to the vertical deflection circuit by second transformer means separate from the first.