Abstract: In one embodiment, a lens structure has an object surface, an image surface, and an axicon mirror. The axicon mirror is defined by an inner diameter, an outer diameter, and a tilt angle, with the tilt angle being defined by a plane of the axicon mirror and the surface of the axicon mirror. The image surface is positioned within the inner diameter of the axicon mirror. The lens structure may be incorporated into an optical transmitter having a light source and a photodetector. The light source is positioned to transmit light toward the object surface of the lens structure, and the photodetector is positioned to receive light reflected from the axicon mirror. A method for producing lens structures with different optical attenuation properties is also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method -for improving the imaging properties of a micro lithography projection objective (50), wherein the projection objective has a plurality of lenses (L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, L7, L8) between an object plane and an image plane, a first lens of the plurality of lenses being assigned a first manipulator (ml, Mn) for actively deforming the lens, the first lens being deformed for at least partially correcting an aberration, at least one second lens of the plurality of lenses furthermore being assigned at least one second manipulator, and the second lens being deformed in addition to the first lens. Furthermore, a method is described for selecting at least one lens of a plurality of lenses of a projection objective as actively deformable element, and a projection objective.

Abstract: A laser diode/pre-scan assembly associated with a printhead for a laser printer is presented. The laser diode/pre-scan assembly includes a pair of collimation lenses that are de-centered from the axes of a pair of laser beams to direct the pair of beams inwardly in a process direction and into a single pre-scan lens. A corresponding method of constructing a laser diode/pre-scan assembly for a laser printer is also presented.

Abstract: The invention concerns a device for projecting a linear optical marking onto at least one boundary of a room, such as floor surface for example, comprising a light source (12) that emits laser radiation along an optical axis (16) as well as a cuboid lens (14) connected in series with the light source, penetrated by the optical axis and reflecting as well as refracting the radiation. To facilitate fanning and reflecting of light originating from the light source through constructively simple means, the invention proposes that provided in the frontal surface (20) is a channel-shaped depression (40) and provided in the rear surface (22) is a projection (24), both of which are geometrically designed and arranged so that the radiation can be totally reflected and that totally reflected radiation striking the depression can be fanned out, where the optical marking runs to both transverse surfaces of the lens.

Abstract: A variety of lenses, lens assemblies, imaging devices, applications for such lenses, assemblies and devices, and related methods of operation and manufacturing are disclosed. At least some embodiments of the invention relate to a lens that includes first and second inward-facing surfaces that are each at least partly reflective. The lens further includes a first aperture that is positioned around at least a portion of an outer periphery of one of the first and second inward-facing surfaces, and a second aperture existing proximate a central region of the lens. The light proceeding within the lens between the first and second inward-facing surfaces is reflected at least twice on at least one of the first and second inward-facing surfaces as it travels between the first aperture and the second aperture.

Abstract: A lens barrel includes a fourth lens, a prism, and a sixth lens. The fourth lens receives a light flux incident along a first optical axis. The prism includes a reflecting surface reflecting the light flux passing through the fourth lens to a direction along a second optical axis intersecting with the first optical axis. The sixth lens receives the light flux reflected by the prism. A second group frame includes an opening portion, a prism retaining frame that is arranged in a more inner position than the opening portion and in which the prism is contained, and a plurality of adhesive pockets arranged on an area around the prism retaining frame and being open to the side of the opening portion. Adhesive agent is filled in the adhesive pockets.

Abstract: A dual focal length optical system includes a first optical system and a second optical system. The first optical system is positioned along an optical axis and includes an optical structure having an object side surface and an image side surface. The object side surface and the image side surface include a refractive surface portion and a reflective surface portion. The first optical system has a focal length. The second optical system is positioned on the same optical axis and has a focal length. The focal length of the first optical system is longer than the focal length of the second optical system.

Abstract: A lens unit and a projection screen made of the same are disclosed. The lens unit includes a micro lens having a light incident surface and a light emergent surface opposing to the light incident surface; a light absorbing layer formed on the light emergent surface of the micro lens and having a cavity formed therein; a scattering layer formed in the cavity of the light absorbing layer and including a transparent resin blended with scattering particles; and a reflective layer formed on the light absorbing layer and the scattering layer. The projection screen includes a plurality of the lens units, thereby achieving high contrast and high energy utilization efficiency of incident light with a large viewing angle.

