Abstract: A vehicle display device includes: a display section that is provided inside a vehicle cabin and that includes, at a display area, a specific display region that displays plural plans scheduled to be implemented with respect to a vehicle, arranged in an order in which the plural plans are scheduled to be implemented; and a control section configured to cause display of, between a first plan, which is one plan among the plural plans, and a second plan, which is scheduled to be implemented next after the first plan, at the specific display region, an alternative plan that has a possibility of being implemented instead of the first plan.

Abstract: A scanner has a rotational shaft and at least one reflection surface. The scanner rotates the at least one reflection surface together with the rotational shaft to thereby (i) change a direction of the light beam transmitted from the phototransmitter and incident on the scanner to output a changed light beam in a main scanning direction that is orthogonal to an axial direction of the rotational shaft, and (ii) reflect an arrival light beam arriving from a scanning region to thereby output the light beam to a direction in which the light beam is incident on the scanner. A photoreceiver receives the arrival light beam reflected by the scanner. The photoreceiver includes a received-light deflection mirror that deflects the arrival light beam outputted from the scanner in a second direction different from the first direction, and a light receiving device that receives the arrival light beam deflected by the received-light deflection mirror.

Abstract: The display device includes an image display panel emitting linearly polarized light from a display area, a retardation plate on the image display panel, a variable phase difference element located on the retardation plate and providing phase difference to an incoming light, and a liquid crystal diffraction element on the variable phase difference element. The variable phase difference element is switchable between an on state, an off state, and an intermediate state, and the phase change of the intermediate state is smaller than the phase change of the on state. A first emission direction of a first emitted light in the on state, a second emission direction of a second emitted light in the off state, and a third emission direction of a third emitted light in the intermediate state are different from each other.

Abstract: A display device includes a display layer emitting light. An infrared reflective layer is disposed on the display layer. An optical pattern is disposed on the infrared reflective layer. The optical pattern absorbs at least a portion of infrared light.

Abstract: A grating adjustment apparatus includes a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer and a first substrate and a second substrate that are opposite to each other; the grating adjustment apparatus further includes a plurality of first driving lines, a plurality of second driving lines and a plurality of grating units arranged in the first direction, and is configured as: when the grating adjustment apparatus is powered on, the grating unit is capable of forming a light transmission unit and a shading unit, and opening positions and/or opening ratios of the grating unit are adjustable; and the plurality of grating units are divided into at least one group; for the grating units in the same group, at least two of the first sub-electrodes are electrically connected to different first driving lines, and at least two of the second sub-electrodes are electrically connected to different second driving lines.

Abstract: A liquid crystal coherent transparent display screen and a liquid crystal-laser transparent display system are provided. The polarizer, the analyzer and the optical filters in the conventional technology are replaced by an optical resonant microcavity formed by the first partial reflector and the second partial reflector in the liquid crystal coherent transparent display screen, thereby improving the light transmittance of liquid crystal transparent display.

Abstract: A beam-steering engine, comprising an optical element switchable between a first operational mode and a second operational mode, in the first operational mode of the optical element the beam-steering engine is configured to output an input light beam incident on the beam-steering engine along a first propagation direction and in the second operational mode of the optical element the beam-steering engine is configured to output the input light beam incident on the beam-steering engine along a second propagation direction. A transition of the optical element between the first and second operational modes is characterized by a transition time period that varies with a temperature of the optical element. The beam-steering engine further includes a device to control a temperature of the solid-state optical element to maintain the transition time period below a certain limit.

Abstract: An embodiment of the application discloses a liquid crystal display device. In the liquid crystal display device, the backlight module includes a backlight module including a conductive back frame; a display panel including a liquid crystal cell and a first polarizer, wherein the first polarizer is disposed on a side of the liquid crystal cell facing the backlight module, and the first polarizer includes a conductive structure layer, a first base layer, and a polarizing layer disposed on the backlight module in sequence; and a conductive component electrically connected to the conductive back frame and the conductive structure layer.

Abstract: A modulator material layer includes a polymer matrix formed of a plurality of cross-linked polymer molecules and a plurality of droplets of liquid crystals within the polymer matrix. A planar macrocycle dye is dispersed within the plurality of droplets of liquid crystals. The planar macrocycle dye can include one or more of a phthalocanine, a porphyrin, a naphthalocyanine, a metallophthalocyanine, a metalloporphyrin, or a metallonaphthalocyanine.

