Abstract: There is provided an electrical double-layer capacitor that shows only a small increase of resistance even when used under continuous application of high voltage, and has a high energy residual ratio after it is left standing for a long period of time. It includes an electrode element 3 which consists of a pair of electrodes 5 and 5 disposed opposite to each other with a separator 6 interposed therebetween and is impregnated with a nonaqueous electrolyte solution. The nonaqueous electrolyte solution is prepared by dissolving quaternary ammonium salts into cyclic carbonates. The impurities contained in the nonaqueous electrolyte solution impregnated into the electrode element 3 comprise 30 ppm or less of glycols, 30 ppm or less of primary alcohols and less than 20 ppm of tertiary amines, and the water content is 50 ppm or less. The quaternary ammonium salt is triethylmethylammonium tetrafluoroborate. The cyclic carbonate is propylene carbonate. The nonaqueous electrolyte solution has a concentration of 0.

Abstract: A metal collector foil for an electric double layer capacitor has etched upper and lower surface layers and an unetched central layer disposed between the etched upper and lower surface layers. The etched upper and lower surface layers have a total thickness sufficient to provide the metal collector foil with a capacitance per unit area that corresponds to a capacitance value obtained when the etched metal collector foil is subjected to an anodic formation process with application of a withstanding voltage of 65.6 volts, the capacitance value being not less than 1.7 &mgr;F/cm2. The unetched central layer has a thickness sufficient to provide the metal collector foil with a tensile strength not less than 9,000 N/cm2. A method of producing the metal collector foil and an electric double layer capacitor incorporating therein the metal collector foil are also disclosed.

Abstract: Components for use in electrochemical double-layer capacitors utilize at least one layer of a flexible graphite sheet material in an electrode or current collector or utilize a tanged metal layer in a current collector.

Abstract: The invention concerns an operating electrolyte for an electrolytic capacitor that also includes, in addition to ethylene glycol, 1 to 10 weight percent of a derivatized aromatic carboxylic acid. The invention also concerns an aluminum electrolytic capacitor with the operating electrolyte according to the invention. In addition, the invention concerns the use of the capacitor according to the invention. The operating electrolyte according to the invention is distinguished by an improved sparking voltage and permits the capacitor according to the invention to be used at voltages up to 530 V.

Abstract: An electric double layer capacitor is disclosed which is capable of preventing transmission of an electrolytic solution vaporized in a basic cell through current collectors and capable of improving a yield. A method for preparing the electric double layer capacitor is also disclosed.

Abstract: The polymer electrolyte composite, for driving an electrolytic capacitor, according to the present invention is a composite body comprising an electrolyte and an acrylic polymer containing a copolymer of acrylic derivative. The electrolyte comprises a polar solvent and a solute comprising at least one of inorganic acids, organic acids and salts of such acids. The copolymer of acrylic derivative is a polymer of: a first monomer of at least one of a group of monofunctional monomers of acrylic derivatives each having at least one hydroxyl group at a terminal thereof and a polymerizable unsaturated double bond; and a second monomer of at least one of a group of multifunctional monomers of acrylic derivatives each having plural polymerizable unsaturated double bonds.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrolyte for use in batteries and electrical capacitors for use at low temperatures. The electrolyte consists of at least two electrolyte salts in an electrochemical solvent or at least one electrolyte salt in a mixture of electrochemical solvents.

