Abstract: A sensing method of bioparticle positioning includes the steps of: providing a carrier divided into multiple detection areas; adding bioparticle sample in the carrier, wherein the bioparticle sample includes first bioparticle with biomarker and interacts with corresponding tag; providing excitation energy that makes the tag on the first bioparticle emit radioactive energy; moving the first sensor to the detection area respectively; after receiving radioactive energy, defining the detection area where the radioactive energy comes from as activity detection area, and sending location information of the activity detection area to processing module; according to location information, moving second sensor to detection area, detecting the accurate location of the first bioparticle in activity detection area, and sending the accurate location to processing module. A bioparticle positioning sensing system is also provided herein.

Abstract: A cell culture apparatus may include a substrate defining a well. The well may define an interior surface, an exterior surface, an upper aperture and a nadir. The substrate may define a thickness between the interior and exterior surfaces that has a thickness proximate the nadir that is greater than or equal to a thickness proximate the upper aperture.

Abstract: Provided herein is a sampling device and sample storage device suitable for a single molecule is provided in this application, and includes a sample collector, where the sample collector is used for collecting a single-molecule sample from a target solvent, and the sample collector includes a first sample collector and a second sample collector, where the first sample collector is used for collecting a first sample, the second sample collector is used for collecting a second sample, and the relative molecular mass of the first sample is different from that of the second sample.

Abstract: A method for determining a concentration of a synthesis component in a radiopharmaceutical sample comprises providing an indicator, a metal or a metal complex, contacting the radiopharmaceutical sample with the indicator, metal or metal complex for a period of time sufficient to obtain an interaction, measuring an optical characteristic of the interacted components, and determining a concentration of the synthesis component in the radiopharmaceutical sample based on the measured optical characteristic.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for the sensor-based examination of biological cells, comprising at least one well, wherein the at least one well has (a) an opening; (b) a planar base; (c) at least one sensor for the examination of biological cells, wherein the at least one sensor is arranged on the base of the at least one well; and (d) a medium for cryopreservation, with the medium for cryopreservation comprising biological cells and contacting a surface of the at least one sensor, wherein the medium for cryopreservation, which comprises the biological cells, is present in a frozen state.

Abstract: A plasma processing apparatus 1 that performs, on a wafer 16 in which a multilayer film in which an insulating film and a film to be processed containing a metal are alternately laminated is formed on a substrate, plasma etching of the film to be processed, includes: a processing chamber 10 which is disposed inside a vacuum container; a sample stage 14 which is disposed inside the processing chamber and on which the wafer is placed; a detection unit 28 which detects reflected light obtained by the wafer reflecting light emitted to the wafer; a control unit 40 which controls plasma processing on the wafer; and an end point determination unit 30 which determines an etching end point of the film to be processed based on a change in an amplitude of vibration in a wavelength direction of a light spectrum of the reflected light, and the control unit receives determination of the end point made by the end point determination unit and stops the plasma processing on the wafer.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for evaluating the chemical composition of airborne particles by sequentially collecting and analyzing airborne particles in-situ. The method includes: collecting particles; enlarging the particles through water condensation; accelerating the enlarged particles onto a surface to collect enlarged particles; and analyzing the enlarged particles by: isolating the surface; passing a carrier gas over the surface; heating the surface to thermally desorb collected particles into the carrier gas; transporting this evolved vapor into detectors; and assaying the evolved vapor as a function of a desorption temperature. The apparatus includes: a sample flow inlet; a condensational growth tube; a collection and thermal desorption (CTD) cell; a carrier gas source; a heater coupled to the CTD; one or more gas detectors; and a controller configured to operate valves, the heater, the growth tube, and the CTD cell in at least an in-situ sequential collection mode and analysis mode.

Abstract: An optogalvanic effect (OGE) detection system utilizes an intracavity sample cell and a circuit that provides low noise stable excitation and maintenance of a radio frequency (rf) driven gas discharge within the sample cell and a direct current output proportional to the if driving voltage, associated monitoring devices and software. When an optical stimulus interacts with the discharge, any electrical change in the discharge can be simply determined with high precision and accuracy by measuring the impedance of the discharge via a measurement of the direct current output. In a preferred embodiment the rf gas discharge is created with a series resonant oscillator with two push pull sections connected together to generate the high voltage signal. A current source provides a low noise stable current to power the oscillator sections. A band pass amplifier filters the current of the discharge prior to measuring it.

