Abstract: A method includes analyzing, via a first capturing agent, packets processed in a first environment associated with a first host to yield first data. The method includes analyzing, via a second capturing agent, packets processed by a second environment associated with a second host to yield second data, collecting the first data and the second data at a collector to yield aggregated data, transmitting the aggregated data to an analysis engine which analyzes the aggregated data to yield an analysis. Based on the analysis, the method includes identifying first packet loss at the first environment and second packet loss at the second environment.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an apparatus and a method for transmitting muting information in a wireless communication system, and to an apparatus and a method for acquiring channel state using same. In an exemplary embodiment, muting information includes: a first data field, having a serving cell for receiving from peripheral cells in a multi-cell environment, at least one of a CSI-RS pattern, the number of CSI-RS antenna ports, a CSI-RS duty cycle, and CSI-RS transmission subframe offset information, and using same for expressing the cycle and the offset of muting subframes, which pertain to information on a resource block that can generate interference between the peripheral cells and CSI-RS; and a second data field for expressing a specific muting pattern, which must be muted within the muting subframes, having either 12 bits or 28 bits that display muting application in a bitmap format.

Abstract: Time-division duplexing (TDD) detection in wireless distributed communications systems (DCSs) to synchronize TDD downlink and uplink communications. Remote units in the wireless DCS include an adaptive TDD communications synchronization circuit that includes a power detection circuit configured to detect TDD communications signals distinguished from noise. The power detection circuit is configured to adaptively set a noise threshold floor level for TDD downlink communications link by detecting the noise level on the TDD downlink communications link that includes a TDD uplink communication period. The adaptive TDD communications synchronization circuit can also include a symbol edge detection circuit configured to generate an edge trigger signal indicating the symbol edges of TDD downlink communication signals.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described in which two or more UEs of a wireless communications system may establish a sidelink connection. A first UE that is initiating sidelink communications may evaluate whether the sidelink connection can support a quality of service (QoS) for a data flow prior to admitting the data flow. The first UE may evaluate a link quality with one or more other UEs that are to use the data flow on the sidelink connection, evaluate system congestion of time/frequency resources that are available for the sidelink connection, or any combinations thereof, and admit the data flow based on the evaluation. A link quality of the sidelink connection may be determined based on a type of communication associated with the data flow, such as unicast communications with one other UE, multicast communications with multiple other UEs, or broadcast transmissions to multiple UEs.

Abstract: A method for allocating resources for a scheduling request indicator (SRI) is disclosed. An SRI cycle period for use by user equipment (UE) within a cell is transmitted from a NodeB in a cell to UE within the cell. The NodeB transmits a specific SRI subframe offset and an index value to the particular UE within the cell. The specific SRI subframe offset and the index value enable the UE to determine a unique combination of cyclic shift, RS orthogonal cover, data orthogonal cover, and resource block number for the UE to use as a unique physical resource for an SRI in the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH).

Abstract: Various embodiments may provide systems and methods for managing transmit (TX) timing of data transmissions. The methods include applying a plurality of radio frequency (RF) channel factors related to data uplink transmissions by the wireless device to a TX timing model configured to provide as an output a TX timing for a data transmission to a base station and a number of carriers for sending the data transmission, and selecting a TX time and a number of carriers for sending a next data transmission to the base station based in part on the TX timing model output.

Abstract: To provide a control device that can prevent an increase in a processing load and that can effectively allocate a radio resource. A control device (30) according the present disclosure includes: a deciding unit (31) configured to decide whether or not an interval between generation of a first flow that is generated when performing radio communication between a communication terminal (10) and a base station (20) and generation of a second flow that is generated after the generation of the first flow exceeds a permissible delay time of the first flow; and a determination unit (32) configured to determine deletion of non-transmitted data related to the communication terminal (10) after lapse of the permissible delay time of the first flow when it is decided that the generation interval exceeds the permissible delay time of the first flow.

