Abstract: A method for detecting a stressed state, including a step of detecting a stressed state of a subject based on a tomographic image of a choroid of the subject, and a stress detection apparatus including: an image acquisition unit that acquires a tomographic image of a choroid of a subject; a calculation unit that calculates a choroidal thickness or a volume of the choroid based on the tomographic image; and a detection unit that detects a stressed state of the subject based on the choroidal thickness or the volume of the choroid.

Abstract: The methods and systems provided can automatically determine an Arteriolar-to-Venular diameter Ratio, AVR, in blood vessels, such as retinal blood vessels and other blood vessels in vertebrates. The AVR is an important predictor of increases in the risk for stroke, cerebral atrophy, cognitive decline, and myocardial infarct.

Abstract: Provided is a wearable fundus camera configured to be worn as a headset by a human, the wearable fundus camera comprising: an infrared light source configured to output infrared light to be directed at a retina of the human; an image sensor configured to capture infrared images depicting a retina of an eye of the human under illumination from the infrared light source without a pupil of the eye being dilated with mydriatics; and an eye cuff configured to be biased against a face of the human and occlude at least some ambient light from reaching the image sensor.

Abstract: An image display apparatus (1C) of the present disclosure includes: an image light formation section (30) that outputs image light; a diffractive optical system that includes a first diffractive section (11) including at least one diffractive device and a second diffractive section (12) causing the image light to converge at a pupil position of a viewer, the first diffractive section (11) having a property of correcting a chromatic aberration that occurs at the second diffractive section (12); and a relay optical system (20) disposed closer to the image light formation section (30) than the second diffractive section (12) and relaying the image light to the second diffractive section (12) to correct the chromatic aberration that occurs at the second diffractive section (12).

Abstract: An eye imaging device including a housing with an opening that can be in contact with a head of an observer, a first photographic optical system arranged in the housing and configured to image a left eyeball of the observer from a side, a second photographic optical system arranged in the housing opposite to the first photographic optical system and configured to image a right eyeball of the observer from a side, a third photographic optical system arranged slidable in the housing in a direction in which the first photographic optical system and the second photographic optical system face each other and configured to image the left eyeball and the right eyeball of the observer from a front, and a storage unit configured to store images captured by the first photographic optical system, the second photographic optical system, and the third photographic optical system is provided.

Abstract: A method and a device for examining the neurovascular coupling at the eye (A) of a patient, wherein an imaging method is used to record an image sequence of images of the fundus of the eye (A), preferably over a baseline phase (BP), a stimulation phase (SP) in which the fundus is stimulated with a flickering light, and a posterior phase (NP). Signals, in particular an averaged quotient signal (Q(t)) representing a vessel response of the vessels of the capillary vessel region to the stimulation, are derived from the image sequence for at least one capillary vessel region of the fundus. The absolute or percentage maximum change (Qmax) of the averaged quotient signal (Q(t)) is then used as an evaluation criterion for the neurovascular coupling.

Abstract: A slit lamp microscope of some embodiment examples includes an illumination system, photography system, and movement mechanism. The illumination system projects slit light onto an anterior segment of an eye. The photography system includes an optical system and image sensor. The optical system directs light coming from the anterior segment onto which the slit light is being projected. The image sensor includes a light detecting plane that receives the light directed by the optical system. The movement mechanism moves the illumination and photography systems. The subject plane along the optical axis of the illumination system, the optical system, and the light detecting plane satisfy the Scheimpflug condition. The photography system acquires a plurality of images of the anterior segment by performing repetitive photography in parallel with movement of the illumination and photography systems performed by the movement mechanism.

Abstract: There are provided an ophthalmologic information analysis apparatus and an ophthalmologic information analysis program capable of efficiently performing follow-up observation of a subject eye. There is provided: a central processing unit configured to: acquire first analysis data obtained by analyzing an analysis region of the subject eye in first OCT data including the analysis region; acquire second OCT data captured on a day different from that of the first OCT data; perform an analysis comprising: specifying the analysis region corresponding to the first analysis data from the second OCT data; and acquiring second analysis data obtained by analyzing the analysis region in the second OCT data; and control a display to display the first analysis data and the second analysis data in a comparable manner.

