Abstract: This application provides a video processing method and apparatus. The method includes: adding, by a server, perception attribute information of an object and spatial location information of the object to a video bitstream or a video file, and encapsulating the video bitstream or the video file, where the perception attribute information is used to indicate a property presented when the object is perceived by a user; and obtaining, by a terminal device, the video bitstream or the video file that carries the perception attribute information of the object and the spatial location information of the object, and performing perception rendering on a perception attribute of the object based on behavior of the user, the perception attribute information of the object and the spatial location information of the object.

Abstract: An apparatus for transmitting broadcasting signal using transmitter identification scaled by 4-bit injection level code and method using the same are disclosed. An apparatus for transmitting broadcasting signal according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a waveform generator configured to generate a host broadcasting signal; a transmitter identification signal generator configured to generate a transmitter identification signal for identifying a transmitter, the transmitter identification signal scaled by an injection level code; and a combiner configured to inject the transmitter identification signal into the host broadcasting signal in a time domain so that the transmitter identification signal is transmitted synchronously with the host broadcasting signal.

Abstract: An apparatus for transmitting broadcasting signal using transmitter identification and method using the same are disclosed. An apparatus for transmitting broadcasting signal according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a waveform generator configured to generate a host broadcasting signal; a transmitter identification signal generator configured to generate a transmitter identification signal for identifying a transmitter; and a combiner configured to inject the transmitter identification signal into the host broadcasting signal in a time domain so that the transmitter identification signal is transmitted synchronously with the host broadcasting signal.

Abstract: Provided is a method of constructing a neural network translation model. The method includes generating a first neural network translation model learning a feature of source domain data used in an unspecific field, generating a second neural network translation model learning a feature of target domain data used in a specific field, generating a third neural network translation model learning a common feature of the source domain data and the target domain data; and generating a combiner combining translation results of the first to third neural network translation models.

Abstract: Described herein are systems and methods that provide for asymmetric image splitter image stream applications. In one embodiment, a system supporting image multi-streaming comprises an asymmetric image splitter engine that splits super-frame image streams into two or more image streams and a fractional clock divider circuit. The fractional clock divider may comprise a digital feedback control loop and a one-bit sigma delta modulator. The fractional clock divider circuit may provide compatible display clock frequencies for each of the two or more image streams. When a multi-image stream comprises the two image streams, the asymmetric image splitter engine adjusts a vertical asymmetry of a first image stream with a shortest height to same height as a second image stream by adding vertical padding to the first image stream. The super-frame image streams may comprise image streams from video, LIDAR, radar, or other sensors.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, systems and articles of manufacture are disclosed to optimize reference signature matching using watermark matching. An example disclosed herein includes selecting first unhashed reference signatures to evaluate for a second time segment of monitoring data based on watermark coverage of a first time segment of the monitoring data, the monitoring data obtained from a meter monitoring media presented by a media device and comparing the first unhashed reference signatures with first unhashed monitored signatures from the second time segment of the monitoring data.

Abstract: A receiving circuit includes a first channel, a second channel, a third channel and a control circuit, wherein the first channel is arranged to decode and descramble a first data stream to generate first data corresponding to first color information of an image frame, the second channel is arranged to decode and descramble a second data stream to generate second data corresponding to second color information of the image frame, and the third channel is arranged to decode and descramble a third data stream to generate third data corresponding to third color information of the image frame. The control circuit is configured to enable the first channel to make the first channel decode the first data stream, and enable or disable at least part of functions of the second channel and the third channel according to whether or not the image frame is displayed on a display panel.

Abstract: The video signal transmission and reception system performs transmission of a video signal and a control signal between the video signal transmitting device and the video signal receiving device via a common transmission line. The video signal transmitting device includes a video signal transmitter, a control signal transmitter and receiver, a filter circuit, a controller, and a camera. The video signal receiving device includes a video signal receiver, a control signal transmitter and receiver, a filter circuit, and a controller. By performing time management control performed by the controller or the controller such that the period of the transient state of transmission of the video signal is within the non-communication period of the control signal, interference between the video signal and the control signal in the period of the transient state of transmission of the video signal is suppressed.

