Abstract: A light guide element (201) for modifying a light distribution pattern of a light source (202) is presented. The light source radiates first light beams to a first quarter-space and second light beams to a second quarter-space, where the first and second quarter-spaces are defined by mutually perpendicular spatial planes and one of the spatial planes constitutes a planar boundary between the first and second quarter-spaces. The light guide element includes transparent material (207) on a route of the first light beams for modifying the light distribution pattern of the first light beams and a reflective surface (208) for reflecting at least a part of the second light beams to the first quarter-space. A surface of solid material on a route of the second light beams includes grooves for spreading the light distribution pattern of the second light beams in the direction of the section line between the spatial planes.

Abstract: An armature for an illuminant can comprise: walls formed by an armature composition. The armature composition can comprise an armature polymer, 10 wt % to 20 wt % coated titanium dioxide, and greater than zero to 0.001 wt % carbon black, wherein the weight percentages are based upon a total weight of the armature composition. The armature polymer can comprise polycarbonate. At a thickness of greater than or equal to 3 mm, the armature has a reflection at 700 nm of greater than or equal to 93%. A light fixture can comprise a light source in the armature.

Abstract: A patterned article includes a substrate support having planar substrate surface portions including a substrate material having a substrate refractive index. A patterned surface is on the substrate support including a plurality of features lateral to the planar substrate surface portions protruding above a height of the planar substrate surface portions. At least a top surface of the plurality of features include an epi-blocking layer including at least one of (i) a non-single crystal material having a refractive index lower as compared to the substrate refractive index and (ii) a reflecting metal or a metal alloy (reflecting material). The epi-blocking layer is not on the planar substrate surface portions.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a resin composition for molding a reflector for a light-emitting semiconductor diode comprising about 25 to about 80 wt. % of an heat-resistant aromatic polyester, about 5 to 50 wt. % of titanium dioxide filler; and about 5 to 50 wt. % of a glass fibers having a flat surface. In another aspect of the present invention, there is also provided a reflector for a light-emitting semiconductor element, which includes a molded product of the resin composition. In a further aspect of the present invention, there is also provided a light-emitting semiconductor unit comprising a light-emitting semiconductor diode element, leads connecting electrodes of the light-emitting semiconductor diode element with external electrodes, respectively, and the reflector.

Abstract: An apparatus, method, and system for lighting target areas with bollard or pagoda-type lights in a controlled and efficient manner. The apparatus includes a housing with a light source, optic system, and a control circuit. The light source and optic system are configured to produce a highly controlled output beam pattern and shield from normal viewing angles direct sight of the source. This enables control of glare and spill light which can improve effectiveness, efficiency, and energy usage.

Abstract: Disclosed are improved photoluminescence wavelength conversion components and lamps that incorporate such components. The photoluminescence wavelength conversion component comprises a hollow cylindrical tube having a given bore of diameter and an axial length. The relative dimensions and shape of the component can affect the radial emission pattern of the component and are configured to give a required emission pattern (typically omnidirectional). The photoluminescence material can be homogeneously distributed throughout the volume of the component during manufacture of the component. An extrusion method can be used to form the improved photoluminescence wavelength conversion component. Injection molding or casting can also be used to form the component. Another possible approach is to manufacture the component is by forming a flexible sheet material to include the phosphor and/or quantum dots, and then rolling the sheet material into the desired shape and dimensions for the component.

Abstract: An optical coupling device is used for optically coupling light sources with a light guide plate. The optical coupling device includes transparent light guide portions. Each light guide portion has a light incident surface, a light emitting surface, a top surface, and a bottom surface. The light incident surface is opposite to the light emitting surface. The top surface is opposite to the bottom surface. Along a direction perpendicular to the top surface, a thickness of the light incident surface is greater than a thickness of the light emitting surface. The light incident surface is optically coupled with a corresponding one of the light sources. The light emitting surface is optically coupled with the light guide plate.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to methods and systems for narrowing a wavelength emission of light. In certain aspects, methods of the invention involve transmitting light through a filter and passing a portion of the filtered light through a gain chip assembly at least two times before that portion of light passes again through the filter.