Abstract: Retinal imaging systems and related methods employ a user specific approach for controlling the reference arm length in an optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging device. A method includes generating a signal indicative of a position of a feature of a user's head relative to an OCT imaging device. A user specific reference arm adjustment length range for the user within a reference arm adjustment length range of the OCT device is determined based on the signal. A reference arm length adjustment module is controlled during an imaging of the retina to vary a reference arm length of the OCT imaging device within the user specific reference arm adjustment length range to identify an imaging reference arm length for which an OCT image detector of the OCT imaging device produces an OCT signal corresponding to the retina of the user.

Abstract: A device insertion tool can include a body and a light redirecting structure. The body can extend along a central longitudinal axis between forward and aft ends. The body can include a device mount portion at the forward end to hold an optic and a handle portion at the aft end configured to be held. The body can be inserted into an anterior chamber of the eye with the optic mounted on the device mount portion at the forward end. The light redirecting structure can be engaged with the body between the forward and aft ends. The light redirecting structure can be one of at least one mirror and at least one prism. The light redirecting structure can be directed at the forward end and can be configured to redirect light traveling from the forward end toward the aft end transverse to the central longitudinal axis.

Abstract: An exemplary OCT apparatus includes a scanner, controller, phase information generator, phase information processor. The scanner applies an OCT scan to an object using an optical scanner. The controller controls the scanner to perform a first scan that scans a cross section of the object in a first scan direction and a second scan that scans a cross section of the object in a second scan direction opposite to the first scan direction. The phase information generator generates first phase information based on first acquisition data acquired by the first scan and second phase information based on second acquisition data acquired by the second scan. The phase information processor generates composite phase information based on the first phase information and the second phase information.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an image compression method, including steps of: acquiring a human-eye fixation point on an original image, and determining a fixation region and a non-fixation region of the original image according to the human-eye fixation point; and compressing the non-fixation region, and generating a compressed image according to the fixation region and the compressed non-fixation region. The present disclosure also provides an image display method, an image compression apparatus, an image display apparatus, and a computer readable medium.

Abstract: An image signal output method including outputting a first image signal to display an eyeball model selection screen for selecting one eyeball model from out of plural eyeball models of different types, converting a two-dimensional fundus image of the subject eye so as to generate a three-dimensional fundus image based on a selected eyeball model, and outputting a second image signal to display a fundus image display screen including the three-dimensional fundus image.

Abstract: A common beam scanning retinal imaging system comprises: a light source module (1), an adaptive optics module (2), a beam scanning module (3), a small field-of-view relay module (5), a large field-of-view relay module (6), a sight beacon module (9), a pupil monitoring module (7), a detection module (8), a control module (10) and an output module (11). The system can perform real-time correction of human eye aberration by adaptive optics technology, and realize the confocal scanning imaging function in a large field of view and the adaptive optics high-resolution imaging function in a small field of view simultaneously by the common beam synchronous scanning configuration combined with the two relay optical path structures for both the small field of view and the large field of view. The system can not only observe disease lesions in a wide range on the retina by the large field-of-view imaging, but also observe fine structures of the lesions by the small field-of-view high-resolution imaging.

Abstract: Improved optical coherence tomography systems and methods to measure thickness of the retina are presented. The systems may be compact, handheld, provide in-home monitoring, allow the patient to measure himself or herself, and be robust enough to be dropped while still measuring the retina reliably.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to develop an ophthalmologic microscope of a new method that increases the degree of freedom in the optical design in the Galilean ophthalmologic microscope provided with an OCT optical system. The present invention provides an ophthalmologic microscope, wherein an observation optical system, an objective lens, and an OCT optical system are placed in such a way that the optical axis of the OCT optical system does not penetrate through objective lens, and the optical axis of the observation optical system and the optical axis of the OCT optical system are non-coaxial, and wherein the ophthalmologic microscope further comprises a SLO optical system that scans a light ray which is a visible ray, a near infrared ray, or an infrared ray and guides the light to the subject's eye so as to become substantially coaxial with the optical axis of the OCT optical system.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are configures to measure an eye without contacting the eye with a patient interface, and these measurements are used to determine alignment and placement of the incisions when the patient interface contacts the eye. The pre-contact locations of one or more structures of the eye can be used to determine corresponding post-contact locations of the one or more optical structures of the eye when the patient interface has contacted the eye, such that the laser incisions are placed at locations that promote normal vision of the eye. The incisions are positioned in relation to the pre-contact optical structures of the eye, such as an astigmatic treatment axis, nodal points of the eye, and visual axis of the eye.