Abstract: The disclosed embodiments provide a smart garment on which implemented designs can be changed in terms of color, image, text, etc. Also, a system is provided that comprises: a server for providing various designs to be implemented on a smart garment; and a user terminal that can change the design of the smart garment by receiving various designs from the server and transmitting same to the smart garment. The system according to the disclosed embodiments comprises: a server including a design database for a smart garment; a user terminal for downloading a design for the smart garment from the server; and the smart garment on which the design transmitted from the user terminal is implemented.

Abstract: An endoscope includes: a distal-end constituting portion provided at a distal end of an insertion portion of the endoscope; an observation window having a field of view direction that intersects a longitudinal axis of the insertion portion; a first flat surface on which the observation window is arranged, the first flat surface constituting a part of a surface of the distal-end constituting portion and having a first intersection angle with respect to the longitudinal axis; a second flat surface constituting a part of the surface of the distal-end constituting portion, the second flat surface being provided on a distal end side or a proximal end side with respect to the first flat surface, and having a second intersection angle with respect to the longitudinal axis, the second intersection angle being smaller than the first intersection angle; and a supply unit arranged on the second flat surface.

Abstract: A computing device can include a first shell that includes a first bay; a second shell that includes a second bay; a hinge assembly that couples the first shell and the second shell; and a display assembly positionable in the first bay and positionable in the second bay.

Abstract: Provided are a thin aerial image display system that can display an aerial image and an input device capable of a touch operation on a video displayed in the air without touch on a screen. The aerial image display system includes a reflective polarizer and a half mirror, in which the half mirror is any one of a concave mirror, a Fresnel mirror, or a retroreflective member of a semi-transmissive and semi-reflective type.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an imaging device includes a housing, an illumination device, an optical system that has at least one lens, a liquid crystal panel, and an imaging element that constitutes a camera together with the optical system. The incident light control area of the liquid crystal panel has a first region, a second region located so as to be shifted from the first region, and a third region other than the first region and the second region.

Abstract: A rearview assembly is disclosed. The rearview assembly comprises a reflective element and/or a display element. Further, the rearview assembly comprises an array of piezo-electric sensors. The array of piezo-electric sensors may be operable to sense a first vibration. Further, based, at least in part, on sensing the first vibration, the array of piezo-electric sensors may be operable to output a second vibration. In some embodiments, the second vibration may be operable to substantially dampen the first vibration. In other embodiments, the second vibration may be operable to provide haptic feedback to a user interfacing with a touch screen surface of the rearview assembly.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, disclosed is a curing-device comprising: a stage; a light emitting module including a substrate disposed on the stage and a plurality of light emitting elements disposed on the substrate; and a plurality of transparent blocks disposed between the light emitting module and the stage, wherein the substrate includes a plurality of first sections and a plurality of second sections which are disposed in a first direction, the intervals in the first direction between the light emitting elements disposed in the first sections is smaller than the intervals in the first direction between the light emitting elements disposed in the second sections, and the plurality of transparent blocks are disposed on the first sections.

Abstract: An inspection apparatus for a display module includes a seat part in which a first recess part including a bottom surface and a side surface extending from the bottom surface is defined, and an inspection part including an inspection connector. The seat part includes a support part having a certain stiffness and located on the bottom surface and a variable part connecting the support part and the side surface. The variable part has a certain elasticity or a portion of the variable part penetrates into the side surface.

Abstract: A scanner has a rotational axis and reflection surfaces. The scanner rotates the reflection surfaces about the rotational axis. The reflection surfaces are parallel to a direction of the rotational axis. The scanner changes a direction of each of the light beams transmitted from the phototransmitter and incident on the scanner to thereby output changed light beams in a main scanning direction that is orthogonal to the direction of the rotational axis. The scanner reflects light beams arriving from a target object based on reflection of the changed light beams to thereby cause the light beams to be directed toward the receiver. The first and second light sources are arranged such that the optical axis of at least one of the light beams transmitted from the first and second light sources is obliquely inclined with respect to a reference plane that is orthogonal to the rotational axis.