Abstract: Polymer compositions are described that are well suited for producing reflectors for light-emitting devices, such as light-emitting diodes. In one particular embodiment, the polymer composition contains a polymer resin, a white pigment, a silicone compound, and a nucleating agent. The polymer resin may comprise, for instance, a poly(1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol terephthalate). In accordance with the present disclosure, the composition also contains at least one silicone compound and at least one nucleating agent. The silicone compound and nucleating agent have been found to improve the molding processability and reflectance stability of the polymer composition.

Abstract: A LED module with separate heat-dissipation and electrical conduction paths is disclosed, having a metal substrate; a plastic layer, comprising one or more hollow regions, and attached to the metal substrate; one or more conducting elements attached to the plastic layer; one or more LED chips positioned in the one or more hollow regions of the plastic layer and directly attached to the metal substrate; and a plurality of conducting wires for electrically connecting the one or more conducting elements and the one or more LED chips; wherein inner sides of the one or more hollow regions comprise one or more inclined surfaces each having an included angle with an upper surface of the metal substrate, and the included angle is between 90-180 degrees.

Abstract: A light emitting device wherein discoloration of a reflective layer in an optical component can be prevented and a stable optical output power can be maintained, and a method of manufacturing an optical component used in the light emitting device. The optical component includes a supporting member defining a through-hole, a reflective layer formed on an inner wall defining the through-hole, a protective layer formed on the reflective layer, and a light transmissive member having a light incident surface, a light emitting surface, and an outer circumference side-surface, and disposed in the through hole. The light transmissive member is fixed in the through-hole with a joining portion where the outer circumference side-surface and the protective layer are joined, and an end portion at the light emitting side of the joining portion is covered with a second protective layer disposed continuously on the protective layer and the light transmissive member.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the disclosure relate to an optical system that includes a base unit and one or more cartridges that are removably attachable to the base unit. The one or more cartridges can include optical components configured to output a beam of light (e.g., a laser). The base unit can be configured to combine multiple beams of light (e.g., emitted by multiple cartridges) and output a combined beam of light. The cartridges can be interchanged to modify the light output by the optical system. The optical system can include thermally one or more stable enclosures and/or a temperature controller. The optical system can include one or more alignment adjustment optical components configured to adjust the alignment of one or more light beams.

Abstract: A fiber-based reflective lighting device. The lighting device includes a source configured to generate a primary light, a substrate including a mat of reflective nanofibers, and a light exit configured to emanate the reflected light. The fibers have an average fiber diameter AFD less than 500 nm which diffusively reflects visible light upon illumination with at least the primary light. The mat has a basis weight less than 40 gram per square meter (gsm) and a reflectance greater than 80%.

Abstract: The disclosure generally relates to highly efficient light duct light extractors that are capable of extracting a portion of the light propagating within a light duct with nearly 100 percent efficiency. In particular, the described light extractors are configured in a “Tee” shape with a reflective diverter element.

Abstract: A reflection sheet of display backlighting unit is designed to be spaced apart by a predetermined gap distance from an overlying optical layer. However, the reflection sheet may inadvertently come into at least partial contact with the overlying optical layer. The reflection sheet is configured to avoid the creation of line contacts and wide area contacts with the optical layer. More specifically, the reflection sheet includes an upper skin layer having particles embedded therein. An average of surface roughness or height differences of the protrusions is caused to have a value of 15 ?m or larger, and an interval between the adjacent protrusions is caused to be 200 ?m or less.

Abstract: A light guide element includes a hollow housing defining a cavity and a reflective film. The housing includes a front wall with an opening, a closed rear wall opposite to the front wall, and four sidewalls interconnected between the front wall and the rear wall. One of the sidewalls defines a number of light output holes. The opening and the light output holes communicate with the cavity. The reflective film is formed on the entirely inner side surfaces of the housing in the cavity. Light from the opening is repeatedly reflected by the reflective film in the cavity and finally exits the housing through the light input holes.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electric lamp (102) comprising a primary semiconductor light source (104) in thermal communication with a primary reflector (106). Herein, the primary reflector (106) is reflective, transparent and/or translucent. The primary reflector (106) is configured for transferring heat generated by the primary semiconductor light source (104) during operation away from said primary semiconductor light source (104). As a result, the electric lamp (102) according to the invention effectively reduces the number of parts comprised in the electric lamp (102), thereby lowering the costs of manufacturing the electric lamp (102).

