Abstract: A system for the detection of foreign object debris material on a surface includes an ultraviolet light source configured to direct ultraviolet light across a surface. The surface is an outer surface of a composite part being formed by a composite layup machine. The system includes an ultraviolet light camera configured to scan the surface and output a first signal proportional to reflected ultraviolet light reflected by at least one of the surface and a first type of foreign object debris material. The reflected ultraviolet light is responsive to the ultraviolet light from the ultraviolet light source. The system also includes a controller coupled to the ultraviolet light source and to the ultraviolet light camera. The controller is configured to compare the first signal from the ultraviolet light camera with a first threshold to detect presence of the first type of foreign object debris material.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a flow cytometer comprising: flow cell; a liquid feeding unit for feeding a liquid different from a sample liquid containing sample particles to the flow cell; a sample liquid feeding unit for feeding the sample liquid to the flow cell after the liquid is sent to the flow cell; and a detector for detecting the sample particles flowing through the flow cell.

Abstract: A method for investigating biological cells or cell cultures in a microplate reader receives at least one microplate with wells containing biological cells or cell cultures by a receiving device; positions the wells with respect to measuring devices of the microplate reader and detects integral measurement signals by at least one of the measuring devices. The biological cells or cell cultures in the specific wells of the microplate(s) are transilluminated by an illumination source of the microplate reader and imaged by an imaging camera. Each of the detected integral signals is compared with the image of the biological cells or cell cultures in the corresponding wells of the microplate(s) by a processor and is related to the imaged number, adherence, confluence or morphology of these biological cells or cell cultures.

Abstract: The present invention provides an inverted QD-LED and a manufacturing method thereof. The manufacturing method of an inverted QD-LED according to the present invention adopts a hydrothermal synthesis process to form a monocrystalline TiO2 nanorod array film for serving as an electron transport layer, wherein a plurality of monocrystalline TiO2 nanorods contained in the monocrystalline TiO2 nanorod array film are arranged in an array so as not to readily get aggregated thereby overcoming the deficiencies of inhomogeneous film formation resulting from aggregation of TiO2 nanometer particles, lowered electron transport efficiency, and low light extraction efficiency, and thus ensuring high-efficiency electron transport rate of the electron transport layer, increasing scattering of light to heighten light extraction efficiency, and improve luminous efficiency and stability of a device.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for processing an optical signal. An example system may include a source disposed on a substrate and capable of emitting the optical signal. A first waveguide is formed in the substrate to receive the optical signal. A first coupler is disposed on the substrate to receive a reflected portion of the optical signal. A second waveguide is formed in the substrate to receive the reflected portion from the first coupler. A second coupler is formed in the substrate to mix the optical signal and the reflected portion to form a mixed signal. Photodetectors are formed in the substrate to convert the mixed signal to an electrical signal. A processor is electrically coupled to the substrate and programmed to convert the electrical signal from a time domain to a frequency domain to determine a phase difference between the optical signal and the reflected portion.

Abstract: Methods and systems for determining the direction to at least one source contributing to a wave field. A wave field partial wave expansion (PWE) model is comprised of wave field partial wave functions (PWFs) and unknown PWE coefficients corresponding to the wave field PWFs. A source PWE model is comprised of source PWFs and source PWE coefficients corresponding to the source PWFs, the source PWE coefficients being expressed in terms of source PWFs of the directional coordinates of the source. A processor, using: the output signals from at least one sensor outputting signals consistent with Nyquist criteria representative of the wave field; a library of PWFs to determine at least one of the unknown PWE coefficients; and the source PWE model, determines directional coordinates of the source (wherein the number of floating point operations are reduced) and outputs the directional coordinates to a reporter configured for reporting information to humans.

Abstract: An optical spectrum measuring apparatus includes: a CCD (Charge Coupled Device) detector including a plurality of light-receiving devices that are two-dimensionally arranged; an optical system configured to split incident light into rays and irradiate the CCD detector with the rays; and a restriction unit configured to restrict one or more rows and/or one or more columns out of the rows and columns of the plurality of light-receiving devices from being irradiated with light from the optical system.