Abstract: An electric double layer capacitor including a positive electrode assembly and a negative electrode assembly, each electrode assembly having a porous layer including a carbonaceous powder and a fluorine-containing polymer formed on at least one side of an aluminum foil current collector, the positive electrode and the negative electrode being disposed so that the porous layer of the positive electrode assembly and the porous layer of the negative electrode assembly face each other with a separator interposed therebetween to form an element, the element being impregnated with a non-aqueous electrolyte and accommodated in a sealed container, wherein the thickness of the porous layer is from 80 to 200 &mgr;m, the thickness of the aluminum foil current collector is from 20 to 80 &mgr;m, the thickness of the separator is from 30 to 170 &mgr;m, and the density of the porous layer is from 0.50 to 0.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel electric double-layer capacitor made of a carbon material having characteristics entirely different from those of the prior art activated carbon. The capacitor develops a capacitance by a mechanism entirely different from the mechanism of an electric double-layer capacitor using activated carbon. The novel capacitor has improved performance including capacitance. The capacitor has polarized electrodes immersed in an organic electrolyte. The electrodes are made of a nonporous carbon having crystallites of graphite-like carbon. When a voltage is applied, electrolyte ions are intercalated between the layers of the crystallites of the graphite-like carbon together with the solvent. Thus, electric double layers are formed. Intercalation is induced by the first cycle of charging. In the second and following cycles, the capacitance is developed.

Abstract: A process for producing an impermeable electrode for electrolytic capacitors, supercapacitors or batteries, with an impermeable conductive layer of graphite, which is deposited from a suspension comprising graphite at a concentration between 1 and 50 g/l in an organic solvent on a substrate by immersion for a given length of time of, for example, approximately 10 to 60 seconds and wherein, after the deposition, the substrate with the layer of graphite is dried at a temperature between approximately 80 and 150° C. for a given length of time of, for example, approximately 1 minute and, after the drying, is heat-treated at a temperature between approximately 200 and 450° C. for a given length of time of, for example, approximately 5 to 60 minutes.

Abstract: An electric double-layer capacitor includes a cell structure constituted by laminating basic cells in series with their collectors serving as connections. Each of the basic cells includes a pair of collectors, a separator disposed between the collectors, and a pair of polarizable electrodes which are disposed between the collectors and the separator and in which an electrolytic solution is contained. The capacitor further includes lead terminal/electrode plate assemblies each having an electrode plate electrically connected to the collectors at opposite ends of the cell structure. Each of the collectors includes a matrix made of an elastomer having a hardness Hs in a range of about 55 (inclusive) to lower than about 85 at ambient temperature, and conductive particles dispersed in the matrix. Thus, in the electric double-layer capacitor, a lower ESR can be realized at in initial stage and even after the service for a long period.

Abstract: An electrolysis solution for electrolytic capacitors comprising an aqueous organic solvent consisting of water and a water-compatible organic solvent and 1,6-decanedicarboxylic acid or a salt thereof dissolved therein, which solution further contains one or more additives selected from the group consisting of dinitriles, pivalic acid and salts thereof, diesters, alkylated lactones, cyanoalkanoic esters, monocarboxylic acids each having a C3-7 alkyl chain and being substituted with two C1-4 alkyl groups at the &bgr;-position to the carboxyl group and salts thereof, monocarboxylic acids each having a C3-7 alkyl chain and being substituted with one ethyl group at the &agr;-position to the carboxyl group and salts thereof, and monocarboxylic acids derived from cyclic saturated compounds each having five or six ring-constituting carbon atoms and salts thereof.

Abstract: An electric double layer capacitor having a pair of polarized electrodes and an electrolytic solution capable of forming an electric double layer at the interface with the polarized electrodes, wherein the electrolytic solution contains a salt of the Formula 1 as the electrolyte and at least dimethyl carbonate as a solvent: R1R2R3R4N+X−  Formula 1 wherein R1 is a n-propyl group and each of R2, R3 and R4 which are independent of one another, is a methyl group or an ethyl group, provided that two selected from R1 to R4 may together form a tetramethylene group, and X− is an anion.

