Abstract: Dual-band and multi-band radiating elements are described based on composite right/left-handed (CRLH) meta-material transmission line (TL). These elements can operate as resonators and/or antennas depending on feed-line configuration. The radiating elements are based on the fundamental backward wave supported by a composite right/left-handed (CRLH) meta-material transmission line (TL). Unit-cells of the transmission line comprise conductive patches coupled through vias to a ground plane. The physical size and operational frequencies of the radiating element is determined by the unit cell of the CRLH meta-material. This radiating element is configured for monopolar radiation at a first resonant frequency and patch-like radiation at a second resonant frequency. The first and second resonant frequencies are not constrained to a harmonic relationship.

Abstract: A method for designing artificial impedance surfaces is disclosed. The method involves matching impedance component values required for a given far-field radiation pattern (determined, for example, by holographic means) with measured or simulated impedance component values for the units of a lattice of conductive structures used to create an artificial impedance surface, where the units of the lattice have varied geometry. For example, a unit could be a square conductive structure with a slice (removed or missing material) through it. The measured or simulated impedance components are determined by measuring wavevector values for test surfaces in three or more directions over any number of test surfaces, where each unit of a given test surface has the same geometric shape and proportions as all of the other units of that test surface, but each test surface has some form of variation in the unit geometry from the other test surfaces. These test measurements create a table of geometry vs.

Abstract: Generally, embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to an adhesive mounting unit that is formed from a nonwoven polymeric material that is breathable, flexible, waterproof and durable. Additionally, the adhesive mounting unit of the present disclosure includes a retention mechanism that is insert molded directly into or on the mounting unit such that the mounting unit and retention mechanism form a single unitary structure.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a tunable microwave/millimeter-wave arrangement comprising a tunable impedance surface. It comprises an Electromagnetic Bandgap Structure (EBG) (Photonic Bandgap Structure) comprising at least one tunable ferroelectric layer (3), at least one first, top, metal layer (1) and at least one second metal layer (2A, 2B). Said first (1) and second metal layers (2A) are disposed on opposite sides of the/a ferroelectric layer (3), and at least the first, top, metal layer (1) is patterned and the dielectric permittivity of the at least one ferroelectric layer (3) is dependent on a DC biasing voltage directly or indirectly applied to first (1) and/or second (2A, 2B) metal layers disposed on different sides of the/a ferroelectric layer.

Abstract: An antenna structure includes a radiating element and an antenna radome. The antenna radome has at least one dielectric layer, which has an upper surface having many S-shaped metal patterns and a lower surface having many inverse S-shaped metal patterns corresponding to the S-shaped metal patterns. The S-shaped metal patterns are respectively coupled to the corresponding inverse S-shaped metal patterns to converge radiating beams outputted from the radiating element.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to systems that use frequency selective surfaces (FSS) to aid in the operation of radio frequency identification (RFID) devices and products. In one embodiment, a system for interrogating radio frequency identification (RFID) tags includes a conveyor belt and an RFID reader. The conveyor belt has a first surface and a second surface. The first surface is configured to receive an item to which an RFID tag is affixed and the second surface is configured to slide on a metal slide plate. The RFID reader is configured to transmit instructions embodied in a radio frequency (RF) signal to the RFID tag, wherein the metal slide plate is positioned between the RFID reader and the RFID tag and comprises a frequency selective surface that is substantially transparent to the RF signal.

Abstract: A planar scanning antenna is configured for scanning and tracking. In one embodiment, the planar scanning antenna may include a transducer module configured to provide an electromagnetic beam. According to another aspect of the invention, the apparatus may include a first planar dielectric element having an axis of rotation and configured to direct an electromagnetic beam. In one embodiment, a second planar dielectric element oriented adjacent to the first planar dielectric element and having the axis of rotation may be configured to direct electromagnetic energy. The apparatus may further include a mounting structure arranging the transducer module and the first and second planar dielectric elements. In yet another embodiment, the apparatus may include a drive means for positioning the first planar dielectric element independently from the second planar dielectric element.