Abstract: An adjustable attenuation optical unit that may include a lightguide that includes a core, wherein the core comprises an output, an input and an exterior surface; and an adjustable attenuator that is configured to define an interfacing parameter related to an area of the exterior surface thereby receiving at least some of the light that impinges on the area.

Abstract: A method includes providing an active pattern and gate metal patterns, and inorganic insulation layers respectively therebetween in a pixel area and each extending to a bending area, providing a first photoresist pattern defining a first opening in the bending area, providing by using the first photoresist pattern, at least one of the inorganic layers in the bending area which is etched, providing a remaining photoresist pattern defining a first remaining opening corresponding to the first opening and a second opening corresponding to the active pattern, and providing by using the remaining photoresist pattern, both a contact hole corresponding to the second opening and exposing the portion of the active pattern to outside the remaining photoresist pattern, and a portion of the base substrate corresponding to the first remaining opening and exposed to outside the remaining photoresist pattern.

Abstract: Provided is a compound that can be used for a resin for a resist having excellent sensitivity, resolution, and etching resistance, or the like, by a compound represented by the following formula (1): (wherein R1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, R2 represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, m represents an integer of 0 to 5, and n represents an integer of 0 to 4).

Abstract: A PSA-type liquid crystal composition includes a host liquid crystal A and a polymerizable component B, where the host liquid crystal A includes one or more liquid crystal compounds, and the polymerizable component B includes at least one compound selected from compounds of general formula I-1, general formula I-2 and general formula I-3. A liquid crystal display device includes the PSA-type liquid crystal composition above. The PSA-type liquid crystal composition has better intersolubility, cannot be crystallized at a low-temperature environment, can form a relatively stable pretilt angle after the polymerization of the polymerizable component, avoids the image sticking, and inhibits the occurrence of a display defect, such as Zara Particle, during the polymerization.

Abstract: A stage light with electronically adjustable lighting effects comprises a light box with a heat dissipation mechanism, a heat dissipation hole formed on a rear side communicating with the mechanism, and a light panel disposed on a front side; a dimmable glass disposed on the light panel, comprising an outer glass layer and liquid crystal molecules; and a control box disposed on the light box and having a control circuit electrically connected to the glass, the control circuit comprises a central processing unit, a voltage regulating unit and a signal receiving unit, the signal receiving unit receives a digital multiplexing signal and transmits it to the central processing unit that generates a voltage adjustment command through the signal and transmits the command to the voltage regulating unit, the voltage regulating unit controls arrangement of the liquid crystal molecules through the command to change a light transmittance of the glass.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a light control device includes a first liquid crystal cell including a first liquid crystal layer, a second liquid crystal cell including a second liquid crystal layer, and a polarization conversion element. The first liquid crystal layer and the second liquid crystal layer each includes a first region which scatters a first polarized component and transmits a second polarized component and a second region which transmits the first polarized component and scatters the second polarized component. The polarization conversion element overlaps the first region and the second region, converts the first polarized component into the second polarized component, and converts the second polarized component into the first polarized component.

Abstract: A display device according to some exemplary embodiment includes: a display area; a non-display area surrounding the display area and including a sealing area; a first substrate including a center portion including a portion in the display area and an external portion including a portion in the sealing area; a second substrate including a center portion including a portion in the display area and an external portion including a portion in the sealing area; and a sealing portion between the first substrate and the second substrate and in the sealing area, wherein a thickness of the center portion of the first substrate is different from a thickness of the external portion of the first substrate, and a thickness of the center portion of the second substrate is different from a thickness of the external portion of the second substrate.

Abstract: An optical scanning device includes: first and second mirrors; an optical waveguide layer disposed between the first and second mirrors; a pair of electrodes sandwiching the optical waveguide layer; and a driving circuit that applies a voltage to the pair of electrodes. The first mirror emits part of light propagating through the optical waveguide layer to the outside. The optical waveguide layer contains a liquid crystal material or an electrooptical material. The alignment direction of the liquid crystal material or the direction of a polarization axis of the electrooptical material is parallel or perpendicular to the direction in which the optical waveguide layer extends. The driving circuit applies the voltage to the pair of electrodes to change the refractive index of the liquid crystal material or the electrooptical material to thereby change the light emission direction.