Abstract: An LED lamp including a light guide/light pipe, and a method of reflecting light using same, are disclosed. The LED lamp includes a transparent light pipe enclosed in an envelope, where the light pipe has a lower section and an upper section. The lamp also includes an LED in a recess at a lower end of the lower section, and a reflector formed by an indentation in an upper end of the upper section. The lower section may be a compound parabolic concentrator, and the upper section may be a tapered cylinder. The lower section of the light pipe collects light emitted from the LED, the upper section of the light pipe directs the collected light onto the reflector, and the reflector reflects the directed light in a radial direction.

Abstract: A fiber-based reflective lighting device and a housed lighting device. The fiber-based reflective lighting device which includes a source configured to generate a primary light, and a substrate having a nanocomposite mat of reflective fibers having a diameter less than 1,000 nm which diffusively reflects light upon illumination with at least the primary light. The nanocomposite mat includes a reflectance-enhancing coating conformally disposed around an outer surface of the fibers, having a refractive index different from the reflective fibers, and which increases a reflectance of the substrate in the visible spectrum. The lighting device includes a light exit configured to emanate the reflected light. The housed lighting device includes a housing, a source configured to generate primary light and direct the primary light into the housing, the reflective nanocomposite mat of reflective fibers, and a light exit in the housing configured to emanate the reflected light from the housing.

Abstract: An insulating reflective substrate comprises an aluminum layer and an aluminum oxide layer, wherein the aluminum oxide layer has a thickness of 80 ?m or more but up to 300 ?m; the aluminum oxide layer has large pits whose openings are present at a surface; the large pits have an average opening size of more than 1 ?m but up to 30 ?m; the large pits have an average depth of 80 ?m or more; the large pits have an average distance therebetween of 10 ?m or more; a ratio of a total area of the openings of the large pits to a surface area of the aluminum oxide layer is 10% or more but up to 40%; the large pits have small pits whose openings are present at inner surfaces of the large pits; and the small pits have an average opening size of 5 to 1,000 nm.

Abstract: An example electronic device includes a printed circuit board having a first row of light sources coupled to a first surface of the printed circuit board and a second row of light sources coupled to a second surface of the printed circuit board; a panel having a plurality of visual indicators; an first housing having a first row of chambers each having a first opening to receive one of the first row of light sources and a second opening to communicate light from the one of the first row of light sources to one of the visual indicators; and a second housing having a second row of chambers each having a third opening to receive one of the second row of light sources and a fourth opening to communicate light from the one of the second row of light sources to a second one of the visual indicators.

Abstract: A mirror module includes a mirror. The module includes a mirror housing. The module includes a mounting box that fits into the housing. The module includes a motorized element disposed in the mounting box. The motorized element having a mirror mounting plate which holds the mirror, and a base plate which is attached to the mounting box through an axis screw at a central axis of the module about which the motorized element rotates.

Abstract: The purpose of the present invention is to provide a thermoplastic resin composition for a reflector plate with which it is possible to obtain a molded article having excellent moldability, high mechanical strength, excellent heat resistance and a high reflectance that is stable over time, and it is possible to obtain a reflector plate with which there is little reduction in reflectance due to heating. The thermoplastic resin composition for a reflector of the invention comprises 30 to 80 weight % of a thermoplastic resin (A) having structural units containing carbonyl groups and a melting point or glass transition temperature of 250° C. or higher, 10 to 50 weight % of an inorganic filler (B) containing an inorganic filler (B-1) that comprises a carbonyl structure and has an aspect ratio of 10 to 100, and 5 to 50 weight % of a white pigment (C).

Abstract: The invention provides systems and methods for providing illumination. A lighting unit may have a support structure, and one or more light emitting elements supported by a circuit board contacting the support structure. A first optical element and a second optical element may be provided. A remote luminescent material may be provided on one or more optical elements. Light emitting elements configured to excite the luminescent material such as highly efficient light emitting diodes may be directed towards the luminescent material. The support structure may be a heat dissipating element, which may conduct heat from a heat source to a surface of the support structure. The heat dissipating element may have a passageway permitting the formation of a convection path to dissipate heat from the support structure. Such lighting units may be used to replace conventional fluorescent light tubes or other lighting devices, or may be provided as standalone lighting units.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for illuminating display panels of electronic devices are described. An example electronic device includes a first housing defining a first visual indicator. A first post extends from a first inner surface of the first housing where the first post has a first chamber to receive at least a portion of a first light source. The first chamber provides a first optical pathway between the first light source and the first visual indicator and the first post prevents the first light source from illuminating a second visual indicator adjacent the first visual indicator.