Abstract: A waveguide switch is shown. The waveguide switch includes a frequency selective surface and a biasing diode configured to selectively provide a short between an outer metal loop and an inner metal loop to place the frequency selective surface into either a non-reflective state or a reflective state.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the production of reflectarray antennas, that is to say antennas consisting of a primary illumination source and a phase-shifting plate consisting of an array of cells each having a coefficient of reflection the phase of which is electronically controlled. According to the invention, each cell consists of a waveguide element closed at one of its ends by a dielectric substrate wafer carrying an electrical circuit formed by three parallel conducting strips. A variable capacitor, produced either in MEMS technology or by means of a ferroelectric element, is implanted by means of bonding wires on the electrical circuit etched on the substrate.

Abstract: An example apparatus comprises an electromagnetic source, such as an antenna, a metamaterial lens, and a reflector. The antenna is located proximate the metamaterial lens, for example supported by the metamaterial lens, and the antenna is operable to generate radiation when the antenna is energized. The reflector is positioned so as to reflect the radiation through the metamaterial lens. The reflector may have a generally concave reflective surface, for example having a parabolic or spherical cross-section. The metamaterial lens may have an area similar to that of the aperture of the reflector. In some examples, the antenna is located proximate a focal point of the reflector, so that a generally parallel beam is obtained after reflection from the reflector.

Abstract: An antenna apparatus has a ground plane and a traveling-wave linear antenna The ground plane has a dielectric layer and metallic plates disposed on the dielectric layer. The plates placed on a front side of the ground plane act as a band gap surface. The dielectric constant and thickness of the dielectric layer, the number of plates and the width of spaces among the plates are adjusted, so that the band gap surface prevents propagation of electromagnetic waves within a specific frequency band. The antenna is disposed over the band gap surface on the front side of the ground plane to be spaced away from the band gap surface. The antenna radiates electromagnetic waves of an operational frequency within the specific frequency band in response to an alternating current of the operational frequency fed to the linear antenna.

Abstract: Multi-band polarized receiver-emitter THz domain visualization device that includes a group of elemental receiver units made from a resonant system sensitive to frequency and polarization, a micro-bead solid-state voltage amplifier in the gate of a differential FET system. The detection is based on the carrier perturbation method detected by a set of double gate comparator circuits that further generates an integrated signal driven to a digital analog converter. The signal from here is accessing event-based memory used to generate the 3D images. Multiple detection modules are coupled into a triangular detection element detecting a multitude of frequencies, in a cascade of bands from 2 mm to 1 micron. This THz chromatic detector is integrated in a surface morph array, or in an image area of a focusing device generating a pixel of information with band, amplitude, polarization and time parameters, driving to a complex 3D substance level visualizations.

Abstract: An antenna apparatus includes a patch antenna unit in which a radiation conductor and a ground conductor plate are arranged so as to face each other with an insulating material disposed therebetween, a power-feed point is provided at a position slightly offset from the center of the radiation conductor, and a high-frequency electric field is supplied between the radiation conductor and the ground conductor plate; a surface-wave propagation suppression area in which a surface-wave propagation suppression mechanism for suppressing surface-wave propagation is mounted in an outer surrounding area in the offset direction of the power-feed point in which an electric-field intensity is generally maximum within the end portion of the radiation conductor plate; and an insulating area in which an electric-field intensity between the radiation conductor plate and the ground conductor plate is relatively low and the surface-wave propagation suppression mechanism is not arranged.

Abstract: A device for attenuating reflections of an electromagnetic wave impinging thereon and a method of making the device. The device includes a structured film comprised of at least one of a ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic material. The structured film has a structure and a uniform film portion of the at least one of a ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic material underneath the structure such that the structured film has at least two different resonance frequencies.

Abstract: An artificial impedance structure and a method for manufacturing same. The structure contains a dielectric layer having generally opposed first and second surfaces, a conductive layer disposed on the first surface, and a plurality of conductive structures disposed on the second surface to provide a preselected impedance profile along the second surface.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for a negative index metamaterial lens. The method is used for creating a negative index metamaterial lens for use with a phased array antenna. A design is created for the negative index materials lens that is capable of bending a beam generated by the phased array antenna to around 90 degrees from a vertical orientation to form an initial design. The initial design is modified to include discrete components to form a discrete design. Materials are selected for the discrete components. Negative index metamaterial unit cells are designed for the discrete components to form designed negative index metamaterial unit cells. The designed negative index metamaterial unit cells are fabricated to form fabricated designed negative index metamaterial unit cells. The negative index metamaterial lens is formed from the designed negative index metamaterial unit cells.