Abstract: A device and method is described for analysing the elemental composition of a liquid sample utilizing a combination of electrochemical pre-concentration followed by spectrochemical analysis of analytes in a single device. The device consists of two electrodes for the purpose of pre-concentration of the analyte ions by electrodeposition, a DC power supply/potentiostat/galvanostat, a high voltage power supply capable of creating an electrical discharge such as arc, spark, glow discharge or plasma, a spectrometer capable of recording a spectrum generated during such discharges as well as a pump(s) for pumping the analyte containing solution. Such a device is autonomous, field-deployable and capable of providing online analysis.

Abstract: A fluid container holder includes a body having a receptacle configured to receive a container. The body has a conductive outer surface for connection to an electrical ground or voltage source, and the holder is not formed solely of an electrically conductive metal. A fluid container handling assembly includes a drawer having a holder supporting a fluid container, and a frame supporting the holder. The frame is movable between a first position providing access to the holder and a second position positioning the holder within the instrument. The assembly also includes a first lock securing the holder to the frame when the frame is at the first frame position and unlocking the holder from the frame when the frame is at the second frame position. The assembly also includes a holder transporter configured to move the holder between a first holder position and a second holder position within the instrument.

Abstract: A streaming current measurement flow cell, free from potential piston-to-electrode contact, with a flexible, but close-fitting piston and sleeve set, wherein a housing-defined bushing, as it encircles the piston's active segment near its upper end, does so with a short, cylindrical sidewall, the inside diameter of which, in comparison to the active segment's diameter, creates a narrower—but by only 0.002 inch—capillary-sized flow channel between the bushing and the active segment than exists between it and the sleeve. Even so, physical contact between piston and sleeve—a major wear factor—is completely eliminated; and larger particles known to scratch/gouge dielectric surfaces are kept out of the piston/sleeve flow channel.

Abstract: Disclosed is a system and method for remote sensing, surface profiling, object identification, and aiming based on two-photon population inversion and subsequent photon backscattering enhanced by superradiance using two co-propagating pump waves. The present disclosure enables efficient and highly-directional photon backscattering by generating the pump waves in properly pulsed time-frequency modes, proper spatial modes, with proper group-velocity difference in air. The pump waves are relatively delayed in a tunable pulse delay device and launched to free space along a desirable direction using a laser-pointing device. When the pump waves overlap in air, signal photons will be created through two-photon driven superradiant backscattering if target gas molecules are present. The backscattered signal photons propagate back, picked using optical filters, and detected.

Abstract: Methods of liquid and solid materials analysis by laser induced ablation spectroscopy are disclosed. The liquid and solid materials are analyzed in an instrument having one pulsed laser to produce emissive plasma plumes and ablate solid material. Liquid phase samples are aerosolized before streaming to an analysis zone where they are dissociated into a plasma plume. A large number of sites within solid phase sample structures and be analyzed using a movable x-y-z stage and displayed in a chemical map.

Abstract: In the operation of analytical devices, and particularly laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) devices, a number of advantages may be obtained by the use of complementary safety mechanisms, such as those that govern the operation or firing of a laser. Such complementary safety mechanisms, compared to the individual safety mechanisms acting alone, prevent operation of the laser under a greater number of unsafe circumstances (even if one or more detected conditions are safe, based on not activating the associated safety mechanism) and permits operation under a greater number of safe circumstances (even if one or more detected conditions are unsafe, based on activating the associated safety mechanism).

Abstract: Disclosed is a system and method for remote sensing, surface profiling, object identification, and aiming based on two-photon population inversion and subsequent photon backscattering enhanced by superradiance using two co-propagating pump waves. The present disclosure enables efficient and highly-directional photon backscattering by generating the pump waves in properly pulsed time-frequency modes, proper spatial modes, with proper group-velocity difference in air. The pump waves are relatively delayed in a tunable pulse delay device and launched to free space along a desirable direction using a laser-pointing device. When the pump waves overlap in air, signal photons will be created through two-photon driven superradiant backscattering if target gas molecules are present. The backscattered signal photons propagate back, picked using optical filters, and detected.

Abstract: A discharge-based photo ionisation detector (PID) for use with gas chromatography systems is provided. The PID includes a discharge zone in which a plasma can be generated, resulting in the emission of energetic photons. The PID further includes an ionisation zone in which the gas sample to be analysed is bombarded by the photons created in the discharge zone, photo ionising the impurities in the gas sample. The generated current is measured in order to measure the concentration of impurities in the gas sample. Plasma localizing of the plasma in the discharge zone and optical monitoring of the emission from the plasma in the discharge zone may be provided. Methods using such a PID with a split input from a chromatography column or with inputs from two different chromatography columns are provided.

