Abstract: The color correction method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention can comprise the steps of: acquiring an image from a captured image; detecting the face and eyes from the captured image; separating the sclera and pupil of the detected eye(s); correcting the image by comparing the areas of the sclera and pupil extracted by separating the sclera and pupil with the reference values stored in a database; and extracting the skin color of the face from the corrected image.

Abstract: The various implementations described herein include methods, devices, and systems for illuminating and capturing scenes. In one aspect, a video camera assembly includes: (1) one or more processors configured to operate the video camera assembly in a day mode and in a night mode; (2) an image sensor having a field of view of a scene and configured to capture video of a first portion of the scene while in the day mode of operation and in the night mode of operation, the first portion corresponding to the field of view of the image sensor; (3) one or more infrared (IR) illuminators configured to provide illumination during the night mode of operation while the image sensor captures video; and (4) an IR reflector component configured to: (i) substantially restrict the illumination onto the first portion of the scene, and (ii) illuminate the first portion in a substantially uniform manner across the field of view of the image sensor.

Abstract: A system tracks eye position using a first Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) eye tracking unit to determine a first position of an eye of a user. The OCT eye tracking unit projects low coherence interference light onto a portion of the user's eye, and uses captured light reflected from the illuminated portion of the user's eye to generate a dataset describing the portion of the user's eye. The first position of the user's eye is determined based upon the generated dataset and a previously generated dataset. In order to minimize error and reduce the effects of draft, a reference tracking system is configured to determine a second position of the user's eye, which is used to update the determined first position of the user's eye.

Abstract: The methods and systems disclosed herein include obtaining a first image of a sample, where the first image corresponds to light transmitted through the sample in a first plurality of distinct spectral bands, obtaining a second image of the sample, where the second image corresponds to light transmitted through the sample in a second plurality of distinct spectral bands, and where at least some members of the second plurality of spectral bands are different from the members of the first plurality of spectral bands, and combining the first and second images to form a multispectral image stack, where each pixel in the image stack includes information corresponding to at least four distinct spectral bands, and where the at least four distinct spectral bands include at least one member from the first plurality of spectral bands and at least one member from the second plurality of spectral bands.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems, methods, and devices for classifying ophthalmic images according to disease type, state, and stage. The disclosed invention details systems, methods, and devices to perform the aforementioned classification based on weighted-linkage of an ensemble of machine learning models. In some parts, each model is trained on a training data set and tested on a test dataset. In other parts, the models are ranked based on classification performance, and model weights are assigned based on model rank. To classify an ophthalmic image, that image is presented to each model of the ensemble for classification, yielding a probabilistic classification score—of each model. Using the model weights, a weighted-average of the individual model-generated probabilistic scores is computed and used for the classification.

Abstract: An eye-fatigue examining device and an eye-fatigue examining method capable of examining eye fatigue of a subject's eye regardless of an age of a patient are provided. The eye-fatigue examining device includes: a light quantity difference adjusting unit that increases a light quantity difference between lights respectively incident on right and left subject's eyes; a gaze direction detecting unit that detects gaze directions of the respective subject's eyes while the light quantity difference adjusting unit increases the light quantity difference; and a light quantity difference deciding unit that decides a specific light quantity difference at which a change in the gaze directions due to the increase in the light quantity difference occurs, based on the detection result of the gaze direction detecting unit.

Abstract: A method for classifying a cataract of an eye to determine parameters for pre-setting phaco-treatment instruments. OCT-based measurements are realized. The OCT-based scans are analysed using imaging technology and the local distribution of the cataract is determined. The cataract is classified on the basis of comparison values and the local distribution and classification of the cataract are used to identify parameters for pre-setting phaco-treatment instruments. Even though the proposed method for classifying the cataract of an eye is provided for determining parameters for pre-setting phaco-treatment instruments, it should equally also be used for determining parameters for pre-setting treatment instruments based on fs-lasers.