Abstract: A method for determining sub-diffuse scattering parameters of a material includes illuminating the material with structured light and imaging remission by the material of the structured light. The method further includes determining, from captured remission images, sub-diffuse scattering parameters of the material. A structured-light imaging system for determining sub-diffuse scattering parameters of a material includes a structured-light illuminator, for illuminating the material with structured light of periodic spatial structure, and a camera for capturing images of the remission of the structured light by the material. The structured-light imaging system further includes an analysis module for processing the images to quantitatively determine the sub-diffuse scattering parameters. A software product includes machine-readable instructions for analyzing images of remission of structured light by a material to determine sub-diffuse scattering parameters of the material.

Abstract: Methods for laser induced ablation spectroscopy are disclosed. A sample site position sensor, and stage position motors can move the stage in three independent spatial coordinate directions, and a stage position control circuit is used to move an analysis sample site to selected coordinate positions for laser ablation. Light emitted from a plasma plume produced with laser ablation can be gathered into a lightguide fiber bundle that is subdivided into branches. One branch can convey a first portion of the light to a broadband spectrometer operable to analyze a relatively wide spectral segment, and a different branch can convey a second portion of the light to a high dispersion spectrometer operable to measure minor concentrations and/or trace elements. Emissions from a plasma plume can be simultaneously analyzed in various ways using a plurality of spectrometers having distinct and/or complementary capabilities.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a piezoelectric mechanical system (PEMS) microcantilever sensor that both detects the presence of viral RNA in an aqueous solution, such as a blood sample. The method provides for the formation of the sensor by attaching RNA, DNA, or an antibody to the microcantilever sensor surface via a hydrazone or an oxime chemical bond. The method provides for the detection of viral RNA viruses and viral DNA viruses upon the chemical binding/bonding of single-stranded viral nucleic acid to the microcantilever sensor surface. The method provides for the detection of DNA cancer mutations or variants that have been identified in a cancer cell upon the chemical binding/bonding of single-stranded DNA to the microcantilever sensor surface.

Abstract: Embodiments of a cell culture monitoring system are disclosed that may include a device having collimating and filtering components to elicit and detect fluorescence from a substrate located within a reaction vessel. The device may be used to detect changes in pH and dissolved oxygen levels in a liquid contained in the reaction vessel due to growth of living cells. Excitation light beams can be generated and collimated by a beam combiner and directed into the reaction vessel so as to be incident upon the substrate to cause the substrate to fluoresce. Some embodiments include use of expected wavelength offsets and shifted filters/mirrors to improve functionality and reduce space of device components.

Abstract: An in-vitro diagnostic includes a housing, a storage, and a blocking agent. The housing houses a liquid including a test substance included in a sample extracted from a subject. The storage stores a substance that specifically reacts with the test substance. The blocking agent is placed to separate the container and the storage.

Abstract: Provided is a fluorescence immunoassay sensor chip and a fluorescence immunoassay method, which are capable of measuring, at the same time, a marker requiring high sensitivity due to its low content in a sample solution and a marker not requiring high sensitivity due to its high content in a sample solution. The fluorescence immunoassay sensor chip for use in fluorescence immunoassay for detecting and measuring markers contained in a sample solution includes: a dielectric member; a metal thin film formed on part of a main surface of the dielectric member; a first sensor part formed in a predetermined position on the metal thin film; and a second sensor part directly formed in a predetermined position on the dielectric member, wherein a ligand immobilized in the first sensor part and a ligand immobilized in the second sensor part capture different types of markers.

Abstract: Apparatus for enhancing on-chip fluorescence detection. For example, an apparatus comprises a microfluidic channel, an excitation signal enhancing structure formed on a first side of the microfluidic channel and a photodetector structure formed on a second side of the microfluidic channel. For example, the excitation signal enhancing structure enhances an excitation signal and the enhanced excitation signal excites one or more samples in the microfluidic channel to emit signals at a fluorescence wavelength at a higher rate.

Abstract: Provided is a microscope including: a chamber storing a solution in which a cuvette accommodating a solution together with a sample is immersed and that has an index of refraction identical to that of the solution; an immersion objective lens being placed outside the chamber and collecting light from the sample; a camera acquiring an image of the light collected by the lens; a targeting section moving the lens in a direction along a detection light axis thereof; and a movable stage supporting the cuvette in the chamber so as to be movable in at least a direction along the detection light axis. Each of the cuvette and the chamber has a transparent section that can transmit light coming from the sample. The lens is placed so as to face the transparent section of the cuvette with the transparent section of the chamber interposed therebetween.