Abstract: In a bistatic array antenna, beam focusing in preferred directions of the array antenna occurs with the aid of a focusing arrangement in such a way that beam focusing occurs both in a first preferred direction for the array elements of the transmit mode as well as in another second preferred direction for the array elements of the receive mode.

Abstract: A gradient index lens for microwave radiation. The lens includes a plurality of electric field coupled resonators wherein each resonator has a resonant frequency. The resonators are arranged in a planar array having spaced apart side edges and spaced apart top and bottom edges. The resonant frequency of the resonators varies between at least two of the spaced edges of the array in accordance with the desired properties of the lens.

Abstract: Apparatus, methods, and systems provide conversion of evanescent electromagnetic waves to non-evanescent electromagnetic waves and/or conversion of non-evanescent electromagnetic waves to evanescent electromagnetic waves. In some approaches the conversion includes propagation of electromagnetic waves within an indefinite electromagnetic medium, and the indefinite medium may include an artificially-structured material such as a layered structure or other metamaterial.

Abstract: A ballistic resistant antenna for use with a ballistic resistant communications system having a first plate fabricated from a ballistic material. The first plate has at least one opening configured to allow transmission of electromagnetic energy at a predetermined range of electromagnetic wavelengths. The antenna also has at least one plug having a geometry that is capable of insertion into the at least one opening. The at least one plug is made up of a material that is substantially transparent to the predetermined range of electromagnetic wavelengths.

Abstract: Broadband metamaterial apparatus, methods, systems, and computer readable media are disclosed, as well as exemplary embodiments that provide cloaking, beam steering, and beam focusing. In one exemplary implementation, a broadband interface structure has a front surface region and a back surface region. The broadband interface structure is arranged to provide electromagnetic energy characteristic of an apparent profile of the back surface region substantially different than an actual profile of the back surface region for electromagnetic energy received at the front surface region.

Abstract: A dual polarization antenna radome includes a plurality of dielectric substrates. Each dielectric substrate provides a plurality of metal totems, and the pattern of the metal totems is unchanged after the metal totems rotate by 90 degrees around the axis perpendicular to the dielectric substrate.

Abstract: A metamaterial microwave lens having an array of electronic inductive capacitive cells in which each cell has an electrically conductive pattern which corresponds to incident electromagnetic radiation as a resonator. At least one cell has a first and second electrical sections insulated from each other and each which section has at least two legs. A static capacitor is electrically connected between one leg of the first section of the cell and one leg of the second section of the cell. A MEMS device is electrically disposed between the other legs of the first and second sections of the cell. The MEMS device is movable between at least two positions in response to an electrical bias between the first and second sections of the cell to vary the index of refraction and resonant frequency of The cell.

Abstract: When illuminated with a plane wave a variable cross-coupling partial reflector reflects a specific amount of a cross-polarized field and a specific amount of a co-polarized field and transmits the remaining power with low attenuation. This is achieved with a pair of frequency selective surfaces (FSS) that are rotated with respect to the incident plane wave. The FSSs can be fixed with a given alignment for a particular application or a tuning mechanism can be provided to independently rotate the surfaces and adapt the reflected co- and cross-polarized fields to changing requirements. Of particular interest is the ability to provide a specific amount of cross-polarized reflected power while reflecting no co-polarized field over a certain range of wavelengths. This will be useful to increase power efficiency in, for example, wave power sources that utilize quasi-optical power by causing oscillations in reflection amplifier arrays.

Abstract: An integrated antenna and chip package and method of manufacturing thereof. The package includes a first substrate having a first surface and a second surface, The second surface is configured to interface the chip package to a circuit board. A second substrate of the package is disposed on the first surface of the first substrate and is made of a dielectric material. One or more antennas are disposed on the second substrate and a communication device is coupled to the antenna, wherein the communication device is disposed on the second substrate in substantially the same plane as the antenna. A lid is coupled to the first substrate and is configured to encapsulate the antenna and the communication device. The lid has a lens that is configured to allow radiation from the antenna to be emitted therethrough and a shoulder configured to transfer heat produced from the communication device.