Abstract: There is provided an aluminum electrolytic capacitor including a hollow capacitor element composed of an anode foil, a cathode foil each with an extracted lead member connected thereto, and a separator between both the foil wound into a coil, an end face of the cathode foil is projected relative to the corresponding face of the anode foil; a elastic sheet which is wound on the periphery of the capacitor element; a cylindrical metallic case having the bottom in which a fixing rod is projected on the center of the bottom for fitting into a hollow hole part of the capacitor element and one or more fixing ribs are provided on the bottom for abutting with the projected end face of the cathode foil; and a sealing plate for covering the upper opening of the metal case which has a pair of terminals formed passing through the sealing plate for connecting to extracted lead member of the capacitor element and a threaded portion for external connection; wherein the metal case has one or more annular extrusions projected

Abstract: A method of formation and charge of a negative polarizable electrode of an electric double layer capacitor. The method can be used for manufacturing of high capacitance capacitors utilizing the energy of the electric double layer. The methods achieve hydrogen evolution on carbonaceous materials using very negative potentials. The methods provide an EDL capacitor, employing an aqueous electrolyte, with improved specific energy. The methods may also ensure the hermeticity of the capacitor. The methods include pretreating the electric double layer capacitor by keeping the negative polarizable electrode at a desired minimum potential prior to use. Desirably, the minimum potential ranges from about −0.25 to about −1.2 V vs. a reference hydrogen electrode.

Abstract: A freestanding, microporous polymer sheet is composed of a polymer matrix binding an electrically conductive matrix. The polymer matrix preferably includes UHMWPE, and the electrically conductive matrix preferably contains one of a carbonaceous material and a metal oxide, or a combination thereof. The UHMWPE is of a molecular weight that provides sufficient molecular chain entanglement to form a sheet with freestanding characteristics. Multiple microporous sheets can be wound or stacked in a package filled with an electrolyte to function as electrodes in an energy storage device, such as a battery or an ultracapacitor.

Abstract: An electric double layer capacitor including at least one pair of polarizable electrodes connected to current collectors, a separator made of ion-permeable but electron-insulating material interposed between the electrodes in each pair of electrodes, and a liquid electrolyte. According to the invention the electrodes include a layer of carbon particles having a narrow distribution of nanopores therein, the pore sizes of the nanopores being adapted to fit the ion sizes of the electrolyte. The invention also relates to a method of manufacturing such a supercapacitor.

Abstract: The invention features an electrochemical device which includes at least two capacitor electrodes 16, each of which includes a conductive material characterized in that at least ten percent (10%) of the overall surface area of the conductive material is an edge plane. In contrast to a basal plane, the electric field along an edge plane is distorted so as to exhibit an ‘edge effect or ‘fringe effect. Capacitor electrodes 16 with many edges, points, corners, or fractal surfaces exhibit greater capacitance per unit volume or mass amount of capacitor electrode material, than do materials in which the surface area of the material is predominately basal plane. An electrochemical device of the invention can be, for example, an electrochemical cell, e.g., a battery, a capacitor, or a flow-through capacitor.

Abstract: A disclosure is made on a solid electrolytic capacitor, which facilitates an assembly work with simple construction to lead to a reduction of cost, realizes excellent equivalent series resistance characteristics and makes a thin configuration possible, and a manufacturing method thereof. With the solid electrolytic capacitor of the present invention, a cathode lead frame has a connecting member to connect integrally with a cathode member of a capacitor element stack body on the side surface of a capacitor element extending in the thickness direction thereof. Capacitor elements, each provided with a through hole on an anode member, are stacked on top of each other in layers and connections between capacitor elements are achieved by disposing an anode lead frame between layers.

Abstract: An electrode for an electrolytic capacitor and a method for producing the electrodes including a conducting electrode material, in particular a foil, such as an aluminum foil. The conducting electrode material, for the purpose of increasing the surface, is exposed to a chemical or an electrochemical etching process. During the etching process, in an etching cell, at least one zone of the surface of the electrode material is covered with an etch-resistant coating and/or a separate protective shielding. After the etching process, the electrode is cut out, punched out or the like worked out of the electrode material such that the etched zone forms at least one margin region, in particular, a margin strip of the electrode.