Abstract: A device for shaping laser radiation, in particular for laser radiation emitted by a laser diode bar, has at least one substrate with a plurality of refractive boundary surfaces through which the laser radiation to be produced can pass in such a way that at least two partial beams of the laser radiation, which, prior to their passage, are adjacently arranged in a first direction, are adjacently arranged after their passage through the refractive boundary surfaces in a second direction which is perpendicular to the first direction. The refractive boundary surfaces are formed at a substrate or at substrates that are connected to one another.

Abstract: A three-dimensional optical sheet is arranged between optical elements and a substrate for optically connecting the optical elements and the substrate and includes a sheet section, convex lens sections, and reflecting sections. The sheet section has first and second main surfaces. The convex lens sections are provided on the first main surface for collecting light. The reflecting sections are provided on the second main surface and change the direction of light traveling along the second main surface such that the light enters the convex lens sections.

Abstract: A condensing element system and method thereof includes a first section for each of one or more condensing elements and a second section for each of the one or more condensing elements. The first section for each of one or more condensing elements provides substantially total internal reflection of light entering at a base of the first section. Each of the second sections is optically coupled to one of the first sections and has an output surface with one or more peaks and one or more troughs. The first and second sections for each of the condensing elements are each configured so a half-power angle of the light output from the second section is less than the half-power angle of the light entering the first section.

Abstract: A lens having an axis of symmetry, including a transparent circumferential surface, circumferentially extending about the axis of symmetry, the transparent surface having optical power in planes which include the axis of symmetry, a first reflective surface, symmetric with respect to the axis of symmetry and being operative to reflect light passing through the transparent surface and a second reflective surface, symmetric with respect to the axis of symmetry and axially spaced from the transparent surface and being operative to reflect light reflected by the first reflective surface.

Abstract: An objective optical system for endoscopes has, in order form the object side, a single lens with negative power, a cemented lens with positive power, and an image sensor unit. The cemented lens has a plano-convex lens, located at the image-side end, with a convex surface facing the image side and an aperture stop placed proximate to a cemented portion and the image sensor unit includes an optically cemented body of at least one optical part, a path bending prism, and a solid-state image sensor to satisfy the following conditions: 1.5<TB/f<3.5 2.4<TC/f<4 where f is the focal length of the whole of the objective optical system, TB is the optical path length of the cemented lens, and TC is the optical path length of the image sensor unit.

Abstract: An upper portion region and a lower portion region at a front side surface of a projector lens are constituted as up and down direction diverging portions provided with a plurality of lens elements extended substantially in a horizontal direction by a vertical sectional shape formed in a recessed and projected shape relative to a reference face of the front side surface. After diverging light emitted from the upper portion region and the lower portion region to a front side in an up and down direction, a diverging degree thereof is made to be able to be controlled accurately to thereby pertinently shade off the cutoff line. A spectroscopic color appearing at an upper vicinity of the cutoff line owing to a spectroscopic light phenomenon brought about when light reflected from a reflector transmits through the projector lens is made to be inconspicuous.

Abstract: An exemplary lens includes a first light incident surface, a second light incident surface, a reflecting surface, a first light emitting surface and a second light emitting surface. The second light incident surface is connected with the first light incident surface. The first and the second light incident surfaces cooperatively define a receiving space therebetween. The receiving space is configured for accommodating the point light source. The reflecting surface is connected with the second light emitting surface. The first light emitting surface is opposite to the first light incident surface. Light entering the lens through the first light incident surface exits from the first light emitting surface. The second light emitting surface is connected between the first light emitting surface and the reflecting surface. Light entering the lens through second light incident surface is reflected from the reflecting surface to the second light emitting surface to exit the lens.

Abstract: An apparatus and method is characterized by providing an optical transfer function between a predetermined illuminated surface pattern, such as a street light pattern, and a predetermined energy distribution pattern of a light source, such as that from an LED. A lens is formed having a shape defined by the optical transfer function. The optical transfer function is derived by generating an energy distribution pattern using the predetermined energy distribution pattern of the light source. Then the projection of the energy distribution pattern onto the illuminated surface is generated. The projection is then compared to the predetermined illuminated surface pattern to determine if it acceptably matches. The process continues reiteratively until an acceptable match is achieved.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for producing distinguishable light, in the presence of ambient light is disclosed. The process involves admitting light in a first wavelength band through a first light admission port into a first optical cavity at least partially defined by a first reflector operably configured to reflect light out of the first optical cavity. The process also involves filtering ambient light reflected into the first optical cavity and entering and exiting a first space defined about the first light admission port such that ambient light outside the first wavelength band is attenuated on entry and exit from the first space.