Abstract: The present invention provides an intraoral imaging and illumination apparatus comprising a rear portion and a front portion removably connected to the rear portion. The front portion is formed as a light guide. The rear portion comprises an imaging device and an illumination device. The illumination device is adapted to couple light into the front portion and towards a leading end of the front portion opposite the rear portion so as to illuminate a first object. The imaging device is adapted to image the first object.

Abstract: A projection display apparatus that can prevent deviation in the light quantity distribution of the projected image is provided. A projection display apparatus includes: a light source unit including a light emitting element; an image light generator modulating light from the light source unit to emit image light; a projecting unit projecting the image light; a polarization modulator on which the image light is made incident and that emits light in a particular polarization state; and a depolarizer arranged on the optical path between the light emitting element and the polarization modulator.

Abstract: Methods for laser induced ablation spectroscopy are disclosed. A position sensor, and position motors can move a sample stage in three independent spatial coordinate directions, and a stage position control circuit can move an analysis sample site to selected coordinate positions for ablation. Light from laser ablation can be gathered into a lightguide fiber bundle that is subdivided into branches. One branch can convey a first portion of the light to a broadband spectrometer operable to analyze a relatively wide spectral segment, and a different branch can convey a second portion of the light to a high dispersion spectrometer operable to measure minor concentrations and/or trace elements. Emissions can be simultaneously analyzed in various ways using a plurality of spectrometers having distinct and/or complementary capabilities, and isotope analysis of a sample can be performed.

Abstract: A method for inspecting an aging state of a silicone rubber composite insulating material comprises the following steps: bombarding, for multiple times and by a pulsed laser beam, selected points on a surface of a silicone rubber composite insulating material to be inspected to generate a plasma; collecting spectrum information emitted by the plasma at each bombardment, and extracting, from the collected spectrum information, a spectral property indicator of a specific constituent element of the silicone rubber composite insulating material at each bombardment; and determining aging state information of the silicone rubber composite insulating material according to the change pattern of the spectral property indicator of the specific constituent element with respect to the bombardment depth. The method enables the rapid and accurate inspection of an aging state of a silicone rubber composite insulating material, and avoids the destructive tests required in the prior art.

Abstract: An apparatus for imaging a sample arranged in a first medium in an object plane. The apparatus includes an optical transmission system which images the sample in the object plane in an intermediate image in an intermediate image plane. The object plane and the intermediate image plane form an angle not equal to 90° with an optical axis of the transmission system. The apparatus further comprises an optical imaging system having an objective. The object plane may be imaged on a detector without distortion. The optical transmission system is symmetrical with respect to a pupil plane, the object plane, and the intermediate image plane to satisfy the Scheimpflug condition. The intermediate image lies in a second medium having a refractive index virtually identical to that of the first medium. A lens group of a subsystem arranged closest to the sample or intermediate image comprises at least one catadioptric assembly.

Abstract: A semiconductor device inspection system (1) includes a laser beam source (2), for emitting light, an optical sensor (12) for detecting the light reflected by the semiconductor device (10) from the light and outputting a detection signal, a frequency band setting unit (16) for setting a measurement frequency band and a reference frequency band with respect to the detection signal, a spectrum analyzer (15) for generating a measurement signal and a reference signal from the detection signals in the measurement frequency band and the reference frequency band, and a signal acquisition unit (17) for calculating a difference between the measurement signal and the reference signal to acquire an analysis signal. The frequency band setting unit (16) sets the reference frequency band to a frequency domain in which a level of the detection signal is lower than a level obtained by adding 3 decibels to a white noise level serving as a reference.

Abstract: A problem addressed by the present invention is to reduce the influence of stray light incident on each light-receiving element in the case of receiving each wavelength of light using a plurality of light-receiving elements.

Abstract: Aspects of a micromirror spectrophotometer assembly are described. In one example case, an instrument includes a diffraction grating to disperse broadband light over a range of wavelengths, a detector, a digital micromirror device (DMD) configured to scan through and reflect at least a portion of the range of wavelengths toward the detector, and a base platform having a number of integrally formed assembly mounts. The assembly mounts are formed to align and secure the diffraction grating, the detector, the DMD, and other optical components of the instrument in a predetermined arrangement. The instrument can also include a reference paddle having a reference material for calibration of the instrument, and a rotatable sample tray to rotate a sample placed on the sample tray for measurement.