Abstract: Techniques, apparatus and systems that use one or more composite left and right handed (CRLH) metamaterial structures in processing and handling electromagnetic wave signals. Antenna, antenna arrays and other RF devices can be formed based on CRLH metamaterial structures. The described CRLH metamaterial structures can be used in wireless communication RF front-end and antenna sub-systems.

Abstract: A substrate for a semiconductor package comprises a dielectric substrate, a circuit pattern, and an electromagnetic band gap (EBG) pattern. The circuit pattern is formed on a first surface of the dielectric substrate and is connected to ground via a ground connection. The electromagnetic band gap (EBG) pattern comprises a plurality of zigzag unit structures formed on a second surface of the dielectric substrate, wherein the second surface is formed on an opposite side of the dielectric substrate from the first surface; the zigzag unit structures are electrically connected to each other; and at least one of the zigzag unit structures is electrically connected to the ground connection.

Abstract: There is provided with an antenna apparatus, including: a finite ground plate; a plurality of conductor plates arranged along and on both sides of a first gap line or a second gap line that intersect with the first gap line; a plurality of first linear conductive elements configured to connect the finite ground plate with each of the conductor plates; and an antenna element configured to have second and third linear conductive elements arranged in the first gap line and a feeding point that is placed between adjacent ends of the second and third linear conductive elements for supplying electric power from the ends, wherein the feeding point is positioned in an intersection area of the first gap line and the second gap line.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a multiband antenna array using electromagnetic bandgap structures is presented. In this regard, an antenna array is introduced having two or more planar antennas situated substantially on a surface of a substrate, a first set of electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) cells situated substantially between and on plane with the antennas, and a second set of EBG cells situated within the substrate below the antennas. Other embodiments are also disclosed and claimed.

Abstract: A deployable lens is provided for an antenna. The lens comprises an array of metallic lens elements formed on a plurality of planar sections of a dielectric substrate, each lens element comprising a first end-fire element directed towards a feed side of the lens, a second end-fire element directed towards a non-feed side of the lens and a section of transmission line for coupling signals between the first and second end-fire elements. The section of transmission line, preferably in the form of a slot-line transmission line, is integrated with the end-fire elements and is of a length determined according to the position of the lens element within the aperture of the lens as deployed. An antenna is also provided comprising a deployable lens according to the present invention.

Abstract: A stepped reflector for being illuminated by at least one multiple-band feed is provided. The reflector includes a central region and a first annular region with an annular width of w. The first annular region is axially stepped a height h above the central region, where h is approximately equal to m × [ ? ± ( ? ? ( ? = 0 ) - ? ? ( ? = ? 0 ) ) ] × ? 180 × ? 2 ? ? × 1 2 , where m is a positive odd integer, ? is a desired amount of phase shift of an outer region of a phase front for reflecting off of the reflector, ? is a feed phase contribution for an angle ?, and ?0 is an angle formed between an axis of the at least one feed and a line connecting a phase center of the at least one feed and an inner edge of the at least one annular region. The central region and the annular region of the reflector may be parabolically curved or may alternately be shaped. The reflector may be fed by one or more multiple-band horn antennas.

Abstract: A bandpass radome is described including inductive layers comprising periodic conductive grids. First and second capacitive patch layers may be disposed above, and third and fourth capacitive patch layers may be disposed below the inductive layer to realize a 2-pole bandpass radome. An additional inductive layer and a fifth and sixth capacitive patch layers may be added below the fourth capacitive layer to realize a 3-pole bandpass radome. Conductive posts may connect one of the uppermost patch layers to one of the lowermost patch layers without connecting to the intervening inductive conductive grids. The conductive posts may form a rodded medium to suppress transverse magnetic (TM) surface waves. The total thickness of the bandpass radome may be less than 1/30 of a free-space wavelength at the center of a passband frequency. More than one passband may be separated by a ratio of center frequencies exceeding 1.5.