Abstract: A method minimizes audio and video streaming delays between a video source and a video sink. A receiver receives a netsync message from a transmitter that communicates with the video source to receive input video. The netsync message is generated by the transmitter in accordance with the input video and indicates a display pointer of the transmitter. In accordance with the netsync message, the receiver adaptively outputs a set of timing control signals that is transmitted to the video sink, thereby minimizing the latency between the vertical synchronization (VSYNC) of the transmitter and the VSYNC of the receiver.

Abstract: A system, method and computer readable media provided for watermarking a digital file. The method comprises altering samples of the digital file available for distribution upon request by adding a number such as + or a ?1 to each sample of the digital file according to a probability value and compressing the digital file with the altered samples. Altering the sample of the digital file may be done on a per distribution or per sale basis.

Abstract: This application discloses a data flow control method and apparatus. The method includes: calculating, by a device when a clock signal arrives, a quantity of transition-minimized differential signaling (TMDS) characters currently stored in a buffer of the device; and outputting, by the device, the TMDS character in the buffer when the quantity of TMDS characters currently stored in the buffer reaches a preset value, or outputting a gap data packet when the quantity of TMDS characters currently stored in the buffer does not reach a preset value, where the preset value is less than or equal to a TMDS character storage capacity of the buffer.

Abstract: A correlithm object processing system includes a memory that stores a first string correlithm object comprising a first plurality of sub-string correlithm objects, and a second string correlithm object comprising a second plurality of sub-string correlithm objects. A string correlithm object engine communicatively coupled to the memory determines the anti-Hamming distances between each of the sub-string correlithm objects of the first string correlithm object pairwise with each corresponding sub-string correlithm object of the second string correlithm object, and stores the determined anti-Hamming distances in a distance table. The engine identifies a group of neighboring anti-Hamming distances stored in the distance table that are greater than a predetermined number of standard deviations beyond a standard distance and, in response, determines the corresponding sub-string correlithm objects of the first and second string correlithm objects to be a match.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods and systems for validating an autonomous system that comprises a static-code module and a dynamic-code module, the method including the steps of performing a code-integrity-validation process on the static-code module and performing a behavior-integrity-validation process on the dynamic-code module. In some embodiments, performing the code-integrity-validation process on the static-code module includes performing a signature-verification process on the static-code module. In some embodiments, performing the behavior-integrity-validation process on the dynamic-code module includes using an encrypted-and-signed test vector.

Abstract: A device configured to link a first string correlithm object to a second correlithm object in a correlithm object processing system, includes a node configured to receive a particular sub-string correlithm object in the first string correlithm object. The node determines a first proximity in n-dimensional space from the particular sub-string correlithm object to a first sub-string correlithm object in the second string correlithm object. The node determines a second proximity in n-dimensional space from the particular sub-string correlithm object to a second sub-string correlithm object in the second string correlithm object. The node maps the particular sub-string correlithm object to a selected one of the first or second sub-string correlithm object of the second correlithm object based upon the closest of the first proximity and the second proximity.

Abstract: A method of training a captioning model used to perform automatic video captioning of an input video, including initializing, by at least one processor, a plurality of long short-term memory (LSTM) units included in the captioning model using cross-entropy loss; training, by the at least one processor, the LSTM units using reinforcement learning; training, by the at least one processor, the LSTM units and a plurality of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) included in the captioning model using multitask training; and generating, by the at least one processor, a video caption corresponding to the input video using the captioning model.

Abstract: An artificial neural network architecture is provided for processing raw audio waveforms to create speaker representations that are used for text-independent speaker verification and recognition. The artificial neural network architecture includes a strided convolution layer, first and second sequentially connected residual blocks, a transformer layer, and a final fully connected (FC) layer. The strided convolution layer is configured to receive raw audio waveforms from a speaker. The first and the second residual blocks both include multiple convolutional and max pooling layers. The transformer layer is configured to aggregate frame level embeddings to an utterance level embedding. The output of the FC layer creates a speaker representation for the speaker whose raw audio waveforms were inputted into the strided convolution layer.

Abstract: The current invention is an interactive advertising and marketing system that operates to provide users with an opportunity to identify objects within video media and create virtual hotspots with respect to the objects, which allows viewers the ability to select objects within the video media that are associated with one of the hotspots, and transmits their interest in the selected object to one or more users. Preferably, the system operates such that hotspots can be created for previously created video, newly created video media, as well as live broadcasts.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to systems and methods to add information to an existing waveform. Specifically, the systems and methods described herein can add watermark information using transmitted-reference to a legacy waveform without actually controlling the legacy waveform itself.