Abstract: An active metasurface includes a number of periodically-repeated unit cells arranged on a substrate that each include a plasmonic waveguide shaped and sized to provide a cutoff mode that captures light of a target wavelength. The active metasurface includes an index modulation controller that controllably varies a voltage differential across each one of the periodically-repeated cells to change a phase of light incident on the metasurface.

Abstract: A display device includes a tiled display structure including a first display panel, a second display panel adjacent to a first side of the first display panel, a third display panel adjacent to a second side of the first display panel, and a fourth display panel adjacent to a first side of the third display panel and a first side of the second display panel. Each of the first to fourth display panels includes a display area and a pad area, and each of the first to fourth display panels includes a plurality of pixels in the display area. Each of the pixels includes at least two sub-pixels. When viewed in a plan view of the tiled display structure, the at least two sub-pixels included in each of the pixels are repeatedly arranged in a row direction and a column direction on a plane of the tiled display structure.

Abstract: A hybrid lens includes a transmissive adaptive liquid lens and an optical element including liquid crystals. The adaptive liquid lens includes a layer of optical fluid on a substrate. A focal length of the adaptive liquid lens is adjustable. The optical element including liquid crystals is optically coupled with the adaptive liquid lens. The optical element including liquid crystals is configured to adjust a refractive index across the optical element including liquid crystals in conjunction with adjusting the focal length of the adaptive liquid lens so that the optical element reduces optical artifacts caused by the adaptive liquid lens.

Abstract: An optical assembly includes a beam steering device and a holographic optical element. The beam steering device is switchable between different states including a first state and a second state. The beam steering device includes a first polarization-selective optical element and a first tunable optical retarder optically coupled with the first polarization-selective optical element. The holographic optical element is positioned relative to the beam steering device for receiving light from the beam steering device and projecting a first light pattern while the beam steering device is in the first state and a second light pattern distinct from the first light pattern while the beam steering device is in the second state.

Abstract: A radar system for detecting the environment of a motor vehicle includes an antenna assembly comprising plastic and including one or more individual antennas for transmitting and/or receiving radar signals. A circuit board includes at least one area that is permeable by radar waves. At least one high-frequency component is coupled to one side of the circuit board and includes at least one radiating element for direct emission or receipt of radar waves in the direction of the circuit board in the least one area that is permeable by radar waves. The antenna assembly is disposed on the other side of the circuit board opposite the at least one high-frequency component. The antenna assembly includes a coupling/decoupling point disposed in the at least one area of the circuit board permeable by radar waves.

Abstract: An illumination system includes a surface configured to have an imaging target placed thereon, a light source, a beam splitter and at least a first mirror. The beam splitter is configured to split the beam of light from the light source and the first mirror is configured to reflect a first beam from the beam splitter onto the surface with the imaging target. An imaging system includes an imaging surface configured to have an imaging target placed thereon, a mirror, and a capturing device. The capturing device is configured to capture an image of the imaging target through a path of emitted light that extends from the imaging target, reflects off of the mirror, and to the capturing device. The mirror, the capturing device, or both are configured to move in a diagonal direction with respect to the imaging surface to reduce a length of the path of emitted light. Systems and methods to calibrate an imaging system to remove or reduce non-uniformities within images of samples due to imaging system properties.

Abstract: This present invention provides a microporous carbon nanospheres, method for synthesizing and activating thereof, the method comprising: adding and mixing well deionized water, absolute ethanol, triblock copolymer, ammonia solution, resorcinol and formaldehyde solution; separating solid and liquid of the mixture solution, then drying the separated solid substrate to have a dried solid substrate; sintering the dried solid substrate surrounding by nitrogen twice and collecting microporous carbon nanospheres after cooling down. Further sintering to activate these microporous carbon nanospheres surrounding by carbon dioxide, and collecting activated microporous carbon nanospheres after cooling down. Microporous carbon nanospheres and activated microporous carbon nanospheres synthesized by this present invention have spherical structure, small size and high the specific surface area, and the process is simplified, cost-effective and environment-friendly.