Abstract: A structure is provided to create an efficient light pattern conversion from a narrow angular light beam pattern of a light emitting source to a wide angle light intensity distribution for an omnidirectional lighting assembly. A heat conductive substrate includes an LED array with at least one central and at least one surrounding LED. A hollow light diverting component is positioned over the LED array; a central LED is within the hollow component while surrounding LEDs are positioned outside. Light emitted by the central LED is reflected off inner surfaces of the hollow component to be discharged from an upper opening. The outer component surface is configured to reflect light from the surrounding LEDs in azimuthal and circumferential directions towards a region below the upper opening. In this manner, plural LEDs are used to form a wide angle emission pattern suitable for use in conventional light bulb replacement devices.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an illumination device. The illumination device includes a cap structure. The cap structure is partially coated with a reflective material operable to reflect light. The illumination device includes one or more lighting-emitting devices disposed within the cap structure. The light-emitting devices may be light-emitting diode (LED) chips. The illumination device also includes a thermal dissipation structure. The thermal dissipation structure is coupled to the cap structure in a first direction. The thermal dissipation structure and the cap structure have a coupling interface. The coupling interface extends in a second direction substantially perpendicular to the first direction. The thermal dissipation structure has a portion that intersects the coupling interface at an angle. The angle is in a range from about 60 degrees to about 90 degrees according to some embodiments.

Abstract: Provided is a reflector for a light-emitting diode which has a small decrease in reflectance in a range from the ultraviolet region to visible region, and has excellent heat resistance, light resistance, and weather resistance, and a housing having this reflector. The reflector for a light-emitting diode is obtained by molding a fluororesin composition containing a filler with an average particle diameter of smaller than 1 ?m, wherein the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the reflectance at a wavelength of 240-700 nm is within 25%.

Abstract: Provided is a reflective substrate for a light-emitting device including a valve metal substrate and an inorganic reflective layer formed on the valve metal substrate as a light reflective layer, in which the inorganic reflective layer contains at least one inorganic binder selected from the group consisting of aluminum phosphate, aluminum chloride and sodium silicate, and inorganic particles having a refractive index of at least 1.5 but up to 1.8 and an average particle size of at least 0.1 ?m but up to 5 ?m. The reflective substrate for a light-emitting device has a highly light reflective layer capable of obtaining a film strength and adhesion to the substrate while maintaining voids by sintering at a lower temperature without relying on high-temperature sintering.

Abstract: In the specification and drawings a lighting apparatus is described and shown with a first light source having a light output with a central axis; a first reflector; and a first lens positioned between said first light source and said first reflector, such that at least a portion of the light output of said first light source passes through said first lens, and is redirected by said first reflector. Also described and shown in the specification and drawings is a lighting apparatus kit, as well as a method of illuminating an area.

Abstract: A lighting assembly utilizing a reflective body for use with a light source to uniformly disperse the light from the light source. The reflective body includes a lower array of first reflectors arranged about a central axis. Each of the first reflectors form an obtuse angle with the next adjacent first reflector. The reflective body also includes an upper array of second reflectors arranged about the central axis. Each of said second reflectors include a left face and a right face. The upper array defines obtuse angles between next adjacent second reflectors. Additionally, reflex angles are defined between the left and right faces of the second reflectors. The combination of angles evenly disperse the light supplied from the light source to provide a pleasant glow for illuminating an area below the lighting assembly without causing hot spots.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for providing a desired illumination pattern within a given plane. In one aspect, a light wash system can be configured to provide substantially even illumination on a wall or floor. The light wash system can use light-shaping optics such as a stack of optical films to provide a light wash system which is smaller than conventional light wash systems which utilize parabolic reflectors. The light wash system may include an internal retroreflector to allow a wider range of throw distances for the light wash system.