Abstract: Method, apparatus, and computer program product for a user equipment in a wireless communications system to receive configuration information that has one or more TCI-states. With this configuration information, the user equipment can then determine inactivity on TCI-states. Based on that determination, the user equipment enables either a discontinuous monitoring or a cessation of monitoring on those TCI-states. Each TCI-state corresponds to a radio beam and also corresponds to an antenna panel. By reducing such monitoring, the use equipment can deactivate antenna panels corresponding to the TCI-states. The determination can be done through the use of a timer with various time thresholds based on the TCI-state. The activity being transmitted on those beam can be scheduling received by the user equipment from a network element such as a base station. The TCI-states can also be grouped and the functionality of the invention dealt with on a group basis.

Abstract: Systems and methods for managing telecommunication traffic for a wireless communication network associated with multiple coverage areas (“cells”) are disclosed. The system may detect congested cells of the wireless communication network, identify suitable neighboring cells for offloading traffic from the congested cells, and implementing handovers from congested cells to suitable neighbor cells to balance the wireless communication network traffic.

Abstract: A network switching method includes transmitting, by an electronic device, data using a wireless local area network, when a data transmission delay of the wireless local area network is greater than a first threshold, switching, by the electronic device, to transmitting data using both the wireless local area network and a mobile network, and when the electronic device transmits data using both the wireless local area network and the mobile network, if the data transmission delay of the wireless local area network is greater than a second threshold, switching, by the electronic device, to transmitting data using the mobile network, where the first threshold is less than the second threshold.

Abstract: The embodiments of the disclosure relate to a cell selection method and device, user equipment (UE), and a storage medium. The cell selection method may include: a parameter value of a transmission link allocated to the UE by a network side is acquired; and responsive to determining, according to the parameter value, that the transmission link allocated to the UE does not support a transmission requirement of a present service scenario of the UE, cell selection of the UE is triggered.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes a point-to-multipoint communication system having a service provider system and one or more subscriber devices. The one or more subscriber devices include multiple physical layer (PHY) devices that can be used for upstream direction and/or downstream direction transfer of information to and/or from the service provider system. The one or more subscriber devices receive subscriber device configuration information from the service provider system indicating which of these multiple PHY devices are to be used for the upstream direction and/or the downstream direction transfer of the information to and/or from the service provider system. In some situations, the subscriber device configuration information identifies various types of information, such as video, audio, and/or data to provide some examples, to be transferred in the upstream direction and/or the downstream direction and/or one or more PHY devices to be used for transferring the various types of information.

Abstract: Processes and systems for identifying and removing non-functional Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices from a cellular network are discussed herein. In one example, a probability distribution function of a data profile transmitted by a type of IoT devices is generated. The probability distribution function may be chosen based on a known distribution such as a Gaussian, Bessel, or linear regressive model. The probability distribution function may be empirically generated by applying data received from IoT devices to a machine learning model using supervised or unsupervised learning. After generating the model representing the expected data profile of data received from a type or class IoT devices, data transmitted by the IoT devices may be applied to the model to determine whether the IoT devices are functional or non-functional. Non-functional IoT devices may be removed from the cellular network.

Abstract: A communication apparatus acting as a baseband unit (BBU) or being applicable to a BBU, and having instructions for obtaining first coordination information to be sent to a second BBU, determining, based on preset link information, a transmission link corresponding to the second BBU, the transmission link including a first remote radio unit (RRU) and a second RRU, the first RRU belonging to the BBU, the second RRU belonging to the second BBU, and the first RRU and the second RRU being connected through a wired link, sending the first coordination information to the first RRU, sending indication information to the first RRU, the indication information indicating to the first RRU to send the first coordination information to the second RRU through the wired link, the indication information having an identifier of the second RRU.

Abstract: Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, receiving first data at a first rate via a first network connection and receiving second data at a second rate via a second network connection that is different from the first network connection based on the first rate being less than a threshold. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: A method of managing access to a plurality of Packet Switched (PS) networks of a wireless communication apparatus including a plurality of Subscriber Identity Modules (SIMs) includes obtaining first information indicating data service-related preferences for the plurality of SIMs, selecting at least one SIM necessary for accessing each of the plurality of PS networks from among the plurality of SIMs, based on the first information and second information indicating a wireless network capable of being provided by an operator corresponding to each of the plurality of SIMs, and accessing each of the plurality of PS networks by using the selected at least one SIM.