Abstract: Meta-lens based ocular imaging, near-eye display, and eye-tracking systems are described. The systems can include a single focusing optic and an integrated circuit that provides illumination light and includes an imaging array. The focusing optic includes meta-atoms formed on a substrate. The systems may have no moving parts and achieve imaging or image-projection fields-of-view approaching or exceeding 180 degrees. Because of their low part count, the systems can be robust and have a very small form factor.

Abstract: A physician prescribes an ocular imaging unit to a patient, which the patient sets up in the home to self-monitor his/her ocular anatomy. Typically, the unit connects to a smartphone, and the patient can use an app to operate the system. When the patient experiences a problem with his/her eyes, the patient initiates a remote evaluation, and the system transmits an alert to a remotely located physician, signifying the need for a pre-diagnostic evaluation. The physician then performs an initial evaluation remotely over the Internet using the home ocular imaging unit to obtain images or live video of the patient's ocular anatomy. The physician remotely makes a pre-diagnostic assessment regarding whether an in-person diagnostic examination of the ocular anatomy is warranted, and then communicates this to the patient. In some cases, the imaging unit captures images, both of the retinas and exteriors of the eyes, and also performs vision tests.

Abstract: A system for obtaining optical coherence tomography of the optical system of a person, comprising: an eyepiece customized for alignment and positioning to contact a person's eye socket and having a lens pocket for receiving a refractive lens customized for the person's eye refraction characteristics; a condensing system for receiving light from the eyepiece; a scanning module optically connected to the condensing system and having a mirror tiltable in two directions for obtaining optical scanning data from the person's optical system; and a spectrometer and camera module optically connected to the scanning module for obtaining and storing the optical scanning data, wherein the eyepiece, condensing system and scanning module are arranged to provide an optical path for delivering a light beam to the person's eye, and receive reflected light to be directed to the scanning module.

Abstract: Systems and methods for use in measuring sympathetic nervous system activity or blood vessel autoregulation corrected for sympathetic activity. The choroid in the human eye is imaged and, using the resulting image, the vascular perfusion density (VPD) in the choroid is measured. VPD provides a measurement that is directly related to sympathetic nervous system activity. The effect of stimuli on sympathetic nervous system activity can be measured by comparing pre-stimuli VPD measurements with post-stimuli measurements. Quantifying VPD can be performed by determining pixel density within specific areas of the choroid image. Altered sympathetic nervous system activity can be detected in a subject by comparing that subject's VPD measurements to baseline VPD measurements from healthy individuals. Blood vessel autoregulation can be measured by imaging changes in other blood vessels in the eye and correcting with choroid VPD measurements of sympathetic activity.

Abstract: An OCT axial length measurement device is configured to measure an area of the retina within a range from about 0.05 mm to about 2.0 mm. The area can be measured with a scanned measurement beam or plurality of substantially fixed measurement beams. The OCT measurement device may comprise a plurality of reference optical path lengths, in which a first optical path length corresponds to a first position of a cornea, and a second optical path length corresponds to a second position of the retina, in which the axial length is determined based on a difference between the first position and the second position. An axial length map can be generated to determine alignment of the eye with the measurement device and improve accuracy and repeatability of the measurements. In some embodiments, the OCT measurement device comprises a swept source vertical cavity surface emitting laser (“VCSEL”).

Abstract: Ocular surface interferometry devices, systems, and methods are disclosed for imaging an ocular tear film. An imaging device can be focused on the lipid layer of the tear film to capture optical wave interference interactions of specularly reflected light from the tear film combined with a background signal(s) in a first image, wherein the specularly reflected light may be produced from various portions of the ocular tear film by obliquely illuminating various portions of the ocular tear film with a multi-wavelength light source, such as in a tiling pattern(s). The imaging device can also be focused on the lipid layer to capture a second image containing the background signal(s) present in the first image. The second image can be subtracted from the first image to reduce and/or eliminate the background signal(s) in the first image to produce a resulting image, which can used to measure a tear film layer thickness.

Abstract: A system for imaging a retina includes an optical relay system having a first lens for positioning proximate to an eye, a light source positioned to illuminate the eye, an image sensor positioned to capture a retinal image of the retina through the first lens, an aperture disposed between the image sensor and the first lens along an optical path extending from the image sensor through the first lens, and a processing apparatus. The aperture surrounds the optical path and is adapted to block off-axis reflections from the eye.