Abstract: A method of analyzing a well sample for a well treatment additive includes contacting the sample with functionalized metallic nanoparticles that contain metallic nanoparticles functionalized with a functional group including a cyano group, a thiol group, a carboxyl group, an amino group, a boronic acid group, an aza group, an ether group, a hydroxyl group, or a combination including at least one of the foregoing; irradiating the sample contacted with the functionalized metallic nanoparticles with electromagnetic radiation at a selected energy level; measuring a Raman spectrum emitted from the sample; and determining presence, type or concentration of the well treatment additive in the sample from the Raman spectrum.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are devices and methods for screening gemstones (e.g., diamonds). In particular, the disclosed method and system can efficiently and accurately identify and distinguish genuine earth-mined gemstones (e.g., diamond) from synthetic and treated gemstones or gemstone simulants.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for determining surface contamination of polycrystalline silicon, including the steps of: a) providing two polycrystalline silicon rods by deposition in a Siemens reactor; b) determining contaminants in the first of the two rods immediately after the deposition; c) conducting the second rod through one or more systems in which polycrystalline silicon rods are processed further to give rod pieces or polysilicon fragments, optionally cleaned, stored or packed; d) then determining contaminants in the second rod; wherein the difference in the contaminants determined in the first and second rods gives surface contamination of polycrystalline silicon resulting from systems and the system environment.

Abstract: Disclosed is a system and method for remote sensing, surface profiling, object identification, and aiming based on two-photon population inversion and subsequent photon backscattering enhanced by superradiance using two co-propagating pump waves. The present disclosure enables efficient and highly-directional photon backscattering by generating the pump waves in properly pulsed time-frequency modes, proper spatial modes, with proper group-velocity difference in air. The pump waves are relatively delayed in a tunable pulse delay device and launched to free space along a desirable direction using a laser-pointing device. When the pump waves overlap in air, signal photons will be created through two-photon driven superrdiant backscattering if target gas molecules are present. The backscattered signal photons propagate back, picked using optical filters, and detected.

Abstract: An emission can be obtained from a sample in response to excitation using a specified range of excitation frequencies. Such excitation can include generating a specified chirped waveform and a specified downconversion local oscillator (LO) frequency using a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), upconverting the chirped waveform via mixing the chirped waveform with a specified upconversion LO frequency, frequency multiplying the upconverted chirped waveform to provide a chirped excitation signal for exciting the sample, receiving an emission from sample, the emission elicited at least in part by the chirped excitation signal, and downconverting the received emission via mixing the received emission with a signal based on the specified downconversion LO signal to provide a downconverted emission signal within the bandwidth of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The specified chirped waveform can include a first chirped waveform during a first duration, and a second chirped waveform during a second duration.

Abstract: The present invention provides a plasma spectrochemical analysis method that can be carried out easily and achieves high analytical sensitivity, and includes: a step of concentrating an analyte in a sample in the vicinity of at least one of a pair of electrodes by applying a voltage to the pair of electrodes in the presence of the sample; and a step of generating plasma by applying a voltage to the pair of electrodes and detecting light emitted from the analyte excited by the plasma.

Abstract: A spectrometer for examining the spectrum of an optical emission source may include: an optical base body, a light entry aperture connected to the optical base body to couple light into the spectrometer, at least one dispersion element to receive the light as a beam of rays and generate a spectrum, and at least one detector for measuring the generated spectrum. A light path may run from the light entry aperture to the detector. A mirror group with at least two mirrors may be provided in a section of the light path between the light entry aperture and the at least one detector, in which the beam does not run parallel, which may compensate for temperature effects. In the mirror group, at least one mirror or the entire mirror group may be moveable relative to the optical base body and may be coupled to a temperature-controlled drive.