Abstract: In general, in a first aspect, the invention features a system that includes a microlithography projection optical system. The microlithography projection optical system includes a plurality of elements arranged so that during operation the plurality of elements image radiation at a wavelength ? from an object plane to an image plane. At least one of the elements is a reflective element that has a rotationally-asymmetric surface positioned in a path of the radiation. The rotationally-asymmetric surface deviates from a rotationally-symmetric reference surface by a distance of about ? or more at one or more locations of the rotationally-asymmetric surface.

Abstract: A transparent multi-layer lens construction to be worn as a sunglass lens, or a fashion lens, that reflects light in a diffuse manner. The multi-layer lens construction is, in part, a combination of surface form and surface texture combined with a reflective medium and an anti-reflective coating. The present invention offers vast improvements over previously disclosed lens constructions in that it provides for both improved reflectivity and improved optical quality.

Abstract: Described is a wide-angle slip-on viewfinder (1) on rangefinder cameras for analog and digital wide-angle recordings of different image recording formats with lenses of different focal lengths, comprising three lens groups (LG1, LG2, LG3), a frame/mask unit (10) and a partially transmissive prism cube (8) which is designed as a combination element, wherein, on the light entrance side (4) in the viewfinder beam path (9), a first lens group (LG1) has a negative refractive power and the second and third lens groups (LG2, LG3) have a positive refractive power, wherein the second lens group (LG2) is composed of a first lens (L3) arranged downstream of the first lens group (LG1) and a second lens (L4) arranged on the light exit side (7) and the partially transmissive prism cube (8) is arranged between the lenses (L3, L4) and the third lens group (LG3) is arranged in a mask imaging beam path (11) which is at right angles to the viewfinder beam path (9) between the frame/mask unit (10) and the partially transmissive

Abstract: A condensing element, array, and methods thereof include a bowl-shaped outer section and a lens-shaped inner section. The outer section provides substantially total internal reflection of light entering at an input surface of the outer section. The inner section is recessed within the outer section at a distance from the entering light that is within the focal position of the inner section. The outer and inner sections are configured in a preferred embodiment so that substantially all the light exiting the condensing element is substantially parallel to the optical axis of the entering light. In an alternate embodiment, the configuration of the condensing element can be modified to selectively adjust the desired degree of collimation of the exiting light.

Abstract: An immersion optical system includes a plurality of lenses disposed along a light beam path of the immersion optical system. The plurality of lenses include a liquid immerged lens which is contactable with a liquid layer. An optically conjugate point of an object surface is formed in the light beam path of the immersion optical system. The object surface is contactable with a liquid.

Abstract: A projection objective of a projection exposure apparatus for microlithography serves for imaging an object arranged in an object plane onto a light-sensitive wafer in an image plane. The projection objective has a plurality of optical elements which have at least one reflective element and at least one refractive element. The plurality of optical elements lie, in the light propagation direction of the useful light, downstream of the reflective element on a common straight optical axis. The at least one reflective element has a substrate having at least one opening through which light beams can pass. The at least one reflective element is at least partly made from a material which suppresses stray light impinging on the reflective element rearward.

Abstract: An image-taking lens unit includes: a variable magnification optical system for forming an optical image of an object with a variable magnification; and an image sensor for converting the optical image into an electrical signal. The image-taking lens unit changes the shape thereof between a photographing state and a non-photographing state. The variable magnification optical system has a plurality of lens groups for performing magnification variation by changing intervals therebetween and a reflective surface for bending an optical axis. At least one of the plurality of lens groups is a movable group that moves during magnification variation. The reflective surface is kept in fixed position during magnification variation or focusing. In transition from the photographing state to the non-photographing state, at least the reflective surface moves so that at least part of the movable group is stored into a space left after the movement of the reflective surface.

Abstract: An optical system for ultraviolet light includes a plurality of optical elements made of a material transparent to ultraviolet light. At least two of the optical elements are utilized for forming at least one liquid lens group that has a first delimiting optical element, a second delimiting optical element, and a liquid lens, which is arranged in an interspace between the first delimiting optical element and the second delimiting optical element and contains a liquid transparent to ultraviolet light.