Abstract: Iron oxide film directly grown on iron, steel, or other substrates by chemical or electrochemical oxidation is a promising material for energy storage through surface adsorption of static charges. As the electrode materials of energy-storage devices, the hydrated iron compound has a chemical composition of FexOyHz, where 1.0≦x≦3.0, 0.0≦y≦4.0, and 0.0≦z≦1.0. An aqueous or organic solution of a metallic salt including sulfates, sulfites, hydroxides, chlorides, phosphates and nitrates is used as electrolyte for the electrochemical devices. Cyclic voltammetry indicates that the iron-oxide electrodes in the electrolytes can store charges as high as 0.5 F/cm2 or 320 F/g of the electrode materials. Electrochemical capacitors using the iron oxide as the electrode material is an economical and viable power source for use in portable electronics, power tools, and electrical vehicles.

Abstract: An implantable medical device comprising a housing, a capacitor assembly, an electronics module and an energy source, such as a battery. The capacitor assembly is disposed within the housing. The electronics module is electrically connected to the capacitor assembly and similarly disposed within the housing. The capacitor assembly comprising a case, an electrode stack and an insulative liner between the case and the electrode stack. The capacitor assembly electrode stack comprising a plurality of electrode subassemblies each having a plurality of anode plates and a plurality of cathode plates with a separation layer between anode and cathode plates. The liner also maintains alignment and immobilizes the electrode stack within the capacitor assembly. Finally, the energy source is electrically connected to the electronics module. With this configuration, an overall shape and size of the implantable medical device is optimized.

Abstract: The invention concerns a high power capacitor ideally polarizable consisting of a positive electrode (2) and its current collector (4), a negative electrode (3) and its current collector (5), said electrodes comprising a carbon containing material with high specific surface area, a separator (6) and a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte impregnating said separator and said electrodes. The invention is characterised in that the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte is an organic solution of a sodium or potassium or alkalin-earth metal salt, on their own or mixed in a solvent containing an acid.

Abstract: Deionizers using the electrode configurations of electrochemical capacitors are described, wherein the deionizing process is called capacitive deionization (CDI). During deionization, a DC electric field is applied to the cells and ions are adsorbed on the electrodes with a potential being developed across the electrodes. As electrosorption reaches a maximum or the cell voltage is built up to the applied voltage, the CDI electrodes are regenerated quickly and quantitatively by energy discharge to storage devices such as supercapacitors. In conjunction with a carousel or Ferris wheel design, the CDI electrodes can simultaneously and continuously undergo deionization and regeneration. By the responsive regeneration, the CDI electrodes can perform direct purification on solutions with salt content higher than seawater. More importantly, electrodes are restored, energy is recovered and contaminants are retained at regeneration, while regeneration requires no chemicals and produces no pollution.

Abstract: An electrical double layer capacitor includes a capacitor cell structure comprising: a separator; polarization electrodes; collectors; and a gasket, wherein at least a part of at least either one of the collectors and the gasket has a gas permeability coefficient of at least 4.0E-12[m3/(m2·S·Pa)].

Abstract: An electrode material for an electric double layer capacitor having a carbon fiber as an essential material. The carbon fiber has a coaxial stacking morphology of truncated conical tubular graphene layers, and each of the truncated conical tubular graphene layers includes a hexagonal carbon layer. Edges of the hexagonal carbon layer are exposed. The exposed edges of the hexagonal carbon layers have a high degree of activity and can be modified with functional groups such as —COOH, —CHO, or —OH. This enables use of the carbon fiber as the electrode material. The specific surface area of the surfaces on which the edges are exposed is extremely large, whereby a large-capacitance electric double layer capacitor can be formed.

Abstract: According to a first embodiment of the present invention, a self-contained portable energy storage device is disclosed that includes a housing having first and second external contact terminals, a high-energy storage capacitor disposed in the housing and coupled between first and second internal terminals, and a voltage converter disposed in the housing and coupled to the first and second internal terminals. The voltage converter is also coupled to the first and second external contact terminals to convert the voltage appearing at the first and second internal terminals to a substantially constant voltage that the voltage converter applies to the first and second external contact terminals.