Abstract: Supercontinuum (SC) (˜400 nm to ˜2500 nm) and a microscope produce enhanced microscopic images on sub-micron to cm scale of linear (?1) and nonlinear (?2, ?3, ?4 . . . ) processes via resonance including linear absorption, SHG, THG, SRG, SRL, SRS, 2PEF, 3PEF, 4PEF, and inverse Raman in a microscope for 2D and 3D imaging. Images and processes in 2D and 3D arise from electronic and vibrational resonances transitions in biological and medical tissues, cells, condensed matter applications. Resonant Stimulated Raman Scattering (RSRS) is proposed to improve vibrational imaging of biomaterials by using part of SC. Quantum mechanical processes from SC for 2 and 4 photons to improve resolution and imaging using entangled photons are described. The addition of time measuring instrument like a Streak camera and the scattering coefficient ?s? can be mapped to create images of tissue and biomaterial in 5D: Space (3D), Time, and Wavelength.

Abstract: An optical measurement system and method measure a characteristic of a subject's eye. The optical measurement system receives from an operator, via a user interface of the optical measurement instrument, a begin measurement instruction indicating the start of a measurement period for objectively measuring at least one characteristic of the subject's eye. Subsequent to receiving the begin measurement instruction, the optical measurement system determines whether a criterion associated with the tear film quality of the subject's eye is not satisfied. In response to determining that the criterion is not satisfied, the optical measurement instrument takes one or more corrective actions to measure the characteristic of the subject's eye under a condition wherein the criterion is satisfied.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and apparatus for determining a position of a pupil. The method includes: acquiring an image to be detected including a pupil; acquiring a binary image of a preset area based on a preset model of semi-supervised learning, where the preset area is an area where the pupil is located in the image to be detected; acquiring a centroid of the binary image; and determining a central position of the pupil according to the centroid of the binary image.

Abstract: A gaze point compensation method and apparatus in a display device, and a display device are provided. The method includes: obtaining a real-time eye image of a user; obtaining an eye-corner position coordinate in the real-time eye image; when the eye-corner position coordinate is within an initial calibration range, making first compensation for the eye-corner position coordinate according to a correspondence relationship between a pupil and an eye-corner position; otherwise, making second compensation for the eye-corner position coordinate, wherein the second compensation is configured to make the eye-corner position coordinate after the second compensation at least be within the initial calibration range; and compensating for a gaze point according to the first compensation or the second compensation.

Abstract: A microscope, comprising an observation beam path that renders an eye to be examined observable, a wavefront measuring device for measuring the refraction of the eye to be examined, an OCT device comprising an OCT illumination beam path, by means of which OCT illumination radiation can be focused as an OCT spot into the eye to be examined, and a control unit that is supplied with at least one measurement value of the wave front measuring device, is provided, wherein the control unit sets the beam diameter and/or the beam shape of the OCT spot on the basis of the at least one supplied measurement value.

Abstract: In a perimetry to be conducted, designating an inspection region through a region designator, a perimeter is configured to set a required time of the perimetry (upper limit time) through an upper limit condition setter and to determine total number or positions of stimulus presentation spots based upon the upper limit time. In such a configuration, an examinee knows the time to finish the inspection, and is able to highly keep his (her) concentration in comparison with a case where the required time is not known, thereby improving precision of the inspection.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for collecting medical data which envisages: acquiring medical data by means of a medical data collecting apparatus (10); storing a copy of said medical data in a remote device (16), separate from the apparatus (10); assessing the methods of use of the apparatus (10) by means of a predefined algorithm comparing the medical data comprised in the last copy stored and the medical data comprised in the penultimate copy stored of the medical data; limiting or blocking functioning of the apparatus (10) if the methods of use assessed correspond with predefined prohibited methods of use.

Abstract: An optical coherence tomographic device configured to acquire a tomographic image of a subjected eye is disclosed herein. The optical coherence tomographic device may include a light source of wavelength sweeping type; and a measurement optical system configured to irradiate the subjected eye with light outputted from the light source, where D/S×?>1.61 may be satisfied, with a diameter of the light outputted from the light source at an incident position to the subjected eye is D, a wavelength swept frequency of the light source is S, and a center wavelength of the light outputted from the light source is ?.

Abstract: A dosimetry system may comprise a film stack and a laser system for applying a laser beam to the film stack. The system may further comprise an interferometry system configured to acquire from the film stack a first interferometric dataset comprising a first composite signal and a subsequent interferometric dataset comprising a subsequent composite signal. The system may also include a processor for comparing the first and subsequent composite signals, wherein a difference between the first and subsequent composite signals indicates a change in the film stack thickness. A dosimetry method may comprise applying a laser beam to such a film stack, acquiring the first and subsequent interferometric datasets, comparing them to detect a change in the film stack thickness, and ceasing to apply the laser beam to the film stack if the change in the film stack thickness exceeds a predetermined threshold.