Abstract: A video streaming method for transitioning between multiple sequences of coded video data may include receiving and decoding transmission units from a first sequence of coded video data. In response to a request to transition to a second sequence of coded video data, the method may determine whether a time to transition to the second sequence of coded video data can be reduced by transitioning to the second sequence of coded video data via an intermediate sequence of coded video data. If the time can be reduced, the method may include receiving at least one transmission unit from an intermediate sequence of coded video data that corresponds to the request to transition, decoding the transmission unit from the intermediate sequence, and transitioning from the first sequence to the second sequence via the decoded transmission unit from the intermediate sequence.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and methods for communicating video signals and control data over a HD, wired, AC-coupled video and control link. In one aspect, an example system includes a scheduler that is configured to allocate time slots for exchange of data between a transmitter and a receiver over such a link. The scheduler is configured to, for each of at least one or more video lines of a video frame of a video signal acquired by a camera, allocate a plurality of time slots for transmitting a plurality of video components of said video line from the transmitter to the receiver, allocate one or more time slots for transmitting transmitter control data from the transmitter to the receiver, and allocate one or more time slots for transmitting receiver control data from the receiver to the transmitter.

Abstract: The method comprises: —generating a marked video signal by extracting an image fragment (V) from a region (R) of an original frame (F), and arranging a watermark (M) thereon; and —generating a data signal, including therein the extracted image fragment extracted (V) and/or reconstruction information; —performing an additional synchronisation step, which comprises: —obtaining, from the data signal, the image fragment (V) and/or the reconstruction information, —obtaining, from the marked video signal, an incomplete frame (Fr), and —attempting to reconstruct the original frame (F) from the information obtained from the data signal and the marked video signal, and, if the reconstruction is successful, determining that the synchronisation is correct. The system is adapted to implement the method of the invention.

Abstract: A driver IC is described by which disconnection can be readily prevented from being falsely determined even on condition that an input voltage fed back as a result of output of a detecting voltage by a driver IC is affected by noise on a driven device. The driver IC is arranged so that the latch timing of latching a result of the comparison between an input voltage fed back as a result of a detecting voltage output by the driver IC and the detecting voltage is shift-controlled in each predetermined cycle of synchronizing signals with a predetermined shift and even if noise is generated in a driven device at any time in each cycle of the synchronizing signals, determination signals affected by the noise are never latched in each cycle of the synchronizing signals.

Abstract: A method of managing an internal register of a timing controller includes receiving and analyzing a command, accessing only a first data region for storing display port configuration data through an AUX channel when the command is a native-AUX command, and accessing a second data region for storing one of first data related to an operation of the timing controller or second data related to a display driven by the timing controller through an I2C-over-AUX channel when the command is I2C-over-AUX command. Related methods of operating a test device are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an effect generation device, an effect generation method, and a program that enable the generation of a new effect in accordance with an interaction between physical objects. An image processing device includes a detector that detects a face and an object from an input image, a face feature point analyzer that extracts a plurality of feature points locating a part constituting the face, an object feature point analyzer that extracts a plurality of feature points locating a part constituting the object, a determination unit that determines a relationship between target objects including positions of the plurality of target objects and at least an expression on the face, and an effect generator that generates a predetermined corresponding effect on the basis of the determined relationship. The present technology can be applied to, for example, an imaging device.

Abstract: A signal generation method for generating a signal that is to be transmitted in a network of connected objects. The method includes: an obtaining step for obtaining a first signal conveying a stream of data acquired by a connected object of the network; a reception step for receiving a synchronization second signal including information providing a timestamp for the first signal; and a generation step for generating a third signal by using a reversible operation to combine the first signal and the synchronization second signal.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and media for review content traffic are provided. In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, a method, implemented on a processor, for reviewing advertisement placement on webpages is provided.