Abstract: An oriented circular light-reflecting plate with triangular micro prisms having identical cross sections and a circular plate lamp made therefrom, wherein a plurality of annular micro prism bodies (111) are arranged on the prism surface (11) of the light-reflecting plate (1), the cross sections through the central axis are triangles, which have the same shapes, the same cross sectional areas and the same distances along the diameter direction, the apex of the triangle closest to the central axial line has the shortest distance away from the smooth surface (12) of the light-reflecting plate, and the apices of the triangles towards the periphery of the light-reflecting plate have the successively increasing distances away from the smooth surface 912) of the light-reflecting plate.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a light emitting diode (LED) light fixture including a frame, a light diffuser coupled to the frame, at least one LED array disposed adjacent at least one side wall of the frame and a waveform reflector panel having at least one two troughs and one crest disposed between the two troughs. The at least one LED array is disposed at an angle relative to the side wall side wall of the frame and the waveform reflector is positioned to receive and light generated by the LED array and to reflect the light through the light diffuser.

Abstract: The light emitting device in accordance with the present invention includes a light emitter; a lighting circuit unit including a circuit component for lighting the light emitter; and a housing configured to accommodate the light emitter and the lighting circuit unit. The housing is constituted by: a substrate on which the light emitter and the lighting circuit unit are placed; and a cover attached to the substrate to cover the light emitter and the lighting circuit unit.

Abstract: A diffuse light reflector is disclosed for use in lighting fixtures including luminaires, light boxes, displays, signage, daylighting applications, and the like. The reflector includes a light reflective nonwoven, a polymer layer that enhances reflectivity, and an opaque blackout layer. The reflector can be laminated to coil steel or aluminum and can be formed in metal coil or sheet forming operations. The polymer layer can be easily cleaned of machine oils from the metal forming operations.

Abstract: A reflector/imaging optical element (11; 43) which is configured in order to transmit light (P1) of at least one first wavelength, concentrate light (P1) shone through the reflector/imaging optical element (11; 43) onto a first focal point (F) and reflect light (R) of at least one second wavelength, shone from the first focal point (F) onto the reflector/imaging optical element (11; 43), onto a second focal point (F?) of the reflector/imaging optical element (11; 43).

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for a free space coupler to receive light from a laser via air. In one embodiment, a system comprises a laser source, a mirror optically aligned to the laser source, a first mount to control a position of the mirror, a free-space coupler to receive light from the mirror, a beam splitter to receive light exiting the coupler, a first detector to receive light reflected from the beam splitter, a second mount coupled to the first detector and to the coupler to control a position of the coupler from information from the first detector, and a second detector to receive light reflected by the coupler and the mirror, wherein the second detector is coupled to the first mount for positioning the mirror with respect to the coupler.

Abstract: An angular intensity distribution shaping member includes a first surface for receiving a light beam emitted from a light source, the first surface having a length in a width direction that is longer than that in a thickness direction; second surfaces forming a plate-shaped light path on which the light beam incident from the first surface propagates by total reflection, the second surfaces including at least one adjustment surface for spreading a full angle of an angular intensity distribution, in the width direction, of the light beam incident from the first surface so that the full angle becomes wider than that of the angular intensity distribution of the light beam just after emission from the light source; and a third surface through which the light beam exits, the full angle of its angular intensity distribution in the width direction having been widened by the at least one adjustment surface.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes a downlight apparatus that includes a downlight component. A wireform housing may be disposed on an outer surface of the downlight component. A self-locking retention wireform may be coupled to the wireform housing. The self-locking retention wireform may include a locked arrangement, with the locked arrangement including a pre-loaded spring force secured by at least one locking mechanism of the self-locking retention wireform. The self-locking retention wireform may also include an unlocked arrangement, with the unlocked arrangement operable to secure the downlight component within the downlight fixture.

Abstract: A light guide casing is used for transmitting a light beam from an indicating lamp. The light guide casing includes a light inputting surface, a light outputting surface, and a first reflective surface. The light outputting surface includes a first plane and a second plane. After the light beam from the indicating lamp is transmitted through the light inputting surface, a first portion of the light beam is reflected to the first plane of the light outputting surface by the first reflective surface, and a second portion of the light beam is transmitted to the second plane of the light outputting surface.