Abstract: Some embodiments include a method comprising receiving gaze data from an image sensor that indicates where a user is looking, determining a location that the user is directing their gaze on a display based on the gaze data, receiving a confirmation input from an input device, and generating and effectuating an input command based on the location on the display that the user is directing their gaze when the confirmation input is received. When a bystander is in a field-of-view of the image sensor, the method may further include limiting the input command to be generated and effectuated based solely on the location on the display that the user is directing their gaze and the confirmation input and actively excluding detected bystander gaze data from the generation of the input command.

Abstract: For reducing a time utilized in an AO process, provided is a deformable mirror system, including: a deformable mirror capable of changing a shape of a reflecting surface by a deformation amount in accordance with an input signal; a light wavefront measurement apparatus configured to measure a light wavefront shape of reflected light from the deformable mirror; a conversion factor calculation apparatus configured to calculate a conversion factor used in obtaining the input signal from a variation in light wavefront shape of the reflected light with respect to a change in input signal; a shape difference calculation apparatus configured to calculate a shape difference between the light wavefront shape measured by the light wavefront measurement apparatus and a light wavefront shape calculated from the input signal; and a conversion factor update unit configured to update the conversion factor in accordance with the calculated shape difference.

Abstract: Digital fundus cameras including an objective lens and a digital imager for capturing digital retinal images. The digital fundus cameras include an annular LED illumination arrangement having an annular LED illuminator with a ring of spaced apart individual masked LEDs, an annular folded illumination optical train and a multiple stage stray illumination trap arrangement for capturing stray illumination. The annular LED illumination arrangement can optically include a glare spot masking arrangement.

Abstract: A system for identifying structures in an eye of a subject. In embodiments of the invention, the system has a housing; a visible light source supported by the housing; an infrared light source supported by the housing; a photodetector supported by the housing; a patient interface disposed on an outer surface of the housing arranged and configured so that, when the patient interface is placed in contact with the subject, the subject's eye is aligned with the light sources and the photodetector such that the light sources illuminate an iris of the eye at an angle between 15° and 30° and such that the photodetector receives light from the light sources reflected by the iris; and a controller configured to activate the visible light source and the infrared light source and to obtain image information from the photodetector.

Abstract: Fluorescence microscopy apparatus for the analysis of a fundus of a sample eye, based on the use of an optical equipment configured to generate a Bessel beam inside a sample eye and an objective configured to increase the numerical aperture of an “objective-cornea-lens” assembly by reducing the overall focal length of the fluorescence microscopy apparatus, also allowing a significant increase in spatial resolution compared to conventional microscopy systems.

Abstract: An illumination system of an ophthalmologic apparatus of an exemplary embodiment projects illumination light from a light source onto the anterior eye segment of a subject's eye. An interference photographing system photographs an interference pattern formed on the cornea by the illumination light. An anterior eye segment photographing system photographs the anterior eye segment onto which the illumination light is being projected. A first optical path coupling element couples the optical path of the interference photographing system and the optical path of the anterior eye segment photographing system with one another.

Abstract: A non-transitory computer readable medium embodies instructions that cause one or more processors to perform a method. The method includes: (A) receiving a selection of a 3D model stored in one or more memories, the 3D model corresponding to an object, and (B) setting a camera parameter set for a camera for use in detecting a pose of the object in a real scene. The method also includes (C) receiving a selection of data representing a view range, (D) generating at least one 2D synthetic image based on the camera parameter set by rendering the 3D model in the view range, (E) generating training data using the at least one 2D synthetic image to train an object detection algorithm, and (F) storing the generated training data in one or more memories.

Abstract: In an image sensor, high-speed recognition processing is performed using high-speed image data, which is different from low-speed image data used for displaying. In the image sensor, an imaging element captures an image of an object and generates frames of image data arranged in time series. A binarization processing unit performs binarization processing on each of the frames to generate binarized frames. A tracking processing unit generates a difference between binarized frames adjacent in time series and tracks a change in a position of the object included in the binarized frames.