Abstract: A computer implemented method of selecting significant frames of a compressed video stream based on content difference, comprising, obtaining change information created by an encoder for an encoded video stream constructed of a plurality of encoded frames and indicative of a difference in a visual content between consecutive frames and performing the following for each of the encoded frames to select a plurality of significant frames: (1) analyze the change information to calculate a cumulative difference between the visual content of the respective encoded frame and the visual content of a most recently selected significant frame previously selected from the plurality of encoded frames and (2) select the respective encoded frame as another significant frame in case the cumulative difference exceeds a predefined threshold. Indication for each of the plurality of significant frames is output to one or more analysis systems adapted to analyze the content of the significant frames.

Abstract: A real-time video targeting (RVT) system may leverage network-based computation resources and services, available 2D or 3D model data, and available viewer information to dynamically personalize content of, or add personalized content to, video for particular viewers or viewer groups. When playing back pre-recorded video to viewers, at least some objects or other content in at least some of the scenes of the video may be replaced with objects or content targeted at particular viewers or groups according to profiles or preferences of the viewers or groups. Since the video is being rendered and streamed to different viewers or groups in real-time by the network-based computation resources and services, any given scene of a video may be modified and viewed in many different ways by different viewers or groups based on the particular viewers' or groups' profiles.

Abstract: There is provided an apparatus comprising processing circuitry configured to: receive first medical image data obtained using a first type of imaging procedure, wherein the first medical image data is representative of an anatomical region of a subject; and apply a simulator to perform a simulation process on the first medical image data to obtain simulated second medical image data, the simulated second medical image data having properties so as to simulate image data that is obtained using a second type of imaging procedure. The simulator comprises an image synthesizer that is trained in combination with a discriminator in an adversarial fashion by repeatedly alternating an image synthesizer training process in which the image synthesizer is trained to produce simulated medical image data, and a discriminator training process in which the discriminator is trained to distinguish between real medical image data and simulated medical image data.

Abstract: A method for broadcasting an alert service in a system for broadcasting digital audiovisual programs in a single-frequency network, wherein the method includes steps of: obtaining frames containing the alert service and other services; associating a mark for each frame; identifying the identifiers of the packets of audio and video components of the alert service and of other services; identifying the identifiers of packets of audio and video components of other services; receiving a command to broadcast an alert message; storing video and audio packets of the alert service as from the first frame mark following the reception of the alert message broadcast command; and replacing, from the second frame mark following the reception of the alert message broadcast command, all the packets of the video and audio components of the services other than the alert service with the packets of the alert service.

Abstract: A display device includes: a first detection unit that detects an external signal from a second external device via a second connection unit, and outputs a first detection result indicating presence of an external signal; and a control unit that determines whether the second external device is connected with a second input unit based on the first detection result, and performs control so that a video signal to be supplied to a display unit is switched from a first video signal to a second video signal to cause the display unit to display an image based on the second video signal in a case where the control unit that determines that the second external device is connected with the second input unit.

Abstract: Provided are a display device and a control method therefor, which uses, as an antenna, a support unit for supporting a display panel, so as to enable a user of the display device to view a terrestrial broadcast without having a separate antenna, and matches the signal reception characteristic of the support unit to each broadcast channel, so as to allow the support unit to function as an antenna having an improved reception rate. A display device according to an embodiment comprises: a support unit which supports a body and receives a broadcast signal transmitted from the outside; a matching unit which is disposed in the body so as to match the signal reception characteristic of the support unit to a frequency band allocated to a broadcast channel; a tuning unit which selects a signal of the frequency band allocated to the broadcast channel among broadcast signals output from the matching unit; and a display unit which displays an image signal included in the selected signal of the frequency band.

Abstract: Improved techniques and systems for delivery and acquisition of digital assets are disclosed. The techniques and systems are especially suitable and useful for delivering digital assets (e.g., media assets) that are available for acquisition and electronic delivery from online stores to electronic devices. In accordance with one aspect, when a digital asset is acquired form an online store via an electronic device associated with a user, the digital asset can be arranged for delivery to a number of other of electronic devices also associated with the user. It will be appreciated that the digital asset can be delivered and acquired without requiring explicit user input or instruction in accordance with another aspect. Other aspects of the techniques and systems include customization of configuration and user interfaces that are provided to facilitate acquisition of digital assets in a more efficient manner.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and system for situational substitutions in fantasy sports. A server maintains personnel packages received from a client device operated by a user owning a fantasy team that includes a default personnel package and zero or more situational personnel packages of fantasy players. Each situational personnel package includes fantasy players and is associated with a specific situation that might occur within a real life sports game. The server detects a specific real life sports game situation matching the specific situation associated with a situational personnel package. Based on this detection, the server substitutes the fantasy player(s) in the situational personnel package for one or more of the fantasy players in the default package. The server determines a score for the fantasy team based on points accrued by fantasy players in the default personnel package and the substituted one or more fantasy players in the personnel package.