Abstract: Apparatus, methods, and systems provide electromagnetic compression. In some approaches the electromagnetic compression is achieved with metamaterials. In some approaches the electromagnetic compression defines an electromagnetic distance between first and second locations substantially greater than a physical distance between the first and second locations, and the first and second locations may be occupied by first and second structures (such as antennas) having an inter-structure coupling (such as a near-field coupling) that is a function of the electromagnetic distance. In some approaches the electromagnetic compression reduces the spatial extent of an antenna near field.

Abstract: A parallel plate beam forming lens is formed form at least three parallel plates, and includes a plurality of beam port waveguides, each coupled to a beam port divider with a step increase in waveguide height. The beam port divider comprises a first divider having two outputs separated by a resistive septum, each of which is coupled to a second divider having two outputs separated by a resistive septum, with all of the second divider outputs coupled to a lens region through beam port apertures. On the opposite end from the beam port waveguides is a plurality of array port waveguides forming a transformer, thereafter to a section of waveguide, and thereafter to an array port divider including a resistive septum coupled to the lens region and a step decrease in waveguide height. Also positioned at the extents of the beam port apertures and the array port apertures are a plurality of dummy ports.

Abstract: A metamaterial having a negative refractive index is presented, which has a dielectric carrier material (12; 48), first electrically conductive sections (14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4) and second electrically conductive sections (16.1, 16.2). The metamaterial is distinguished by the fact that the dielectric carrier material (12; 48) is realized as a volume which consists of one piece and which has at least one inner area which is prestructured by positive or negative rib or mesa structures (52.1, 52.2) in the dielectric carrier material (48) and is covered with first sections (14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4) and second sections (16.1, 16.2) in such a way that the first sections form capacitive series impedances upon illumination with an electromagnetic wave having a specific propagation direction and polarization, while the second sections are arranged in such a way that they form inductive shunt impedances upon the illumination.

Abstract: A device and related method for refracting radio waves to enable the temporary or permanent recording of said waves. The device includes a piece of material that is transparent or translucent to radio waves. The piece of material, which may be solid, is selected to have an inherent radio wave refraction index greater than a value of one for either its transparent or translucent state. The radio waves are selectively passed through the material and recorded on a translation medium for observation.

Abstract: A composite material and related methods are described, the composite material configured to exhibit at least one of a negative effective permittivity and a negative effective permeability for incident radiation of at least one wavelength. The composite material comprises an arrangement of electromagnetically reactive cells of small dimension relative to the wavelength, each cell having a plurality of quantum dots associated therewith for enhancing a resonant response thereof to the incident radiation at the wavelength.

Abstract: A two-dimensional structure medium comprising a conductor pattern as unit cells formed on the upper surface of a substrate and a conductor pattern formed on the lower surface of the substrate and exhibiting a left-handed characteristic achieved without using a via by utilizing the interaction between an inductance component formed by connecting a part of a floating island pattern out of the conductor pattern on the lower surface of the substrate with a pattern as the ground portion and a capacitance component of parallel-plate mode formed by the conductor pattern on the upper surface of the substrate and the conductor pattern on the lower surface of the substrate.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are present for creating a negative index metamaterial lens for use with a phased array antenna. A design having a buckyball shape is created for the negative index metamaterial lens. The buckyball shape is capable of bending a beam generated by the phased array antenna to around 90 degrees from a vertical orientation to form an initial design. The initial design is modified to include discrete components to form a discrete design. Materials are selected for the discrete components. Negative index metamaterial unit cells are designed for the discrete components to form designed negative index metamaterial unit cells. The designed negative index metamaterial unit cells are fabricated to form fabricated designed negative index metamaterial unit cells. The negative index metamaterial lens is formed from the designed negative index metamaterial unit cells.

Abstract: A ballistic protective radome (10) consisting of substantially longitudinal layer members (14) firmly and densely packed in a uniform array, forming a main protective layer (12). The layer members (14) are mutually spaced apart and electrically isolated such that a continuous gap (18) is formed in the main protective layer (12). The layer members (14) are made of mechanical energy absorbing and high tensile strength materials such as ceramics, metallic alloys nanoparticulate ceramics and nanoparticulate metallic alloys. The surface of the layer members is electrically conducting, optionally by plating with a layer of highly electrically conducting materials having a width of a few skin depths. Optionally a dielectric layer (16) is attached to at least one surface border of the main protective layer for promoting the ballistic features of the radome and providing for impedance matching.