Abstract: The invention relates to a diffuser 3 intended to be facing a light source 1 comprising a transmission layer 10 and a diffusion layer 22, 23 intended to diffuse a light transmitted by the light source, the diffuser being characterised in that the diffusion layer comprises a plurality of metal structures 200, 200a, 200b, called metal nanostructures, having dimensions less than a wavelength of the light transmitted, said metal nanostructures having varied sizes and being distributed within the diffusion layer such that adjacent metal nanostructures have between them, varied distances and preferably less than the wavelength of the light transmitted. The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing such a diffuser, and a display system comprising such a diffuser.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes: a display panel configured to display an image, one or more sound generation devices configured to vibrate the display panel to generate sound, a supporting member configured to support the display panel, a partition between the display panel and the supporting member, the partition including: a first side in a horizontal direction, and a second side in a vertical direction, and one or more first pad parts on the first side.

Abstract: A touch electronic device is provided, which includes: a display unit; a conductive film disposed on the display unit, wherein the conductive film has a surface impedance ranging from 105?/? to 109?/?; and a first polarizer disposed on the conductive film, wherein the conductive film is disposed between the display unit and the first polarizer, wherein a surface impedance of the first polarizer divided by the surface impedance of the conductive film is greater than or equal to 103 and less than or equal to 108.

Abstract: A display device includes a light source, a spatial light modulator, and an optical element. The optical element includes a reflective surface. The optical assembly is positioned relative to the light source so that at least a portion of the illumination light received by the optical element is reflected at the reflective surface back toward the light source. The spatial light modulator is positioned to receive at least a portion of the illumination light reflected by the reflective surface. A method performed by the display device is also disclosed.

Abstract: A photo sensor, a manufacturing method thereof, and a display panel are disclosed. By an ion implantation method forming an N-type region and a P-type region on a surface of polycrystalline silicon in a same layer respectively, compatibility with an ion implantation process is ensured, while covering a layer of an amorphous silicon photosensitive layer on the polycrystalline silicon enhances light absorption ability and can increase photo-generated electron-hole pairs. Furthermore, built-in electric fields exist on a horizontal direction and a vertical direction, which can more effectively separate the electron-hole pairs to enhance photo-generated electric current to improve accuracy of fingerprint recognition.

Abstract: A guitar holder with a built-in guitar amplifier for enabling convenient guitar practice and/or play with a compact, space-saving footprint. The guitar holder may comprise any of a variety of guitar holders, including but not limited to a guitar stand and/or a guitar wall hanger.

Abstract: The present invention provides an organic EL image display device including a reflecting layer, an organic electroluminescent layer group, a polarization separation layer, and a circularly polarizing plate in this order, in which the polarization separation layer includes polarization separation sites arranged in a matrix form corresponding to the organic electroluminescent layer group, the polarization separation site reflects light of one polarization state and transmits light of the other polarization state in light emitted from the corresponding organic electroluminescent layer, the polarization separation layer is divided by a visible light transmission region to form the polarization separation sites, and a wavelength range of the reflection is wider than a wavelength range of the light emission. The organic EL image display device according to the present invention has high brightness at the time of both front observation and oblique observation and little image blurring.

Abstract: A phase modulation device includes an image data generator, a controller, a light reception signal detector, and a liquid crystal element. The image data generator generates image data. The controller generates a gradation control signal based on the image data. The liquid crystal element includes a first substrate and a light receiver. The first substrate has a pixel region in which a plurality of pixel electrodes constituting pixels are arranged. The light receiver photoelectrically converts light with which the pixel region is irradiated to generate a light reception signal. The light reception signal detector generates a drive control signal based on the light reception signal. The liquid crystal element changes an inclination angle of a wavefront of the light with which the pixel region is irradiated by applying different driving voltages to the plurality of pixel electrodes based on the gradation control signal.

Abstract: An image acquiring apparatus includes: a light irradiation unit configured to be capable of radiating light modulated with a modulation signal in a predetermined frequency band; photosensors configured to be capable of receiving the light radiated from the light irradiation unit, the light including reflected light reflected by an object, and the photosensors being arranged in a matrix; and a generation unit configured to generate a DC component from an electrical signal output from the photosensor due to the light received by the photosensor on the basis of the predetermined frequency band or the modulation signal.