Abstract: A hybrid optical component that collects and concentrates incident light. The hybrid component includes both refractive and reflective elements. In preferred embodiments, refractive and reflective components focus rays on a common focal plane generally located at the bottom of the reflector where they are absorbed by a device such as a photovoltaic (solar) cell. Additionally, the optical component combines both imaging and non-imaging optical elements into a single device, for improved overall performance.

Abstract: Disclosed is a lens for an LED outdoor lamp, and a road lamp, a security lamp, a tunnel lamp, a park lamp, a guard lamp, an industrial flood lamp, and an outdoor lamp using the lens. There is an advantage in that the shape of a light field can be a square shape by controlling light distribution. Brightness is very uniform within a available illumination range, and stray light is hardly generated outside of the range.

Abstract: The invention relates to a zoom lens that enables an optical path to be easily bent by a reflecting optical element, has a wide-angle design and high optical performance as represented by a high zoom ratio of about 3.4, is extremely slimmed down in the depth direction, and costs less. The zoom lens comprises a positive first lens group G1, a negative second lens group G2, a positive third lens group G3, a positive fourth lens group G4 and a negative fifth lens group G5. Upon zooming from the wide-angle end to the telephoto end, the first lens group G1 remains substantially fixed with respect to an image plane I, and at least the second G2 and the fourth lens group G4 move. The first lens group G1 includes a reflecting optical element for bending the optical path involved, and a portion of the first lens group G1 on an object side with respect to the reflecting surface has negative refracting power. The zoom lens satisfies condition (1) with respect to the focal length of the fifth lens group G5.

Abstract: New and useful concepts for an imaging optical system configured to simultaneously image a reticle to a pair of imaging locations are provided, where the imaging optics comprise a pair of arms, each of which includes catadioptric imaging optics. In addition, the imaging optics are preferably designed to image a reticle simultaneously to the pair of imaging locations, at a numerical aperture of at least 1.3, and without obscuration of light by the imaging optics.

Abstract: A flat panel lens system as a tapered light guide that has minimal or no margin for fan out. The tapered light guide includes a thin end, and a thick end of which is a bevelled mirror or an optical equivalent. Light is injected into the thin end and the mirror is such that rays injected through a point at the thin end emerge collimated from one of the light guide surfaces, and that collimated rays injected at an appropriate angle through one of the light guide surfaces emerge from a point at the thin end. Bragg gratings can be utilized for color implementations as well. The tapered light guide can be fabricated as a single piece, by extrusion, injection molding, or the combination/variation of extrusion and injection molding, as well as other commonly known techniques.

Abstract: A catadioptric system is provided comprising a correcting plate and an optical system. The correcting plate is configured to condition electromagnetic radiation to correct at least one aberration. The optical system is configured to reflect a first portion of the conditioned electromagnetic radiation, to refract a second portion of the conditioned electromagnetic radiation, and to focus the reflected first portion of the conditioned electromagnetic radiation onto a target portion of a substrate. The first portion of the electromagnetic radiation is not refracted by an optical element, allowing the catadioptric optical system to operate in a broad spectral range.

Abstract: A dual lens optical system includes a first optical system redirecting an optical axis of light representing an image of an object by 90° to form an image on a image sensor, and a second optical system having a movable reflection member configured to be selectively positioned on the part of the redirected optical axis of the optical axis of light passing through the first optical system, and redirecting the light representing the image of the object by 90° using the movable reflection member to form an image on the image sensor, wherein the first optical system and the second optical system share lenses and the image sensor located after the movable reflection member along an optical path.

Abstract: An imaging device includes imagers each having an imaging element. An NP point is located downstream of the imaging element, and all NP points are collectively located within a predetermined radius region centered on one of the NP points. A lens closest to the object is cut along a plane not including the optical axis, and a>H is satisfied, where H is a distance from the optical axis to a center portion of an overlapping region with the adjacent imager when the imaging element is scanned from the optical axis toward the optical axis of the adjacent imager, and a is a distance from the optical axis to a position at which an illuminance ratio does not vary even if an aperture stop state is shifted, although the position is located in a region in which the illuminance ratio decreases as the distance from the optical axis increases.

Abstract: A flat panel lens system as a tapered light guide that has minimal or no margin for fan out. The tapered light guide includes a thin end, and a thick end of which is a bevelled mirror or an optical equivalent. Light is injected into the thin end and the mirror is such that rays injected through a point at the thin end emerge collimated from one of the light guide surfaces, and that collimated rays injected at an appropriate angle through one of the light guide surfaces emerge from a point at the thin end. Bragg gratings can be utilized for color implementations as well. The tapered light guide can be fabricated as a single piece, by extrusion, injection molding, or the combination/variation of extrusion and injection molding, as well as other commonly known techniques.