Abstract: A three-dimensional fractal-structure body partially or entirely comprises a three-dimensional fractal structure, the fractal structure body having a local minimum value at a particular wavelength determined by structural and material factors of the fractal structure in a transmissivity for electromagnetic waves and/or a local minimum value at a particular wavelength determined by structural and material factors of the fractal structure in the reflectivity for electromagnetic waves.

Abstract: An apparatus and methods for operating a frequency selective surface are disclosed. The apparatus can be tuned to an on/off state or transmit/reflect electromagnetic energy in any frequency. The methods disclosed teach how to tune the frequency selective surface to an on/off state or transmit/reflect electromagnetic energy in any frequency.

Abstract: A tunable impedance surface includes a varactor. The varactor comprises a bottom electrode formed on a surface of a substrate. First and second ferroelectric elements are on top of the bottom electrode and electrically connected to one another through the bottom electrode. A first top electrode is on top of and electrically connected to the first ferroelectric element and a second top electrode is on top of and electrically connected to the second ferroelectric element.

Abstract: A microwave component having an elongated flexible sheet made of a liquid crystal polymer. A first microwave pattern is printed on one side of the sheet while a second microwave pattern is printed on the other side of the sheet. The first and second patterns are mirror images of each other so that with the first and second portions of the sheet folded over so that the first portion overlies the second portion, the patterns are aligned with each other and bond together. A margin area of the sheet in between the first and second patterns is then removed to form the microwave component.

Abstract: An improved frequency selective surface (FSS) comprises a periodically replicated unit cell, the unit cell including a material having a first electrical conductivity in the presence of an external condition, and a second electrical conductivity in the absence of an external condition, or in the presence of a modified external condition. For example, the material may be a chemoresistive material, having an electrical conductivity that changes in the presence of a chemical or biological analyte, i.e. having a first value of electrical conductivity in the presence of the analyte, and a second value of electrical conductivity in the absence of the analyte.

Abstract: A portable communication device comprises a first set of layers providing different circuits, and a second set of layers comprising an antenna layer including all antennas and a grounding layer for all antennas. The grounding layer comprises an AMC material structure facing the antenna layer. The antennas are grouped according to operational frequency range, where each group covers a separate frequency range. The AMC material structure is also divided into sections, where each section faces a group of antennas and has a high surface impedance for the frequency range of this group. There is also a casing surrounding elements of the device including the antenna and grounding layer, where one side of the casing is provided with a strip of AMC material having a high surface impedance for an operational frequency range of at least one antenna.

Abstract: Metamaterial antennas provide spatially varying electromagnetic coupling that enables impedance matching conditions for different operating frequencies of the MTM antennas so that such antennas can operate at different frequencies for wideband applications, including ultra wideband applications.

Abstract: An antenna comprises a substrate, a feed conductor, a ground layer, a resonator and a short-circuited element. The substrate comprises a first surface and a second surface. The feed conductor is formed on the first surface. The ground layer is formed on the second surface, comprising an aperture. The resonator is disposed on the ground layer, comprising a body and a notch, the notch is formed on a first side of the body, wherein the first side is perpendicular to the ground layer. The short-circuited element is disposed on the first side connecting the ground layer.

Abstract: An antenna uses a photonic forbidden band (PFB) material in which, by default, a surface (26) for injecting and/or receiving electromagnetic waves in a resonance cavity of the antenna (8) has at least a width or a length of a diameter higher than or equal to the wavelength of the working frequency.

Abstract: An apparatus for an antenna system comprising at least one blade to cut the energy in the electric field received by an antenna into a plurality of portions and redirect said plurality of portions for detection by a plurality of detectors. The at least one blade may comprise a plurality of blades to cut the energy into successively smaller and smaller portions. The plurality of detectors can be positioned outside the focal region of the antenna system. If the dimensions of the detectors are required to be relatively large, the system can then detect more closely packed beams than if the detectors had been positioned in the focal region. The apparatus may further comprise at least one focusing element to focus the cut energy onto another blade or a detector.