Abstract: A head mounted display device includes an imaging unit that images an outside scene, an image display unit that displays an image and is capable of transmitting the outside scene, an electronic watermark acquisition unit that acquires an electronic watermark image embedded such that watermark information is not visually recognized by a user from a captured image of the outside scene, and a display image control unit that displays a watermark information corresponding image associated with the watermark information embedded in the acquired electronic watermark image on the image display unit.

Abstract: A method and system for playlist generation is disclosed. In one aspect, the system may include at least one analysis module for receiving and analyzing an unknown work and generating a corresponding representation thereof, and at least one identification (ID) server for receiving the representation from the analysis modules and determining the identity of the unknown work.

Abstract: Accurately detection of logos in media content on media presentation devices is addressed. Logos and products are detected in media content produced in retail deployments using a camera. Logo recognition uses saliency analysis, segmentation techniques, and stroke analysis to segment likely logo regions. Logo recognition may suitably employ feature extraction, signature representation, and logo matching. These three approaches make use of neural network based classification and optical character recognition (OCR). One method for OCR recognizes individual characters then performs string matching. Another OCR method uses segment level character recognition with N-gram matching. Synthetic image generation for training of a neural net classifier and utilizing transfer learning features of neural networks are employed to support fast addition of new logos for recognition.

Abstract: Embodiments relate to customizing contents displayed at a sink device by converting received contents from a source device. The source device provides, to the sink device, the contents and display information of the source device. The display information of the source device may indicate spatial arrangements (e.g., locations and sizes) of the contents in the source device. The sink device may map sub-display regions of the source device to sub-display regions of the sink device. Moreover, the sink device generates output images for display in sub-display regions of the sink device according to the mapping. By mapping display regions at the sink device, images can be displayed in different arrangements at the sink device without the source device having any information on the configuration of sub-display regions of the sink device.

Abstract: Information bits may be superimposed onto a transmitted image while reducing or minimizing the effects of the superimposed information bits on the transmitted image signal's frequency spectrum or image quality. A placement of superimposed information bits onto pixels of an image signal to be transmitted may be determined by testing a placement functions to determine whether the spectrum and/or image quality of the image signal with the superimposed information bits placed according to a placement function meets system criteria. Successive placement functions may be tested until an acceptable placement function is found. The information bits may be superimposed onto complete pixels or the information bits may be superimposed onto one or more least significant bits (LSBs) of each of the selected pixels. A transmitter may transmit superimposition information associated with a transmitted image to a receiver. A receiver may use the superimposition information to extract the information bits.

Abstract: A method of a reception apparatus for processing closed caption data. The method includes receiving audio/video (A/V) content and closed caption data for a first caption service and a second caption service. The closed caption data for the first caption service includes closed caption text and the closed caption data for the second caption service includes additional data. Caption service blocks are extracted from the closed caption data for both the first caption service and the second caption service when the first caption service is to be displayed with the A/V content. The additional data included in the closed caption data for the second caption service is parsed from the caption services blocks for the second caption service. A presentation of the A/V content and the closed caption text is output by the circuitry for display to a user of the reception apparatus.

Abstract: A video streaming method for transitioning between multiple sequences of coded video data may include receiving and decoding transmission units from a first sequence of coded video data. In response to a request to transition to a second sequence of coded video data, the method may determine whether a time to transition to the second sequence of coded video data can be reduced by transitioning to the second sequence of coded video data via an intermediate sequence of coded video data. If the time can be reduced, the method may include receiving at least one transmission unit from an intermediate sequence of coded video data that corresponds to the request to transition, decoding the transmission unit from the intermediate sequence, and transitioning from the first sequence to the second sequence via the decoded transmission unit from the intermediate sequence.