Abstract: Method of aligning an imaging device with respect to an object, the imaging device comprising two or more optical channels, is disclosed. The method may include aiming the two or more optical channels at corresponding overlapping zones of the object such that the two or more optical channels are oriented at different angles relative to each other and off-axis relative to a central axis of the imaging device. The method may additionally include guiding or focusing the imaging device relative to the object using composite images created by combining separate images from the two or more optical channels.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure provide improved techniques for imaging a subject's retina fundus. Some aspects relate to an imaging apparatus that may be substantially binocular shaped and/or may house multiple imaging devices configured to provide multiple corresponding modes of imaging the subject's retina fundus. Some aspects relate to techniques for imaging a subject's eye using white light, fluorescence, infrared (IR), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and/or other imaging modalities that may be employed by a single imaging apparatus. Some aspects relate to improvements in white light, fluorescence, IR, OCT, and/or other imaging technologies that may be employed alone or in combination with other techniques. Some aspects relate to multi-modal imaging techniques that enable determination of a subject's health status.

Abstract: Improved optical coherence tomography systems and methods to measure retinal data are presented. The systems may be compact, provide in-home monitoring, and have automation to allow the patient to measure himself or herself.

Abstract: Disclosed in the present application are a near-eye optical imaging system, a near-eye optical imaging system based near-eye display device, and a near-eye display device based head-mounted display device. The near-eye optical imaging system comprises: a display, a first array of microlenses, which comprises a plurality of first microlenses; a second array of microlenses, which is arranged side by side with the first array of microlenses. The plurality of first microlenses in the first array of microlenses correspond to the plurality of second microlenses in the second array of microlenses respectively to form multiple optical channels. According to the present invention, an object located within a near-eye range is imaged by means of using a display, and two microlens arrays in concatenation.

Abstract: A video-processing method includes: obtaining a video frame rate of received video data; determining whether the video frame rate is less than the refreshing frame rate of a screen; and if yes, modifying at least one of the video frame rate of the video data or the refreshing frequency, so that the video frame rate of the video data is greater than or equal to the refreshing frame rate after modification. According to the present application, the effect that the video frame rate of a video file is greater than or equal to the refreshing frequency of the screen can be guaranteed, thus images corresponding to the video file can be displayed when the screen is refreshed, thereby avoiding standstill phenomena of video playback.

Abstract: A sensor, such as a photoplethysmography sensor, for non-invasively monitoring a characteristic of an organism, such as a vital body sign. The sensor has multiple light sources disposed on a substrate and an array of optical probing channels for conveying light from the light sources to a probed region. Each detector pixel of an array of detector pixels receives light from a respective optical detection channel after interaction with a subregion of the probed region and spatial filtering, and generates a corresponding pixel signal.

Abstract: A method and system are proposed for imaging the retinal structure of an eye. A light source is provided and a repetitive pattern is projected on the retina by said hght source having illuminated and non-illuminated portions with a spatial frequency larger than 0.5 mm-1. For the illuminated and non-illuminated portions a fluorescence level is measured; and a fluorescence level is derived as a corrected value for illuminated and non-illuminated areas.

Abstract: An example embodiment includes: a determination unit that, based on an image including an eye of a recognition subject, determines whether or not a colored contact lens is worn; and a matching unit that, when it is determined by the determination unit that the colored contact lens is worn, performs matching of the iris by using a feature amount extracted from a region excluding a predetermined range including an outer circumference of the iris out of a region of the iris included in the image.

Abstract: A multi-view diagnostic system includes an OCT engine and a plurality of optical elements defining a plurality of beam paths between the OCT engine and an ophthalmic target, with each beam path corresponding to a different viewing angle of the ophthalmic target. The system also includes a scanner to direct OCT imaging beams generated by the OCT engine toward the ophthalmic target along each respective beam path. Instructions stored in memory are executable by a processor to determine a characteristic of the ophthalmic target based on OCT light reflected by the ophthalmic target along each respective beam path and detected by the OCT engine.

Abstract: Improved optical coherence tomography systems and methods to measure thickness of the retina are presented. The systems may be compact, handheld, provide in-home monitoring, allow the patient to measure himself or herself, and be robust enough to be dropped while still measuring the retina reliably.