Abstract: An electroluminescent device, includes: a base substrate; a light emitting unit provided on the base substrate; a first accommodating structure surrounding the light emitting unit and provided on the base substrate; a first color rendering material filled in the first accommodating structure; a first inorganic thin film encapsulation layer covering the light emitting unit and the first color rendering material; a second accommodating structure provided on one side of the first inorganic thin film encapsulation layer distal to the first color rendering material; a second color rendering material filled in the second accommodating structure; and a second inorganic thin film encapsulation layer sealing the second color rendering material in the second accommodating structure; wherein the first color rendering material and the second color rendering material are capable of producing a color development reaction after mixture.

Abstract: Embodiments of the disclosure provide a thin-film transistor, an array substrate, a display panel and a display device. The thin-film transistor includes a current enhancement portion, and the current enhancement portion is provided between a drain and a source. The current enhancement portion may include at least one protrusion portion, and the protrusion portion is provided on the drain and/or the source and faces a channel. The current enhancement portion may include an island portion provided between the drain and the source, and the island portion is separate from the drain and the source. The island portion may include at least one protrusion end, and the at least one protrusion end faces the drain and/or the source.

Abstract: Porous compositions such as flexible polymers with side chain porosity are generally provided. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a flexible polymer backbone and a plurality of rigid side chains. In some embodiments, the rigid side chains form pores. In some embodiments, the rigid side chains may comprise two or more [2.2.2] bicyclic cores (e.g., formed by a ring opening metathesis polymerization. The compounds and methods described herein may be useful in various applications including, for example, gas separation.

Abstract: A method of calculating a hologram having an amplitude and a phase component. The method comprises (i) receiving an input image comprising a plurality of data values representing amplitude. The method then comprises (ii) assigning a random phase value to each data value of the plurality of data values to form a complex data set. The method then comprises (iii) performing an inverse Fourier transform of the complex data set. The method then comprises (iv) constraining each complex data value (X1, X2) of the transformed complex data set to one of a plurality of allowable complex data values (GL1-GL8), each comprising an amplitude modulation value and a phase modulation value, to form a hologram, wherein, the phase modulation values (GL1-GL7) of the plurality of allowable complex data values substantially span at least 3?/2 and at least one of the allowable complex data values has an amplitude modulation value of substantially zero (GL8) and a phase modulation value of substantially zero.

Abstract: A camera module according to the present invention includes a holder including a solid lens; a liquid lens coupled to the holder; a first substrate connected to the liquid lens, the first substrate including a first terminal and second terminal; a second substrate connected to the first substrate; and an image sensor arranged on the second substrate, the image sensor being located at a location corresponding to the liquid lens, wherein the liquid lens includes a first plate having cavities in which a conductive liquid and a non-conductive liquid are disposed; a first electrode disposed on the first plate; a second electrode disposed under the first plate, and including a plurality of electrode sectors; a second plate arranged on the first electrode; and a third plate arranged under the second electrode.

Abstract: [Problem] Conventional multi-stage optical switching elements have had the problems that, when the number of polarized light beams becomes large, walkoff of light beams produced in middle stages is gradually amplified so that beams at the terminal end deviate from the opening surface and the configuration of the optical switching element itself becomes larger.

Abstract: A photochromic system wherein: there are provided a photochromic film and a drive power source; the photochromic film has a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between a first and second laminate, the photochromic film controlling the liquid crystal molecules' orientation of the liquid crystal layer by a VA scheme to control transmitted light; the first laminate is provided with at least a first substrate and electrode; the second laminate is provided with at least a second substrate and electrode; each of the first and second electrode has a sheet resistance of 50-300 ?/?; the distance from a power feed point to the farthest-away position in the surface of the photochromic film is 1,500 mm or less; and the drive power source supplies a power source for driving by a rectangular wave having a frequency of 240 Hz or less.

Abstract: Disclosed are a display panel, a method for controlling a display panel, and a display device. The display panel includes a light-emitting substrate and an optical modulation structure which are laminated; and the optical modulation structure supports a first state and a second state which are switchable. In the first state of the optical modulation structure, a first light-emitting unit forms an image at a first position. In the second state of the optical modulation structure, the first light-emitting unit forms an image at a second position. According to the present disclosure, with the optical modulation structure, each light-emitting unit is enabled to form two images at different positions in different states. In this way, the state of the optical modulation structure can be continuously switched without increasing the number of light-emitting units, thereby improving a display effect of the display panel.