Abstract: A multiple field of view reflective telescope is described herein which has a laser and associated components inserted therein. In addition, a method is described herein for using the multiple field of view reflective telescope to range an object (e.g., target) or to designate-highlight an object (e.g., target).

Abstract: The present invention relates to two-sided illumination LED lens and LED module and an LED two-sided illumination system using the same; and, more particularly, to two-sided illumination LED lens and LED module including an incidence unit on which light impinges; a first exit unit corresponding to the incidence unit and transmitting a portion of the light upward; a reflection unit extended from the first exit unit and reflecting another portion of the light; and a second exit unit facing the first exit unit and transmitting the light reflected at the reflection unit downward, and an LED two-sided illumination system using the same.

Abstract: A relatively high spectral bandwidth objective employed for use in imaging a specimen and method for imaging a specimen is provided. The objective includes a lens group having at least one focusing lens configured to receive light energy and form focused light energy. The focused light energy forms an intermediate image. The objective further includes at least one field lens located in proximity to an intermediate image, and a catadioptric arrangement positioned to receive the intermediate light energy from the at and form controlled light energy. The catadioptric arrangement may include at least one Mangin element and can include a meniscus lens element.

Abstract: An image pickup apparatus having an optical path reflecting zoom lens system includes a zoom lens system, and an image pickup element which is disposed at an image side of the zoom lens system. The zoom lens system includes in order from an object side thereof a first lens unit G1 having a positive refracting power, which includes a reflecting optical member having a reflecting surface which reflects an optical path, a second lens unit G2 having a negative refracting power, a third lens unit G3 having a positive refracting power, a fourth lens unit G4 having a positive refracting power, and an aperture stop S which is disposed between the second lens unit G2 and the fourth lens unit G4. The first lens unit G1 has a position fixed with respect to a position of the image pickup element. At least the second lens unit G2 and the fourth lens unit G4 move and the zooming is carried out from a wide angle end to a telephoto end by changing a distance between each of lens units.

Abstract: The invention relates to an imaging system comprising an imaging sensor and an optical path for transmitting optical information collected in at least one field of view to the imaging sensor. The at least two optical paths are coupled to a jointly useable optical lens of an optical sensor unit by deflecting at least once a main optical axis of at least one of the optical paths.

Abstract: A 360 degree view anamorphic resolution imaging system, which is a photonic device capable of illuminating the interior surface of a cylindrical object and then focusing the reflected light onto the detection surface of a viewing device. The system enables the selection of the level of image resolution from very high in the longitudinal axis near the center of the image, to moderate axial resolution near the outer edge of the image. The system may be used for viewing in-process machining operations, material flaw detection and measurement, and internal thread inspection.

Abstract: An optical head according to the present invention includes: a first light source that emits light with a first wavelength; a beam splitter that splits the light emitted from the first light source into a first light beam traveling in a first direction and a second light beam traveling in a second direction different from the first direction; a first collimator lens for changing degrees of divergence of the first light beam; a first mirror that changes the traveling directions of the first light beam, of which the degrees of divergence have been changed; a first objective lens for converging the first light beam, which has had its traveling directions changed, toward a storage layer of a first optical disk; a mover that holds the first objective lens; a first photodetector that receives the first light beam reflected from the storage layer of the first optical disk and converts it into an electrical signal; a condenser lens for condensing the second light beam; and a second photodetector that receives the sec

Abstract: A microscope, particularly a laser scanning microscope, with an adaptive optical device in the microscope beam path, comprising two reflective adaptive elements, at least one of which is constructed as an adaptive optical element, both of which are oriented with their reflector surface vertical to the optical axes of the microscope beam path, and a polarizing beam splitter whose splitter layer is located in the vertex of two orthogonal arms of the microscope beam path or two orthogonal portions of a folded microscope beam path, wherein a first adaptive element is associated with one arm and the other adaptive element is associated with the second arm, and a quarter-wave plate is located in each arm between the beam splitter and reflective adaptive element, and a detection device to which the detection light is directed and which is linked to the adaptive elements by evaluating and adjusting devices.