Abstract: A method of making an electrode structure, the electrode structure and a double layer capacitor including the electrode structure, the method comprising the steps of: forming a plurality of electrodes, each having a current collector plate, a primary coating formed on each side of the collector plate, the primary coating including conducting carbon powder and a binder, and a secondary coating formed on each primary coating, the secondary coating including activated carbon powder, a solvent and a binder; positioning a respective separator between each electrodes while stacking the electrodes such that the respective separator is juxtaposed against respective secondary coatings of adjacent electrodes that electrically insulates the adjacent electrodes, whereby forming an electrode stack; and rolling the electrode stack into a cylindrical electrode structure.

Abstract: A charge storage device comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode being opposed to and spaced apart from the first electrode; a porous separator disposed between the electrodes; a sealed package for containing the electrodes, the separator and an electrolyte in which the electrodes are immersed; and a first terminal and a second terminal being electrically connected to the first electrode and the second electrode respectively and both extending from the package to allow external electrical connection to the respective electrodes, wherein the gravimetric FOM of the device is greater than about 2.1 Watts/gram.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a secondary battery and capacitor comprising as an active material of an electrode a compound having a trimer structure comprising three structure units of one or more kind of indole compounds selected from indole and indole derivatives and a condensed polycyclic structure having a six-membered ring composed of atoms of the second and the third position of the each three structure units, wherein the active material comprises as the compound a first compound having a trimer structure wherein any bonds between the structure units are formed among the second position of one structure unit and the third position of the other structure unit and a second compound having a trimer structure comprising a bond formed among the second position of one structure unit and the second position of the other structure unit, and a proton is utilized as a charge carrier of the first compound and the second compound.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a novel capacitor. The capacitor may be used in electric double layer capacitors. The capacitors include a polarizable electrode including activated carbon and a non-polarizable electrode including lead dioxide and lead sulfate. The capacitors of the present invention provide considerably higher electric capacity, higher durability, and low resistance, while maintaining high conductivity. Additionally, the electrodes may be produced more quickly and inexpensively.

Abstract: A component cell of an electric double layer capacitor is fabricated by forming first and second half portions of the cell. In each of the half portions a polarized electrode impregnated with electrolyte is pasted to a collector electrode so that a stepped portion is formed on the periphery of the collector electrode. A gasket is attached to the stepped portion of each half portion, and a center gasket is attached to the periphery of a separator which is placed between the first and second half portions. Pressure is then applied to the first and second half portions of the cell in directions towards each other at an elevated temperature so that all gaskets are thermally joined together. A plurality of such component cells are stacked in a layered structure and sealed in a package.

Abstract: An electrical double layer capacitor has an electrolyte included of a non-aqueous solvent and a supporting salt dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent. A pair of polarizing electrodes are disposed in confronting relation with one another. A separator is disposed between the polarizing electrodes. The supporting salt contained in the electrolyte exists only in regions proximate a surface of the polarizing electrodes when the electrical double layer capacitor is fully charged. When the electrical double layer capacitor is charged at 3.3 V for 24 hours, a charged current after 24 hours is in the range of from about 5 &mgr;A/cm2 to about 22 &mgr;A/cm2 per unit area of the polarizing electrodes.

Abstract: Implantable medical devices (IMDs) and their various components, including flat electrolytic capacitors for same, and methods of making and using same, particularly an improved electrolytic capacitor with optimized ESR and anode layer surface area. An electrode stack assembly and electrolyte are located within the interior case chamber of a hermetically sealed capacitor case. The electrode stack assembly comprises a plurality of capacitor layers stacked in registration upon one another, each capacitor layer comprising a cathode layer having a cathode tab, an anode sub-assembly comprising at least one anode layer having an anode tab, and a separator layer located between adjacent anode and cathode layers, whereby all adjacent cathode layers and anode layers of the stack are electrically insulated from one another by a separator layer.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electric double-layered capacitor fabricated by inserting a UV-curing gel type polymer electrolyte having excellent characteristics of ion conductivity, adhesion to electrode, compatibility with an organic solvent electrolyte, mechanical stability, permeability, and applicability to process, between electrodes. Accordingly, the present invention increases its storage capacitance, reduces self-discharge of electricity, and decreases inner cell resistance.