Abstract: Disclosed is an eye examination apparatus for use with a smartphone. The eye examination apparatus has a body having a first eye opening and a second eye opening for a user to see into the eye examination apparatus using two eyes. In accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure, the eye examination apparatus has a coupling for receiving a smartphone having a display and a camera and for holding the smartphone in a predefined position in relation to the body, such that the camera of the smartphone is positioned to acquire ophthalmic images through the first eye opening, and the display of the smartphone is viewable through the second eye opening. In this manner, it is possible for the user to have an eye examination performed remotely outside of a clinician's office without specialized equipment by instead using their own smartphone.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention include a method to determine a binocular alignment, the method comprising: measuring a disassociated phoria of a first eye and a second eye of a patient at an apparent distance; and determining an accommodative convergence of the first eye and the second eye at the apparent distance using the measured disassociated phoria. In other embodiments, a system to determine a binocular alignment comprises a stereo display, for a projection of images for a first eye and a second eye; an accommodation optics, to modify the projection of the images according to an apparent distance; an eye tracker, to track an orientation of the first eye and the second eye; and a computer, coupled to the stereo display, the accommodation optics and the eye tracker, to manage a determination of the binocular alignment.

Abstract: Sensor data is captured with a sensor. The sensor data includes a lens-position of a prescription lens relative to a reference point of an optical coherence tomography (OCT) system. A mirror of a reference arm of the OCT system is positioned at an optical pathlength between an eye region of the prescription lens based at least in part on the sensor data. An OCT signal is generated while the mirror is positioned at the optical pathlength. At least one depth profile is generated that includes the prescription lens and the eye region.

Abstract: An ophthalmologic processing apparatus according to embodiments acquires data of a fundus of a subject's eye optically. The ophthalmologic apparatus includes a fixation system, an image acquisition unit, a specifying unit, and a determination unit. The fixation system is configured to project fixation light onto an eye of a subject. The image acquisition unit is configured to acquire an image of the fundus of the subject's eye in a state where the fixation light is projected by the fixation system. The specifying unit is configured to analyze the image acquired by the image acquisition unit to specify an image region corresponding to a predetermined site of the fundus. The determination unit is configured to determine whether or not the image region specified by the specifying unit is included within a predetermined range in the image acquired by the image acquisition unit.

Abstract: An eye imaging system can include a head-wearable fundus camera positioning helmet with an outer shell and a conformable liner that can include head location fiducials defining a specified plane. An attached articulating fundus camera fixture can include a fundus camera positioning indication system to indicate a position of the fundus camera with respect to an eye of the patient for acquiring one or more fundus camera images at the indicated position such that fundus camera images recorded over a chronic period of time are assessable using the position information from the fundus camera positioning indication system. The articulating fundus camera fixture can include an articulating arm and a fundus camera mount. The system can assist the patient with helmet positioning, and can automatically position the fundus camera for accurate image capture and analysis, such as using a trained machine learning model for patient evaluation, monitoring, or diagnosis.

Abstract: System for integrally measuring clinical parameters of the visual function including a display unit (20) for representing a scene with a 3D object having variable characteristics such as virtual position and virtual volume of the 3D object within the scene; movement sensors (60) for detecting the user head position and distance from the display unit (20); tracking sensors (10) for detecting the user pupils position and pupillary distance; an interface (30) for the user interaction on the scene; processing means (42,44) for analysing the user response based on the data coming from sensors (60,10) and the interface (30), with the characteristics variations of the 3D object; and based on the estimation of a plurality of clinical parameters of the visual function related to binocularity, accommodation, ocular motility and visual perception.

Abstract: An eye tracking system for tracking one or more of a user's eyes includes an closed-eye detector operable to detect when a user has closed one or more of their eyes, an eye tracker operable to detect an eye orientation in dependence upon a measured deformation of an eyelid corresponding to the an eye that has been detected to be shut, and an image renderer operable to render a foveated image for display in response to the detected eye orientation.

Abstract: A method of processing a sequence of images of a retina acquired by an ophthalmic device to generate retinal position tracking information indicative of retina movement during acquisition. The method includes (i) receiving one or more images of the retina; (ii) calculating a cross-correlation between a reference image and an image based on the received image(s) to acquire an offset between the image and reference image; and repeating processes (i) and (ii) to acquire, as the tracking information, respective offsets for images that are based on the respective received image(s). Another step includes modifying the reference image during the repeating, by determining a measure of similarity between correspondingly located regions of pixels in two or more received images and accentuating features in the reference image representing structures of the imaged retina in relation to other features in the reference image based on the determined measure of similarity.