Abstract: There is provided plate equipped with a mechanism to facilitate determination of the amount of a fluid added to or removed from a well in the plate. Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: An emission can be obtained from a sample in response to excitation using a specified range of excitation frequencies. Such excitation can include generating a specified chirped waveform and a specified downconversion local oscillator (LO) frequency using a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), upconverting the chirped waveform via mixing the chirped waveform with a specified upconversion LO frequency, frequency multiplying the upconverted chirped waveform to provide a chirped excitation signal for exciting the sample, receiving an emission from sample, the emission elicited at least in part by the chirped excitation signal, and downconverting the received emission via mixing the received emission with a signal based on the specified downconversion LO signal to provide a downconverted emission signal within the bandwidth of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The specified chirped waveform can include a first chirped waveform during a first duration, and a second chirped waveform during a second duration.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for detecting and categorizing subsurface hydrocarbon reservoirs. Air samples are collected and analyzed by counting hydrocarbon ions, such as methane ions and counting at least one higher order hydrocarbon ions, such as propane, pentane or hexane. The methane ions and at least one higher order hydrocarbon ions are associated with location co-ordinates to form a first raw data set and second raw data set. The first and second raw data sets are analyzed and processed to produce hydrocarbon footprints. The hydrocarbon footprints are superpositioned with other available geological information and subsurface formations of interest are identified.

Abstract: Optical systems and methods including interferometric systems and methods are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the present invention relates to a system comprising at least one light source including a deep ultraviolet light source, a lens device, a beam splitter, and a camera device. The lens device receives first light, directs at least some of that light toward a target location, receives reflected light therefrom, and directs at least some of the reflected light toward a further location, where at least part of a light path between the deep ultraviolet light source and the target location is other than at a high vacuum. The camera device is positioned at either the further location or an additional location, whereby an image is generated by the camera device based upon at least a portion of the reflected light. Also encompassed herein are interferometric lithography and optical microscopy systems.

Abstract: To improve the detection sensitivity, detection accuracy, and reproducibility when electrostatic discharge is generated in a sample solution and analysis is performed using light emission in the generated plasma. A flow channel 100, which has cylindrical main portions each expanding conically from a narrow portion, is filled with a conductive sample solution, and an electric field is applied to the flow channel 100 to generate plasma in the generated air bubbles, so that the resulting light emission is measured.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system 100 for independently holding and manipulating one or more microscopic objects 158 and for targeting at least a part of the one or more microscopic objects within a trapping volume 102 with electromagnetic radiation 138. The system comprises trapping means for holding and manipulating the one or more microscopic objects and electromagnetic radiation targeting means (116). The light means comprising a light source and a spatial light modulator which serve to modify the light from the light source so as to enable specific illumination of at least a part of the one or more microscopic objects. The trapping means and the electromagnetic radiation targeting means (116) are enabled to function independently of each other, so that the trapped objects may be moved around without taking being dependent on which parts are being targeted and vice versa.

Abstract: To implement an analysis result provision system that can acquire an analysis result of a target substance without transferring the substance when the substance is analyzed using plasma light information occurred from plasma area where the substance is turned to plasma state, a provision system of analysis result includes an analytical terminal that turns a target substance to plasma state and acquires plasma light information occurred from plasma area, and a host computer. The host computer includes host side communication part that acquires plasma light information via telecommunication line, and information analysis part that analyzes the target substance using plasma light information acquired by the host side communication part. The host side communication part transmits the analysis result of the target substance to the sender of the plasma light information. The analysis result is obtained by the analysis of the information analysis part using plasma light information.

Abstract: An emission can be obtained from a sample in response to excitation using a specified range of excitation frequencies. Such excitation can include generating a specified chirped waveform and a specified downconversion local oscillator (LO) frequency using a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), upconverting the chirped waveform via mixing the chirped waveform with a specified upconversion LO frequency, frequency multiplying the upconverted chirped waveform to provide a chirped excitation signal for exciting the sample, receiving an emission from sample, the emission elicited at least in part by the chirped excitation signal, and downconverting the received emission via mixing the received emission with a signal based on the specified downconversion LO signal to provide a downconverted emission signal within the bandwidth of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The specified chirped waveform can include a first chirped waveform during a first duration, and a second chirped waveform during a second duration.