Abstract: A controller of a laser ignition engine configured to perform ignition by using a laser ignition device configured to emit a laser beam condensed by a lens includes: a combustion state related value acquiring portion configured to acquire a combustion state related value related to a combustion state of the engine; and a contamination determining portion configured to compare the combustion state related value acquired by the combustion state related value acquiring portion with a combustion state determining value to determine whether or not the laser ignition device is contaminated, the combustion state determining value being defined based on the combustion state of the engine when the laser ignition device is not contaminated.

Abstract: A light sheet illumination microscope includes a detection optical system and an illumination optical system. The illumination optical system includes a first optical element for forming a sheet-shaped illumination beam that travels in a first direction and that has a width in a second direction that is perpendicular to both the optical axis of the detection optical system and the first direction in a specimen, and a scanner that relatively scans the specimen with the sheet-shaped illumination beam in the second direction.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system for detecting terahertz radiation, a camera device, and a method for detecting terahertz radiation.

Abstract: One or more live substances is cultured at a plurality of test locations of a test vessel. The test locations include a thermochromic material and one or more test substances. A spectral shift in light emanating from the thermochromic material of the test locations is detected. The spectral shift occurs in response to an increase or decrease in energy conversion by the live substance. An effect of the one or more test substances on the live substances is determined based on the detected spectral shift.

Abstract: In one aspect, the present invention generally provides methods for characterizing mineralization of a material, e.g., a biomaterial, by illuminating the material with radiation and analyzing radiation scattered from the material in response to the illumination. For example, in some embodiments, a material can be illuminated with polarized radiation at a plurality of wavelengths and the elastically scattered radiation corresponding to two or more of those wavelengths can be collected at two polarizations: one parallel and the other perpendicular to the illumination polarization. A differential intensity of the scattered radiation at the two polarizations can be analyzed as a function of wavelength to obtain information regarding the morphology of mineral deposits in the sample. Further, the total scattered radiation can be analyzed to derive information regarding the level of mineralization.

Abstract: A laser ignition device for an internal combustion engine can include a laser generator, a housing, and a window. The laser generator can emit a pulse of laser light. The housing can be coupled to the internal combustion engine. The housing can have a first end and a second end. The second end can be proximate to a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine and can define an aperture through which the laser light is permitted to exit the housing into the combustion chamber. The window can be coupled to the second end of the housing and cover the aperture. The window can permit the laser light to pass through the window and into the combustion chamber. The window can have a rounded outer surface.

Abstract: A non-intrusive physiological data measurement system and method, as well as an optically induced treatment system, are described. The measurement system includes a monitoring mechanism that includes light emitter modules capable of emitting light at at least two wavelengths. The light emitted from the light emitter modules is transmitted through a subject and to a light receiving mechanism, such as an optical sensor. Physiological data is taken from the received light. The system also can ascertain movement of the subject by obtaining an initial outline of the subject and comparing that outline with a subsequently obtained outline. A therapeutic optic system includes a non-adhering light emitting mechanism for providing light at therapeutic wavelengths.

Abstract: An optical device includes: a diffraction grating; a depolarization plate containing a birefringent material to eliminate polarization dependency of the diffraction grating; and an optical corrector configured to optically correct diffraction angle deviation of diffracted light due to diffraction at the diffraction grating. The optical corrector may be configured to bend back the diffracted light diffracted by the diffraction grating to re-emit the light to the diffraction grating.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for thermal cycling including a pasting edge heater. The pasting edge heater can provide substantial temperature uniformity throughout the retaining elements during thermal cycling by a thermoelectric module.

Abstract: A device and system for measuring the multidimensional distribution of a sample tagged with a short life fluorescent label. The substance applied to a sample holder can be scanned with an optical point source excitation and read back optical stage. The sample can be excited at each of a plurality of points with a fast, e.g., nanosecond pulse of light. The resulting fluorescence can be detected after the excitation is extinguished. A detection gate window can be optimized to maximize the fluorescence signal detected for a predetermined amount of time.

Abstract: Techniques and devices for removing (filtering out) unwanted/inhibitory components (for example, products, byproducts and/or cell output such as inhibitory catabolic proteins) from a composition (for example, autologous fluid or serum) containing such unwanted/inhibitory components. The devices include at least one construct designed to contain a composition (for example, autologous fluid or serum) containing inhibitory/unwanted components (products, byproducts and/or output of cells such as inhibitory catabolic proteins). The construct is provided with interior walls including specific protein capturing means designed to remove the inhibitory/unwanted component(s) (for example, specific protein(s)) from the composition. Proteins targeted for capture include, but are not limited to, catabolic cytokines such as IL-1?, IL-?, IL-6, TNF?, IFN? and MMPS as these proteins inhibit the healing process.