Abstract: A headrest for an ophthalmic instrument facilitates fine positioning of the instrument relative to an eye of a test subject without the need to remove a contact element of the headrest from contact with the test subject's face. The ophthalmic instrument may be, for example, a rebound tonometer or a non-contact tonometer. The headrest includes a hollow bulbous contact element formed of resiliently deformable material, for example a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) or silicone rubber. An outer surface of the contact element may have a spherical shape or a spheroidal shape when the contact element is not deformed.

Abstract: A driver monitor system and method for predicting impairment of a user of a vehicle. The system includes video cameras, an input device for inputting a list of medications being taken by the driver. Processing circuitry predicts side effects of the medications based on the half-life of the medication, detecting eye gaze movement, eye lid position, and facial expression of the user using images from the video camera, predicting whether the user is transitioning into an impaired physical state that is a side effect of the medications, verifying the side effect of the medications, determining whether the user is fit to drive using the verified side effects of the medications, and outputting to the vehicle an instruction to operate the vehicle in a level of automation that makes up for the at least one side effect or to perform a safe pull over operation of the vehicle.

Abstract: In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, an optical coherence tomography-based ophthalmic testing center system includes an optical coherence tomography instrument comprising an eyepiece for receiving at least one eye of a user or subject; a light source that outputs light that is directed through the eyepiece into the user's or subject's eye, an interferometer configured to produce optical interference using light reflected from the user's/subject's eye, an optical detector disposed so as to detect said optical interference; and a processing unit coupled to the detector. The ophthalmic testing center system can be configured to perform a multitude of self-administered functional and/or structural ophthalmic tests and output the test data.

Abstract: A fundus imaging apparatus includes an imaging optical system that irradiates a fundus of a subject eye with light through an objective lens system, and enables to capture a fundus image of the subject eye based on return light from the subject eye, and a diopter correction unit that includes an optical element disposed on an optical path of the imaging optical system and a drive unit driving the optical element, and performs a diopter correction with a diopter value corresponding to a drive amount of the optical element. A drive range of the optical element in the diopter correction unit is set to avoid a specific range being a range in which an artifact caused by reflection light in the objective lens system is maximized.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to develop an ophthalmologic microscope of a new method that increases the degree of freedom in the optical design in the Galilean ophthalmologic microscope provided with an OCT optical system. The present invention provides an ophthalmologic microscope 1 comprising; an illuminating optical system 300, an observation optical system 400; an objective lens 2; and an OCT optical system 500, characterized in that the optical axis O-500 of the OCT optical system does not penetrate through the objective lens 2, it comprises objective lens for OCT 507 through which the optical axis O-500 of the OCT optical system penetrates, and deflection optical elements 503a, 503b for scanning of the OCT optical system and the objective lens for OCT 507 are in a substantially optically conjugate positional relation.

Abstract: A new technique is provided to easily grasp the form of the fundus and the like of the eye to be examined being depicted in a tomographic image. An ophthalmic information processing device includes an image rotation circuit and a display control circuit. The image rotation circuit rotates a tomographic image of the eye to be examined acquired by using optical coherence tomography while making a measurement optical axis be eccentric relative to a predetermined site of the eye to be examined, in accordance with an eccentric amount and an eccentric direction of the measurement optical axis relative to the predetermined site. The display control circuit causes a display device to display the tomographic image rotated by the image rotation circuit.

Abstract: An ophthalmologic apparatus comprises eye information obtaining portions, each of the eye information obtaining portions corresponding to each of subject eyes of a subject and configured to obtain information on each of the subject eyes; imaging portions, each of the imaging portions corresponding to each of the eye information obtaining portions and configured to capture a subject eye image of each of the subject eyes; a reference calculator configured to obtain a three-dimensional reference position in each of the subject eye images captured by each of the imaging portions; an inclination calculator configured to obtain inclination information indicating inclination of relative positions of the subject eyes from the obtained three-dimensional reference positions in the subject eye images; and a notification portion configured to notify the obtained inclination information.

Abstract: A method for generating an indicator or biomarker of colour perception in a mammalian subject, where the method may include submitting the mammalian subject to a multicoloured dynamic stimulus comprising displaying, on a display device. The method may include controlling a change over time of at least one of the two colours of the multicolour pattern when displaying the dynamic multicolour stimulus, to vary the displayed luminance of this colour (usually several times). The method may include acquiring, by using an image acquisition device, an oscillatory response of a pupil of the mammalian subject. The method may include generating, from the acquired response, a signal representative of the power of the pupil's oscillatory response as a function of the change over time of at least one of the two colours when displaying the dynamic multicoloured stimulus.