Abstract: A spectroscopic assembly is provided. The spectroscopic assembly includes a thermal isolation platform, a gas reference cell encasing a gas and attached to the thermal isolation platform, the gas reference cell having at least one optically-transparent window, and at least one heater configured to raise a temperature of the encased gas. When a beamsplitter is configured to reflect a portion of an input optical beam emitted by a laser to be incident on the at least one optically-transparent window of the gas reference cell, the reflected portion of the input optical beam is twice transmitted through the gas. When a detector is configured to receive the optical beam twice transmitted through the gas, a feedback signal is provided to the laser to stabilize the laser.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for detecting cadmium using optical emission spectroscopy is provided. The apparatus contains a system which uses optical emission spectroscopy which is programmed and calibrated to detect the presence of cadmium in PPM. The system is calibrated using test samples which have been prepared with a lead/cadmium matrix material having at least one iron based electrode integrated therein.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a method for analyzing a sample of material. The method includes (a) converting a portion of the sample into a plasma multiple times; (b) recording a spectrum of electromagnetic radiation emitted in response to each of the sample conversions to define a sequence of spectra for the sample, in which each member of the sequence corresponds to the spectrum recorded in response to a different one of the sample conversions; (c) using an electronic processor to compare the sequence of spectra for the sample to a sequence of spectra for each of at least one reference sample in a reference library; and (d) using the electronic processor to determine information about the sample based on the comparison to the reference samples in the library.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a method for analyzing a sample of material. The method includes (a) converting a portion of the sample into a plasma multiple times; (b) recording a spectrum of electromagnetic radiation emitted in response to each of the sample conversions to define a sequence of spectra for the sample, in which each member of the sequence corresponds to the spectrum recorded in response to a different one of the sample conversions; (c) using an electronic processor to compare the sequence of spectra for the sample to a sequence of spectra for each of at least one reference sample in a reference library; and (d) using the electronic processor to determine information about the sample based on the comparison to the reference samples in the library.

Abstract: The invention provides methods and devices for generating optical pulses in one or more waveguides using a spatially scanning light source. A detection system, methods of use thereof and kits for detecting a biologically active analyte molecule are also provided. The system includes a scanning light source, a substrate comprising a plurality of waveguides and a plurality of optical sensing sites in optical communication with one or more waveguide of the substrate, a detector that is coupled to and in optical communication with the substrate, and means for spatially translating a light beam emitted from said scanning light source such that the light beam is coupled to and in optical communication with the waveguides of the substrate at some point along its scanning path. The use of a scanning light sources allows the coupling of light into the waveguides of the substrate in a simple and cost-effective manner.

Abstract: A boost device configured to provide additional energy to an atomization source, such as a flame or plasma, is disclosed. In certain examples, a boost device may be used with a flame or plasma to provide additional energy to the flame or plasma to enhance desolvation, atomization, and/or ionization. In other examples, the boost device may be configured to provide additional energy for excitation of species. Instruments and devices including at least one boost device are also disclosed.

Abstract: An emission can be obtained from a sample in response to excitation using a specified range of excitation frequencies. Such excitation can include generating a specified chirped waveform and a specified downconversion local oscillator (LO) frequency using a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), upconverting the chirped waveform via mixing the chirped waveform with a specified upconversion LO frequency, frequency multiplying the upconverted chirped waveform to provide a chirped excitation signal for exciting the sample, receiving an emission from sample, the emission elicited at least in part by the chirped excitation signal, and downconverting the received emission via mixing the received emission with a signal based on the specified downconversion LO signal to provide a downconverted emission signal within the bandwidth of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The specified chirped waveform can include a first chirped waveform during a first duration, and a second chirped waveform during a second duration.

Abstract: One embodiment relates to a computer-implemented method of processing spectral luminescence mapping data obtained from a substrate, the substrate having an epitaxial layer stack that includes a multiple quantum well. A spectral luminescence and an epi thickness at a location on the substrate are obtained. A spectral modulation for the location may be computed given the epi thickness and material indices of refraction. The underlying luminescence spectrum may then be generated by dividing the measured spectral luminescence by the spectral modulation. Subsequently, a peak wavelength and other parameters may be obtained from the underlying luminescence spectrum. In another embodiment, the underlying luminescence spectrum may be determined, without the epi thickness measurement, using a self-consistent technique. Another embodiment relates to an apparatus for spectral luminescence mapping and epitaxial thickness measurement. Other embodiments, aspects and features are also disclosed.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for combining or separating spectral components by means of a polychromat. A polychromat is employed to combine a plurality of beams, each derived from a separate source, into a single output beam, thereby providing for definition of one or more of the intensity, color, color uniformity, divergence angle, degree of collimation, polarization, focus, or beam waist of the output beam. The combination of sources and polychromat may serve as an enhanced-privacy display and to multiplex signals of multiple spectral components. In other embodiments of the invention, a polychromat serves to disperse spectral components for spectroscopic or de-multiplexing applications.

Abstract: Devices, systems, kits, and methods for detecting and/or identifying a plurality of spectrally labeled bodies well-suited for performing multiplexed assays. By spectrally labeling the beads with materials which generate identifiable spectra, a plurality of beads may be identified within the fluid. Reading of the beads is facilitated by restraining the beads in arrays, and/or using a focused laser.