Abstract: A method of determining control parameters of a retinal treatment system comprising acquiring an image of a retina of a subject's eye using an imaging laser and an optical system of the retinal treatment system, presenting an image of the retina to a user of the retinal treatment system, receiving from the user location data of the retinal image that locates at least one treatment site of the retina, receiving from the user a required laser light pattern for use on the treatment site, using the location data to determine a location control parameter which causes the optical system to direct laser light from a treatment laser of the retinal treatment system to the treatment site, and using the required laser light pattern to determine a pattern control parameter which causes the treatment laser to produce a laser light pattern which passes through the optical system and results in the required laser light pattern at the treatment site.

Abstract: The invention relates to an eye tracking system (10) and a method for operating an eye tracking system (10) for determining if one of a left and a right eye of a user is dominant, wherein at least one image of the left and the right eye of the user is captured (S30), based on the at least one image and according to a predefined accuracy function a left accuracy score for the left eye (S34a) and a right accuracy score for the right eye (S34c) is determined and it is determined if one of the left and the right eye of the user is dominant in dependency of at least the left and the right accuracy score (S36). Thereby user-specific properties relating to his eyes can be provided and considered when performing eye tracking so that the robustness and accuracy of eye tracking can be enhanced.

Abstract: A method for measuring layer thicknesses of a multi-layer structure includes generating first and second 2D images of the structure, each image being generated by measuring an intensity of a reflection of incident lights, from different discrete narrow spectral bands, on the structure. Thicknesses for at least one layer of the structure are then determined based on the measured reflection intensities at those locations.

Abstract: A method for determining the topography of the cornea of an eye on the basis of an optical, contactless data capture. In the method for determining the topography of the cornea of an eye, which is based on a deflectometric method, the deflectometric measurements are carried out with the aid of a keratometric method by virtue of additional OCT-based scans being made at the keratometric measurement points, wherein the two measurement systems are registered to one another and both the keratometric and the OCT-based measurement values are recorded and used for mutual calibration to determine and output the topographic data. The proposed method serves to determine the topography of the cornea of an eye. It is helpful to ascertain the topography in order to be able to draw conclusions about possible pathological changes. Moreover, the exact measurement of the corneal topography is of great importance for correcting refractive errors.

Abstract: Both visible and IR cameras are integrated without an increase in an optical stack height of a surgical microscope used for ophthalmic surgery. The IR camera may be used to directly and intraoperatively capture a scanning OCT measurement beam, which uses NIR light that is invisible to the human eye. An IR image from the IR camera taken from the same surgical field as displayed intraoperatively to a user of the surgical microscope may be displayed in an ocular to the user, enabling visualization of a location of an OCT scan along with actual visible images of the surgical field.

Abstract: A system and a method for testing a visual field of a subject are described. The method includes determining inter-eye distance of the subject. Visual stimuli are displayed on a left display region and a right display region of a two-dimensional display to the subject based on the determined inter-eye distance. The left display region is configured to display content specific to the left eye and the right display region is configured to display content specific to the right eye of the subject. Subject responses to the visual stimuli are tracked. Based on the subject responses, a condition of the visual field of each eye the subject is evaluated and then results of the evaluation describing the subject's visual field condition is reported or stored.

Abstract: A keratometer for intra-surgery measurements mounted under a surgical microscope includes a Placido ring illuminating a patient's eye; a video camera; a beamsplitter directing a Purkinje image of the Placido ring to the video camera; a fixation light directing a beam for patient eye fixation, fixation confirmation or creating a red reflex effect to enhance IOL imaging and cataract visualization; a processor configured to determine the refractive characteristics and keratometer parameters of the patient's eye and to execute a digital image enhancement method to outline IOL features to help IOL alignment; and a digital display displaying the keratometer parameters and surgical guidance information for a surgeon.

Abstract: Systems and methods for surveying the sclera are provided. In some aspects, a method for generating a design for a prosthetic lens for an eye of a subject includes arranging an eye of a subject at a distance from a plurality of illumination sources and a plurality of imaging devices, projecting light onto the eye of the subject using the illumination sources, acquiring image data of the eye of the subject and the light using the plurality of imaging devices, generating a three dimensional map of the eye, including the sclera, using the image data; and designing, using the three dimensional map of the eye for the lens that fits over a cornea of the eye to engage the sclera and form a fluid pocket between the prosthetic lens that surrounds the cornea.