Abstract: A catadioptric optical system having a high numerical aperture operates in a wide spectral range. The catadioptric optical system includes a correcting plate, a first reflective surface and a second reflective surface. The correcting plate conditions electromagnetic radiation to correct at least one aberration. The first reflective surface is positioned to reflect the electromagnetic radiation conditioned by the correcting plate. The second reflective surface is positioned to focus the electromagnetic radiation reflected by the first reflective surface onto a target portion of a substrate. The electromagnetic radiation reflected by the first reflective surface and focused by the second reflective surface is not refracted by a refractive element, thereby enabling the catadioptric optical system to operate in a broad spectral range.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a dielectric lens able to be used in both the radio wave band and the light wave band, and a device using this dielectric lens. The device comprises a dielectric lens formed of a transparent dielectric member being small in dielectric loss and having an omni-directional feature with regard to an electromagnetic wave, a transparent dielectric shell being hollow inside and having the radius of any one surface of this hollow shape that is equal to the focal distance of the dielectric lens, and a holding mechanism for positioning and holding the dielectric shell and the dielectric lens so as to locate the dielectric shell at a position along the focal distance with the dielectric lens included at the inner center of this dielectric shell. The device is provided, at the focal point of the dielectric lens, with a reflector for reflecting an electromagnetic wave or a generator for generating an electromagnetic wave.

Abstract: A rear-view system for a motor vehicle including a catadioptric assembly of at least one external or internal rearview mirror including a non-planar mirror and at least one diopter forming part of a side window of the vehicle or integrated thereto. The mirror and the diopter are configured and designed such that the image of the object restored by the mirror-diopter assembly is not substantially deformed and such that the blind spot or zone not covered by the system is minimized.

Abstract: A variable-power optical system includes, in order from an object side, first to fifth lens groups. The first and third lens groups are fixed at a time of varying magnification and at a time of focusing. The second, fourth and fifth lens groups are movable at the time of varying magnification. The first, third and fourth lens groups have positive refractive powers. The second and fifth lens groups have negative refractive powers. The fourth lens group has a focusing function. The following conditional expressions are satisfied. 0.4<fw/f1<0.8 0.5<|f2/fw|<0.8 where fw denotes a focal length of the whole system at an wide end, f1 denotes a focal length of the first lens group, and f2 denotes a focal length of the second lens group.

Abstract: At least one exemplary embodiment is directed to a viewfinder optical system which includes a first mirror having a roof shape configured to reflect light from an object image formed by a photographic lens towards the object image, a second mirror configured to reflect light reflected from the first mirror towards an observation side, and an eyepiece lens configured to receive light reflected from the second mirror. The second mirror includes a rotationally asymmetrical surface. The eyepiece lens includes at least one rotationally asymmetrical surface. The eyepiece lens includes a plurality of lenses, among which a lens closest to the second mirror includes a rotationally asymmetrical surface.

Abstract: A zoom lens system comprising a plurality of lens units each composed of at least one lens element, wherein an interval between at least any two lens units is changed so that an optical image is formed with a continuously variable magnification, the zoom lens system comprises a first lens unit having positive power, a second lens unit that includes a lens element having a reflecting surface and has negative power and subsequent lens units including at least one lens unit having positive power, and the condition: 0.50<(C?S)/H<1.00(C=?{square root over ( )}(2R·dR?dR2), S is a sag of the image side surface of the most object side lens element in the second lens unit at height H, H is one-half of an optical axial thickness of the lens element having a reflecting surface, R is a radius of curvature of the image side surface, and dR is an interval between the most object side lens element and the lens element having a reflecting surface) is satisfied.

Abstract: A zoom lens for capturing images that enhances the image aberration correction rate to achieve high resolution and zooming ratio. The zoom lens includes, in sequence from an object side to an image side, a first lens group with positive refraction power, a second lens group with negative refraction power, a third lens group with positive refraction power, a fourth lens group with positive refraction power, a fifth lens group with positive refraction power and a sixth lens group with positive refraction power. The positions of first and sixth lens groups are fixed during photographing. When the zoom lens is made to zoom from a wide-angle end to a telephoto end thereof, the second lens group moves toward the image side while the fourth and fifth lens groups move toward the object side. In addition, the zoom lens has a reflection element so as to fold the image light entering thereof.

Abstract: Illumination systems which are designed to illuminate a field in a field plane and simultaneously illuminate a pupil plane with radiation from a light source are disclosed.