Abstract: A metal oxide electrode for a supercapacitor and a manufacturing method thereof are disclosed. Potassium permanganate is absorbed on a conductive material, such as carbon or activated carbon, and mixed with a solution including manganese acetate so as to form amorphous manganese oxide. Amorphous manganese oxide powder is grounded to a powder which is mixed with binder to form an electrode having a predetermined shape. The electrode reduces equivalent serial resistance and enhances high frequency characteristics since the contact area and the adhesion strength between the manganese oxide and the conductive carbon are improved. Also, the electrode has high capacitance suitable for a supercapacitor, which is manufactured therefrom at a greatly reduced cost.

Abstract: Provided are electrochemical (e.g., double layer capacitor) cell designs and methods of their manufacture, which reduce cell impedance and increase volumetric capacitance while maintaining inter-electrode dielectric integrity and cell performance. The designs eliminate the contiguous separator material used as the dielectric between the electrodes in conventional double layer capacitor cells. The separator is replaced by a noncontiguous array of dielectric particles, such as glass beads or fibers, sized and distributed to provide substantially uniform separation between the electrodes. The remaining space between the electrodes unoccupied by the dielectric particles is filled with electrolyte. In this way, a much greater proportion of the dielectric space between the electrodes is available for ionic transport. Glass beads and fibers are available with diameters less than that available for currently-used separator materials.

Abstract: Flat electrolytic capacitors and methods of making and using same in implantable medical devices (IMDs) are disclosed, the capacitors having a plurality of capacitor layers of an electrode stack formed of tailored numbers of anode and cathode layers to fill the available stack height space in the capacitor case. The capacitor is formed with a capacitor or electrode stack assembly having a stack assembly thickness or height HN that is tailored to fit a case wall height Hcw of the capacitor case with minimal wasted space and allowance for any stack height tolerance to. The electrode stack assembly comprises a plurality of N stacked capacitor layers each having a specified capacitor layer thickness or height. At least N1 capacitor layers have a first capacitor layer thickness T1 and N2 capacitor layers have a second capacitor layer thickness T2 where N=(N1+N2), and HN=N1*T1+T1*N2.

Abstract: A high-strength capacitor (1) for high-voltage charges includes a body having a set of elements (2) arranged therein as well as a plurality of current out puts (3) connected to said elements. The set of elements includes serially connected peripheral (4) and inner (5) elements which include porous electrodes (6,7) with a volumetric collector, isolation separators (8,9) as well as an electron conducting collector (10). In order to equalize the voltage in a set of serially connected elements, the body includes electron conductors connected together by clamps and arranged in openings (13) formed in each separator. The sets further include a cover (14) separated from the body by an additional layer (15). The body is self-supporting. The porous electrodes are elastic.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell contains, as an electrode active material, a mixture of trimer compounds each in the form of indoles or indole derivatives coupled to each other in second and third positions thereof, and tetramer compounds each of indoles or indole derivatives. In the cell, protons are used as charge carriers.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a conductive electrolyte for use in high voltage electrolytic capacitors and to an electrolytic capacitor impregnated with the electrolyte of the present invention for use in an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). The electrolyte according to the present invention is composed of a two solvent mixture of ethylene glycol and an alkoxy-substituted alcohol, such as 2-methoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, or 2-butoxyethanol. Dissolved in this mixture is a combination of acids including at least one straight chain aliphatic dicarboxylic acid of carbon chain length from eight to thirteen (C8 to C13) and a longer chain dicarboxylic acid, where the acid functional groups are separated by 34 carbons (referred to as “dimer acid”). As further additives, boric acid and hypophosphorous acid can be added, with the former providing corrosion inhibition in the finished capacitor, and the latter resulting in lower leakage currents and better voltage droop characteristics.