Abstract: A spectroscopic assembly is provided. The spectroscopic assembly includes a thermal isolation platform, a gas reference cell encasing a gas and attached to the thermal isolation platform, the gas reference cell having at least one optically-transparent window, and at least one heater configured to raise a temperature of the encased gas. When a beamsplitter is configured to reflect a portion of an input optical beam emitted by a laser to be incident on the at least one optically-transparent window of the gas reference cell, the reflected portion of the input optical beam is twice transmitted through the gas. When a detector is configured to receive the optical beam twice transmitted through the gas, a feedback signal is provided to the laser to stabilize the laser.

Abstract: A spectral analysis apparatus includes a light transmissive envelope, first and second electrodes, a sleeve, and first and second electrical contacts. The light transmissive envelope contains a fluid operable to emit light when electrically energized. The first electrode is disposed upon an external surface of an end portion of the envelope external to the envelope. The second electrode is disposed upon an external surface of a second end portion external to the envelope. The sleeve defines a cavity configured to removably receive the envelope. The electrical contacts are in communication with the cavity and are configured to electrically connect to the corresponding electrode when the envelope is within the sleeve. The electrical contacts are connectable to an electrical power supply and electrically energize the fluid when connected to the electrical power supply.

Abstract: A sensor that generates an output signal in response to a stimulus, where the output signal is generated with a predetermined relationship to one or more properties of the stimulus such that the one or more properties of the stimulus can be determined as a function of the output signal. In one embodiment, the sensor includes a component, a sensor processor, and a transmitter. The component deteriorates, thereby causing predictable fluctuations in the predetermined relationship between the output signal and the one or more properties of the stimulus. The sensor processor provides information related to the deterioration of the component. The transmitter wirelessly transmits the information provided by the processor.

Abstract: Target chemicals are monitored at very low concentrations in pipelines or vessels such as storage tanks using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy analysis of a sample. A liquid sample having a target chemical such as biocides, corrosion inhibitors, scale inhibitors, anti-foaming agents, emulsion breakers, and hydrate inhibitors are tested while exposed to a prepared and charged surface of a coupon so as to draw the target material to the prepared and charged surface. The charged surface is fairly precisely charged using two other electrodes to calibrate the charge on the surface of the coupon. With the target substance presumably drawn to the coupon, the molecules on the surface of the coupon are excited by monochromatic light such as from a laser to induce vibrations within the molecules.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of controlling engine performance that includes obtaining at least one optical wavelength-dependent measurement from at least one combustion event in at least one combustion chamber. The method further includes analyzing the optical wavelength-dependent measurement for determining adjustments to the at least one combustion event. Additionally, the method includes adjusting the at least one combustion event or at least a next combustion event by changing at least one physical parameter, at least one constituent parameter, or at least one physical parameter and at least one constituent parameter to control the engine performance. The engine can include steady-flow engines or periodic flow engines, and the engine performance can be selected by an engine user.

Abstract: A method includes detecting D2O in a sample by fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluorescence spectroscopy may be near-infrared fluorescence spectroscopy. The method may include observing an excitation wavelength of the sample at 620 nm to 640 nm. The method may also include observing an emission wavelength of the sample at 900 nm to 1000 nm. The method includes detecting D2O and D2O nano-clusters and their alterations in presence of suspended or colloidal objects including bio-molecules or cells, by emission spectroscopy.

Abstract: A spectrometer is provided. In one implementation, for example, a spectrometer comprises an excitation source, a focusing lens, a movable minor, and an actuator assembly. The focusing lens is adapted to focus an incident beam from the excitation source. The actuator assembly is adapted to control the movable mirror to move a focused incident beam across a surface of the sample.

Abstract: A system generates a photoacoustic spectrum in an open or closed environment with reduced noise. A source focuses a beam on a target substance disposed on a base. The base supports a cantilever that measures acoustic waves generated as light is absorbed by the target substance. By focusing a chopped/pulsed light beam on the target substance, a range of optical absorbance may be measured as the wavelength of light changes. An identifying spectrum of the target may detected by monitoring the vibration intensity variation of the cantilever as a function of illuminating wavelength or color.

Abstract: An optical emission spectroscopic system contains multiple distinct light paths that provide increased light to a spectrometer, thereby increasing sensitivity and signal-to-noise of the system.