Abstract: An instrument is provided that can monitor nucleic acid sequence amplification reactions, for example, PCR amplification of DNA and DNA fragments. The instrument includes a multi-notch filter disposed along one or both of an excitation beam path and an emission beam path. Methods are also provided for monitoring nucleic acid sequence amplifications using an instrument that includes a multi-notch filter disposed along a beam path.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a highly sensitive immunoanalysis method and analysis apparatus. The invention relates to an analysis method and an analysis apparatus which are constituted in such a way that a component to be measured is reacted with capture component specifically reacting thereto and the reactant is labeled when the component to be measured is present and which are characterized by analyzing the component to be measured with single-molecule sensitivity and resolution by arranging the labeled reactant in a spatially separated certain position and detecting the label of the labeled reactant.

Abstract: Optical systems are disclosed for use in identifying an analyte, such as glucose in blood or interstitial fluid (ISF), using a biomaterial, such as glucose binding protein (GBP), that is brought into contact with the analyte. An optical system includes a first filter adapted to reflect light emitted from a light-emitting diode to illuminate a fluorescent body, and further adapted to transmit light emitted from the fluorescent body, and a second filter adapted to separate light transmitted by the first filter into signal band light and reference band light.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, provided is a single particle analyzing device including a measuring vessel, first and second chambers in the vessel defined by an insulating membrane, a pore opening in the membrane to connect the chambers, and first and second electrodes in the chambers. Electric current flows between the electrodes through the pore. Electrical characteristics are measured during migration of the target from the first chamber to the second chamber to measure the size and shape of the target. (a) t<a <d?100a or (b) s<L, s<d?100s, t<L and t<d, wherein a, L and s are the diameter, length and width of the target, d is the diameter of the pore, and t is the thickness of the membrane in the proximity to the pore.

Abstract: In a terahertz-wave spectrometer, a spectroscopic prism is provided with a prism part slidable with respect to a main part thereof. Along the sliding direction, an arrangement surface in an upper face of the prism part is provided with a plurality of arrangement regions K to be arranged with objects to be measured. Therefore, after completing the measurement of optical constants for one object, the prism part is slid, so as to shift the next object onto an optical path of a terahertz wave T, whereby a plurality of objects can be measured smoothly without cleaning the arrangement surface.

Abstract: A widefield microscope illumination system and method with a microscope objective and an illumination light source that sends widefield illumination light along illumination beam paths. Illumination light penetrates into the microscope objective through illumination light entry sites located within a predetermined annular or annular-segment-shaped illumination light entry area having a large offset to an optical objective axis of the objective. A spatially resolving light detector detects light sent from an illuminated sample through the microscope objective along a detected light beam path. An automatic illumination light beam path manipulation device is controlled by a control system, which is arranged in front of the microscope objective in relation to the direction of the illumination light beam path, and by means of which illumination light beam path manipulation device the illumination axes are automatically movable at time intervals to a plurality of different illumination light entry sites.

Abstract: System and methods for analyzing single molecules and performing nucleic acid sequencing. An integrated device includes multiple pixels with sample wells configured to receive a sample, which when excited, emits radiation. The integrated device includes at least one waveguide configured to propagate excitation energy to the sample wells from a region of the integrated device configured to couple with an excitation energy source. A pixel may also include at least one element for directing the emission energy towards a sensor within the pixel. The system also includes an instrument that interfaces with the integrated device. The instrument may include an excitation energy source for providing excitation energy to the integrated device by coupling to an excitation energy coupling region of the integrated device.

Abstract: An optoelectronic component device includes a plurality of optoelectronic components that provide and/or absorb electromagnetic radiation; a reflector arranged in a beam path of the electromagnetic radiation of the plurality of optoelectronic components and which has a surface that is at least partly reflective with respect to the provided electromagnetic radiation; wherein the plurality of optoelectronic components at least partly surround the reflector or are at least partly surrounded by the reflector; and the reflector reflects a provided electromagnetic radiation such that a predefined field distribution of the reflected electromagnetic radiation is formed in the image plane of the optoelectronic component device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a measurement system 50 having a measuring device 20 and a scanning module 10 which has: a fastening means for fastening the scanning module 10 onto a holder; a beam deflection element 11 that is rotatable by a motor about an axis of rotation 12 to deflect a scanning laser beam 60, wherein the axis of rotation 12 is arranged at a defined angle relative to the pivoting axis 22; and a second angle measurement functionality 13 for determining an angle of rotation from an angle position of the beam deflection element 11. In addition, the measuring device 20 has a holder designed such that the scanning module 10 can be fastened by means of the fastening means in a module-like manner in a defined position on the measuring device 20.