Abstract: A process for producing a carbon material for an electric double layer capacitor electrode, including activating a graphitizable carbon or a graphitizable carbon source to have its pore volume in the range of 0.6 to 1.5 cm3/g, and imparting mechanical impact force to the graphitizable carbon or the graphitizable carbon source activated in the activating step to reduce the pore volume to at most 75% of that before the mechanical impact force is imparted.

Abstract: An aluminum electrolyte capacitor with reduced inductivity is installed in a metal housing that is closed by a cover disk provided with metallic lead-throughs. Electrically conductive bodies are arranged at the cover disk at a region of high magnetic fields when current flows.

Abstract: An electric double layer capacitor of an electrode containing a carbon material as the main component, and an electrolyte to form an electric double layer at the interface with the electrode, wherein the electrolyte is one having a salt of a quaternary onium containing a polyfluoroalkyl group dissolved in an organic solvent.

Abstract: Deionizers using the electrode configurations of electrochemical capacitors are described, wherein the deionizing process is called capacitive deionization (CDI). During deionization, a DC electric field is applied to the cells and ions are adsorbed on the electrodes with a potential being developed across the electrodes. As electrosorption reaches a maximum or the cell voltage is built up to the applied voltage, the CDI electrodes are regenerated quickly and quantitatively by energy discharge to storage devices such as supercapacitors. In conjunction with a carousel or Ferris wheel design, the CDI electrodes can simultaneously and continuously undergo deionization and regeneration. By the responsive regeneration, the CDI electrodes can perform direct purification on solutions with salt content higher than seawater. More importantly, electrodes are restored, energy is recovered and contaminants are retained at regeneration, while regeneration requires no chemicals and produces no pollution.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a cylindrical high voltage supercapacitor. An anode and a cathode are provided. At least one bipolar electrode is interposed between the anode and the cathode, and a separator is intervened in each pair of the above electrodes. The anode, the cathode, the bipolar electrode and the separator, as placed in the above order, are wound concentrically into a roll, so as to form the cylindrical high voltage supercapacitor.

Abstract: A capacitance type humidity detecting sensor has two electrodes opposing each other with a gap interposed therebetween to form a capacitor on a silicon substrate with a silicon oxide film formed on a surface thereof. A moisture-sensitive film is formed so as to cover the two electrodes with a silicon nitride film interposed therebetween. The silicon nitride film protects the two electrodes from moisture passing through the moisture-sensitive film. The capacitance formed between the two electrodes changes in accordance with ambient humidity. A switched capacitor circuit formed in a circuit element portion processes a signal indicative of a change in the capacitance formed between the two electrodes.

Abstract: A carbonaceous material having a pore size distribution, as determined from a nitrogen adsorption isotherm, in which pores with a radius of up to 10 Å account for at most 70% of the total pore volume, and having a specific surface area, as measured by the nitrogen adsorption BET method, of 1-500 m2/g is optimized for the penetration of non-aqueous electrolyte solution to the interior thereof and the surface adsorption of ionic molecules so as to form an electrical double layer thereon. Electrical double-layer capacitors assembled using polarizable electrodes made with the carbonaceous material have a high voltage, a high energy density, a high capacitance, a long cycle life, and are amenable to miniaturization.

Abstract: Flat electrolytic capacitors particularly for use in implantable medical devices having stacked cathode and anode layers particular electrical connections of the capacitor anode and cathode layers with a capacitor connector assembly. Anode terminal means extend through the capacitor case side wall for electrically connecting a plurality of the anode tabs to one another and providing an anode connection terminal at the exterior of the case that is electrically insulated from the case. A cathode terminal extends through or to an encapsulation area of the capacitor case side wall via a cathode terminal passageway for electrically connecting a plurality of the cathode tabs to one another and providing a cathode connection terminal at the exterior of the case. The connector assembly is electrically attached to the anode connection terminal for making electrical connection with the anode tabs and to the cathode connection terminal for making electrical connection with the cathode tabs.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrolyte for use in batteries and electrical capacitors for use at low temperatures. The electrolyte consists of at least two quaternary ammonium salts in a nitrile solvent.