Abstract: Disclosed is a luminaire comprising a plurality of side heat sinking panels, a plurality of circuit boards, and a middle heat sinking panel having a plurality of side apertures and having a diffusely reflective surface. Each printed circuit board has an electrically-insulated back surface and has a selectively electrically-insulated front surface having exposed electrical contacts coupled to light emitting diodes. Each printed circuit board is sandwiched between a respective side heat sinking panel and the middle heat sinking panel with a compressive force and with at least one light emitting diode associated with each side aperture directing light toward the diffusely reflective surface for illumination of an area facing the diffusely reflective surface.

Abstract: The invention relates to a luminaire (2) and an illumination system (12). The luminaire according to the invention comprises a light exit window (30) for emitting light from the luminaire, and a reflective screen (40) arranged opposite the light exit window. The luminaire further comprises a light source (20) which is arranged for indirect illumination of the light exit window via the reflective screen. The light source is arranged near the light exit window on an imaginary plane P substantially parallel to the light exit window and emits light away from the light exit window. The luminaire further comprises a specularly reflective part (43) as part of the reflective screen, which specularly reflective part is concavely shaped for reflecting at least part of the light emitted by the light source towards a diffusely reflective part (42) of the reflective screen.

Abstract: A reflector may have a reflective surface, wherein the contour of the reflective surface is traversed by a Bézier curve.

Abstract: Dimpled plates for light distribution and concentration are provided. Also provided are apparatus incorporating the plates as waveguides, and methods for using the dimpled plates for distributing or concentrating input light. The dimpled plates are designed to spatially distribute light from each of one or more near point light sources into a pixelated light projection using an array of reflective conical light deflection elements.

Abstract: A light guide includes a core made of material having translucency and an optical path conversion mirror for reflecting the signal light from the optical element and converting the optical path of the signal light formed on at least the core. The signal light is transmitted through the core by the reflection at the optical path conversion mirror. The optical path conversion mirror surface has an inclination angle ? formed with a bottom surface of the core changing in the X-direction in a cross-sectional shape in which the core is cut at a YZ plane, the Y-direction being an optical axis direction of the optical element, the Z-direction being an advancing direction of the signal light of the light guide, and the X-direction being a direction perpendicular to both the Y-direction and the Z-direction.

Abstract: The present invention provides a polyamide composition for a reflector having high heat resistance and good mechanical properties, having excellent adhesion to a sealing material for an LED package, and capable of retaining a high reflectance even after exposure to heat and light intended for the production process of the LED package and the environment in which the reflector is used in the LED package, when it is molded. The present invention is a polyamide composition for a reflector, containing: 30 mass % or more of a polyamide (A) having a melting point of 280° C. or higher; and 25 mass % or more of titanium oxide (B). The total content of the polyamide (A) and the titanium oxide (B) is 75 mass % or more.

Abstract: LED light bulbs capable of providing even luminous intensity distribution are disclosed. An illustrative LED light bulb includes a base, a light transmissive cover and upstanding light bars. The base is capable of being in electrical communication with a power source and has a screw axis and a periphery. The light transmissive cover is substantially mounted on the periphery. The upstanding light bars are mounted radically around the screw axis and located between the screw axis and the periphery. The upstanding light bars are arranged to substantially shine inward to the screw axis.

Abstract: A light fixture comprising a chamber portion is disclosed. In some embodiments, the fixture comprises a chamber portion shaped to house circuitry required for lighting elements such as light emitting diodes (LEDs) mounted elsewhere in the fixture. In some embodiments, LEDs are mounted facing a back reflector, which in turn reflects light out of a troffer to form an indirect lighting fixture. In some embodiments, light is emitted from one mixing chamber. In some embodiments, light is emitted from two or more mixing chambers. In some embodiments, LEDs are mounted on a heat sink which cooperates with a chamber portion.

Abstract: Provided is a soft box having a plurality of poles, an adapter ring having a plurality of holes into which the plurality of poles is correspondingly coupledly inserted, and a reflecting cloth adapted to connect the plurality of poles in such a manner as to reflect light therefrom, the soft box including: a zipper mounted on the reflecting cloth between the neighboring poles; and an auxiliary reflecting cloth disposed on the reflecting cloth adjacent to the inner side of the zipper along the longitudinal direction of the zipper in such a manner as to cover the inner surface of the zipper.