Abstract: A cartridge for processing a sample includes (a) a planar waveguide with upper and lower planar surfaces defining an optical axis therebetween, wherein the upper planar surface has a plurality of capture molecules bound thereto, (b) a lens portion, coupled to the planar waveguide, for focusing and refracting a light beam propagating parallel to, but offset from, the optical axis such that the light beam couples into the planar waveguide and propagates therein along the optical axis at a non-zero, internal propagation angle ? relative to the upper planar surface, and (c) a sample chamber for positioning the sample in contact with the plurality of capture molecules such that a target analyte of the sample is detectable through (i) an assay involving the target analyte and the capture molecules and (ii) evanescent illumination of the assay using the light beam within the planar waveguide.

Abstract: Provided is an antenna module that comprises an antenna comprising a radiation patch for transmitting or receiving the terahertz wave, and a first ground disposed away from the radiation patch, the first ground having a hole, an integrated circuit board having a signal processing unit configured to generate the terahertz wave or to process the terahertz wave received through the antenna, the integrated circuit board being disposed under the antenna and a via configured to connect the radiation patch with the signal processing unit, the via passing through the hole.

Abstract: Modular systems can be used for optical analysis, including in-situ analysis, of stimulated liquids. An excitation module can include a radiation sources, e.g., a laser, LED, lamp, etc. A detection module can include one or more detectors configured to receive spectral and/or temporal information from a stimulated liquid. Such systems can be used to identify or measure optical emissions including fluorescence or scattering. The efficient excitation of liquid samples and collection of emissions from the samples provides substantial, up to four-fold increase in the emission signal over prior systems. In an example, emission measurements can be conducted in an isolated sample compartment, such as using interchangeable modules for discrete sampling, flow-through sampling, or sampling via fiber probe. The systems and methods described herein can be used to characterize natural aquatic environments, including assessments of phytoplankton pigments, biomass, structure, physiology, organic matter, and oil pollution.

Abstract: An optical sensor may include multiple optical emitters configured to emit light into a fluid sample via an optical pathway. Light from the emitters can cause fluorescence from the sample and/or scatter off of the sample. Scattered and fluoresced light can be received by an optical detector in the sensor via the optical pathway, and used to determine at least one characteristic of the fluid sample. A second optical detector can provide reference measurements of the amount of light emitted to the sample. In one example, the optical detector can detect scattered and fluoresced light simultaneously. In another example, light is emitted and detected alternatingly. The sensor can be part of a system that includes one or more controllers configured to control the emitting and detecting of light to and from the fluid sample. The controller can use detected light to determine at least one characteristic of the fluid sample.

Abstract: Aberrations in stimulated emission depletion microscopy are corrected using an adaptive optics approach using a metric which combines both image sharpness and brightness. Light modulators (22,32) are used to perform aberration correction in one or more of the depletion path (10), the excitation path (12), or the emission path from sample to detector.

Abstract: A method of providing supercontinuum illumination in applications involving the excitation of fluorescence, comprising generating, at an optical pump laser, optical pump pulses at a pump pulse repetition rate; selectively controlling with an optical modulator the launch of pump pulses into a nonlinear optical element comprising an optical fiber at a variable, lower repetition rate to thereby selectively control the repetition rate of supercontinuum pulses generated within the optical fiber; and illuminating a sample with supercontinuum pulses to excite fluorescence. The supercontinuum pulses can be wavelength filtered such that the fluorescence is excited with wave length filtered supercontinuum pulses.

Abstract: Optical and chemical analytical systems and methods are provided herein. In one embodiment, a method includes exposing a mixture sample to electromagnetic radiation, the mixture sample including analytes, detecting responsiveness of one or more of the analytes to the electromagnetic radiation, calculating average responsiveness of the one or more of the analytes, and calculating a concentration of the one or more of the analytes in the mixture sample using the average responsiveness.