Abstract: An image processing system includes: an analysis unit configured to obtain information indicating a degree of curvature of a retina from a tomographic image of an eye to be examined; and an obtaining unit configured to obtain a category of the eye to be examined based on an analysis result.

Abstract: A method for forming an offset model is described. The offset model represents an estimated offset between a limbus center of a user eye and a pupil center of the user eye as a function of pupil size. The approach includes sampling a set of limbus center values, sampling a set of pupil center values, and sampling a set of radius values. The offset model is formed by comparing a difference between the set of limbus center values and the set of pupil center values at each of the radius values. A system and a computer-readable storage device configured to perform such a method are also disclosed.

Abstract: A system for photonic illumination for biometric identification and pupillometry. The system includes at least one light source configured for illuminating coherent beam including spatial superposition of at least a first wavelength and a second wavelength, the first wavelength is in the visible spectrum and the second wavelength is in the infrared spectrum. The system further includes an LCD dot array disposed along optical path of the beam such that the beam provides a spatially selective illumination having a cross section including an array of discrete pixels and an optical system for illuminating a human eye with the spatially selective illumination and for reflecting infrared light in the spatially selective illumination towards a camera disposed along an optical axis such that an image obtained by the camera is superimposed of the illuminated eye and the infrared light reflected by the optical system.

Abstract: A scanning-type image acquisition device includes: drivers that respectively vibrate in an x direction and a y direction that are perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of an optical fiber that guides illumination light from a light source and cause a tip of the optical fiber to be spirally scanned on a subject; a drive-signal generating circuit that generates drive signals for driving the drive units; an adjustment section that adjusts the drive signals generated by the drive-signal generating circuit and generates position reference data; a photodetector that detects scattered light of the illumination light at each scanning position of an illumination light spot on the subject due to the drivers; and an image generating circuit that generates an image by arranging intensity values of the scattered light detected by the photodetector in pixels in accordance with the position reference data output from the adjustment section.

Abstract: Systems and methods capture light reflected back from a patient's fundus and compares the resulting images to prior images, to determine if the patient is experiencing intraocular inflammation or atrophy.

Abstract: An apparatus includes an interference optical system configured to acquire a tomographic image of an eye by using interference light between return light from the eye irradiated with measurement light and reference light corresponding to the measurement light, a determination unit configured to determine, by using at least one of information about an acquisition time for acquiring the tomographic image and information about an imaging view angle of the tomographic image, a search range for searching for a position corresponding to a first tomographic image of the eye, the position being in a second tomographic image of the eye, and the second tomographic image having been acquired at a time different from a time when the first tomographic image is acquired, and a registration unit configured to perform registration of the first tomographic image and the second tomographic image by using information about the determined search range.

Abstract: The present application describes the addition of various feedback mechanisms including visual and audio feedback mechanisms to an ophthalmic diagnostic device to assist a subject to self-align to the device. The device may use the visual and non-visual feedback mechanisms independently or in combination with one another. The device may provide a means for a subject to provide feedback to the device to confirm that an alignment condition has been met. Alternatively, the device may have a means for sensing when acceptable alignment has been achieved. The device may capture diagnostic information during the alignment process or may capture after the alignment condition has been met.

Abstract: An optical coherence tomography (OCT) apparatus includes an optical source module comprising two or more selectable optical sources or an optical source configured to selectively operate in two or more source operating modes, or a combination of both, and further comprises an OCT engine coupled to the optical source module, the OCT engine comprising an OCT interferometer. The OCT apparatus still further includes a mode-switching optics module coupled to the OCT engine and comprising one or more swappable, selectable, or adjustable optical components, such that the mode-switching optics module is configured to selectively provide two or more optical configurations for the optical path between the OCT engine and an imaged object, according to two or more corresponding operating modes.

Abstract: A-lines are obtained from an OCT scan of the eye, some of which pass through the iris and the lens and some of which pass through the lens but not the iris. An interface is detected from the A-lines; at least some of this interface is assumed to correspond to either the anterior or posterior of the iris. For each A-line, a first metric is derived from pixels near the detected first interface, such that the first metric reflects an OCT signal intensity associated with the interface, and a second metric is derived from pixels further from the interface, such that the second metric reflects OCT signal attenuation below the detected interface. An attenuation parameter is calculated for each A-line, based on the first and second metrics, and the iris's edge is detected by determining whether each A-line passes through the iris, based on the attenuation parameter.