Abstract: Examples disclosed herein include a computing system receiving a first data set representing (i) an image and (ii) an event associated with the image; receiving a second data set representing (i) a media item and (ii) the event; associating the media item with the image; and storing data indicating the association. The examples may also include a computing device capturing an image while the computing device is at an event location; sending, to a computing system, a first data set representing (i) the image and (ii) an event associated with the image and the event location; receiving, from the computing system, a second data set representing a media item that is played back by a media playback system at the event location; causing display, by the display, of the image; and providing an indication of the media item.

Abstract: A display device includes a controller, an image processor, and a pixel array. The controller generates an image control signal and a position control signal. The image processor generates a frame image based on an image signal and the image control signal. The position control signal includes position information where the frame image is located. The pixel array includes base pixels and addition pixels. The pixel array displays the frame image in the base pixels and the addition pixels based on the position control signal. A number of the base pixels corresponds to a resolution of the frame image. The addition pixels are different from the base pixels.

Abstract: A digital display interface (40) connects a first audio-visual device (10) to a second audio-visual device (20). Stereoscopic image data is transmitter over the display interface (40). Components of stereoscopic image data are multiplexed and inserted into an image data carrying element. An existing deep color mode can be re-used for this purpose. Signaling information to help identify or decode the stereoscopic image data is carried in auxiliary data carrying elements. Stereoscopic image data can be distributed between image data carrying data elements and auxiliary data carrying data elements. Auxiliary data carrying elements can be transmitted in horizontal or vertical blanking periods, and can comprise HDMI Data Island Packets. Stereoscopic image data can be sent over an auxiliary data channel. The auxiliary data channel can form part of the same cable as is used to carry a primary channel of the display interface, a separate cable, or a wireless link.

Abstract: A transmitter transmits a raster-type video signal. For each one of a plurality of active video segments of a frame of the video signal, the transmitter derives redundant data from the respective active video segment and inserts the redundant data into a horizontal blanking segment of the video signal.

Abstract: A digital security surveillance system allows a user to store selected security surveillance feeds while the user is simultaneously watching or reviewing another feed. User control commands are accepted and sent through the system. The system parses the resulting digital stream and generates identifying information associated with at least one video segment of the digital stream. The video segments are stored on a storage device. When a security surveillance feed is requested for display, a corresponding stored digital stream is found and its video segments are extracted from the storage device and sent to a decoder that converts the digital stream into display output signals. The security surveillance feeds can be simultaneously sent to an external storage device such as a DVD recorder or VCR.

Abstract: A method for determining the color depths of the video data for a selected frame in High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP) video data transmitted over a High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI), in which (a) the beginning of the selected frame is marked with a vertical synchronization (VSYNC) signal and (b) a mark in a window of opportunity (WOO) for the selected frame indicates whether or not that frame is encrypted. The method detects, for the selected frame, the length of the interval between a VSYNC signal and the location of at least one of (i) the start of the corresponding WOO and (ii) the mark indicating whether or not the selected frame is encrypted, and then determines the color depth of the video data for the selected frame based on the detected length.

Abstract: The present invention includes a light communication method and system wherein messages are transmitted via color code flashes. The light communication includes mechanisms for oversampling the color code flashes to enhance the accuracy of the method and system.

Abstract: In some embodiments, color and contrast enhancement video processing may be done in one shot instead of adjusting one of color and contrast enhancement, then the other, and then going back to the first one to readjust because of the second adjustment. In some embodiments, global lightness adjustment, local contrast enhancement, and saturation enhancement may be done at the same time and in parallel. Lightness adjustment improves visibility of details for generally dark or generally light images without changing intended lighting conditions in the original shot, and is used to enhance the range of color/saturation enhancement. Local contrast enhancement done in parallel improves visual definition of objects and textures and thus local contrast and perceived sharpness.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and systems are disclosed for, among other things, secure passphrase handling for computing devices. In one respect, a method is provided. The method includes receiving a plurality of passphrase elements from an input device. The method also includes performing a sequence of secure delay processing operations, each operation generating a delayed output value from an initial value. The passphrase is verified upon completion of the sequence of secure delay processing operations. Further, initial values of respective secure delay processing operations are based on respective passphrase elements and, for each secure delay processing operation after a first secure delay processing operation, a delayed output value from at least one other secure delay processing operations.