Abstract: Method for determining the refractive index (n) of a material of a contact lens, in particular of a soft contact lens, the contact lens (1) having a first surface and a second surface defining a lens geometry there between, by measuring the wavefront issued by the contact lens (1) with a wavefront sensor (4), obtaining data of the geometry of at least one section of the contact lens (1) with an optical coherence tomography system (3) and communicating the geometry of the at least one section of the contact lens (1) from the optical coherence tomography system (3) to an analyzer, particularly a computer, and determining the refractive index (n) of the material of the contact lens from the geometry of the at least one section of the contact lens and from the wavefront issued by the contact lens (1).

Abstract: A biological object observation system includes an observation optical unit, a photodetector, a display unit, a detection unit, and a processor. The observation optical unit includes an optical system that guides a luminous flux from a biological object and a drive unit that drives the optical system. The photodetector receives optical information in accordance with the biological object. The display unit displays an observation image of the biological object generated on the basis of the optical information. The detection unit detects one of a position and a movement of an object in a display region of the displayed observation image. The processor controls the drive unit in accordance with the one of the position and the movement of the object that is detected.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel method and system for crater detection in planetary data based on marked point processes (MPP), effective for various object detection tasks in Earth observation, and for planetary image registration. The resulting spatial features are exploited for registration, together with fitness functions based on the MPP energy, on the mean directed Hausdorff distance, and on the mutual information. Two different methods—one based on birth-death processes and region-of-interest analysis, and the other based on graph cuts and decimated wavelets—are included within the present framework. Experimental results confirmed the effectiveness of the present invention in terms of crater detection performance and sub-pixel registration accuracy.

Abstract: An example method of controlling an electronic device worn by a user includes constructing a user model by training a content feature according to response characteristics of an eye of a user who wears the electronic device, and in response to a content feature stored in the user model being detected from reproduced content during content reproduction, processing the reproduced content based on response characteristics of the eye of the user corresponding to the detected content feature.

Abstract: An optical measurement system method for measuring a characteristic of a subject's eye use a probe beam having an infrared wavelength in the infrared spectrum to measure a refraction of the subject's eye at the infrared wavelength; capture at least two different Purkinje images at two different corresponding wavelengths from at least one surface of the lens of the subject's eye; determine from the at least two different Purkinje images a value for at least one parameter of the subject's eye; use the value of the at least one parameter to determine a customized chromatic adjustment factor for the subject's eye; and correct the measured refraction of the subject's eye at the infrared wavelength with the customized chromatic adjustment factor to determine a refraction of the subject's eye at a visible wavelength in the visible spectrum.

Abstract: Systems and methods for monitoring eye health. The systems and methods monitor eye health by measuring scleral strain by way of an implantable monitor, a wearable monitor configured in eyeglasses, or an external monitor using a portable tablet computing device. Certain embodiments of the strain monitor may be utilized to measure the strain on any surface to which it is attached, including, but not limited to, the skin of a patient or the surface of a structure such as a building or a bridge.

Abstract: Disclosed is an LED arrangement for a microscopy instrument (200 FIG. 2) comprising a light emitting area (112), and a part-spherical solid and light transmissive cap (120), in light communication with the light emitting area, the cap having a hemispherical surface (126) including a portion (124) at which light from the light emitting area is reflected and a portion (128) at which light from the emitter can exit the cap, in order to provide a usable light cone L which includes light recycled from the more divergent emitted light, and is thereby more intense.

Abstract: The disclosed embodiments illustrate methods and systems for training users in sports using mixed reality. The method includes retrieving data from athletes wearing helmets, wearable glasses, and/or motion-capture suits in real time. The helmets and the wearable glasses are integrated with mixed-reality technology. Further, physical performance data of the athletes is captured using a variety of time-synchronized measurement techniques. Thereafter, the athletes are trained using the captured data and audio, visual and haptic feedback.

Abstract: An optical coherence tomography (OCT) system and method for cross view imaging using at least two B-scan images transformed and coupled to each other at an angle to generate a cross view image.