Abstract: Embodiments herein relate to, e.g., a method performed by a user equipment, UE, for handling signal measurements. The UE determines whether one or more conditions are fulfilled for indicating that a radio condition is below a certain level. In response to determining that one or more conditions are fulfilled and thereby indicating the radio condition is below a threshold, the UE transmits a report with restricted content.

Abstract: Devices, methods and computer program products for managing quality of monitoring models for collection of performance and/or sensing data are disclosed. A communication network node device sets up a quality of monitoring function for managing a quality of monitoring, QoM, model that defines QoM classes for processing and compressing a performance and/or sensing data stream via selection of data to be included in the performance and/or sensing data stream. The communication network node device causes a first message notifying about the set up QMF to be transmitted towards at least one first target rendezvous point, RP, in the communication network, each RP being configured to aggregate at least one of performance and/or sensing data streams or QoM models.

Abstract: A heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system for a building includes a plurality of actuation devices operable to affect one or more variables in the building, a plurality of sensors configured to measure the variables affected by the actuation devices, and a controller. The controller is configured to operate the actuation devices to affect one or more of the measured variables by providing an actuation signal to the actuation devices and to receive sensor response signals from the sensors. The sensor response signals indicate an effect of the actuation signal on the measured variables. For each of the sensor response signals, the controller is configured to calculate a similarity metric indicating a similarity between the sensor response signal and the actuation signal. The controller is configured to automatically establish a device pairing including one of the actuation devices and one of the sensors based on the similarity metrics.

Abstract: A user equipment (UE) may monitor a channel for wireless communication associated with a first radio access technology (RAT) during one or more of a first active duration or a first inactive duration. The UE may operate in a first power mode during the first inactive duration. The UE may monitor the channel for wireless communication associated with a second RAT during one or more of a second active duration or a second inactive duration. The UE may operate during the second inactive duration in one or more of the first power mode or a second power. The UE may operate according to the first mode or the second mode based on the monitoring of the channel associated with the first RAT and the second RAT.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method for measurement information. The method, which may be implemented at a terminal device, comprises obtaining measurement information based at least in part on configurations of a master network node and a secondary network node. The terminal device is connected to the master network node and the secondary network node. The method further comprises transmitting a report including the measurement information that comprises frequency information to the master network node, in response to a failure related to the secondary network node.

Abstract: Disclosed are various embodiments for managing computing capacity in radio-based networks and associated core networks. In one embodiment, it is determined that a set of computing hardware implementing a radio-based network for a customer has an excess capacity. At least one action is implemented to reallocate the excess capacity of the computing hardware.

Abstract: According to one aspect, there is provided a method of operating a mobile device that is configured for use in a first radio access network that uses a first radio access technology and a second radio access network that uses a second, different, radio access technology, the mobile device aggregating a plurality of carriers in the first radio access network, the method comprising obtaining information for, or pertaining to, one or more of the plurality of carriers in the first radio access network; and processing the obtained information for a single carrier to determine an action for the mobile device to take with respect to the second radio access network.

Abstract: The technology described herein relates to techniques for calibrating wireless power transmission systems for operation in multipath wireless power delivery environments. In an implementation, a method of calibrating a wireless power transmission system for operation in a multipath environment is disclosed. The method includes characterizing a receive path from a calibration antennae element to a first antennae element of a plurality of antennae elements of the wireless power transmission system, characterizing a transmit path from the first antennae element to the calibration antennae element, and comparing the transmit path to the receive path to determine a calibration value for the first antennae element in the multipath environment.

Abstract: Systems and methods include an access layer to perform handovers for a User Equipment (UE) using a mobility status of the UE. A source access node (e.g., a femto cell, small cell, or a macro cell) establishes a first network connection with the UE. Based on a mobility status of the UE, the source access node selects either a small cell access node or a macro cell access node as a target node for connecting to the UE with a handover (e.g., by establishing a second network connection with the UE). The UE may have a medium mobility status or a high mobility status and, in response, be connected to the macro cell access cell for continuous connectivity. Alternatively, the UE may have the low mobility status and, in response, a signal strength analysis of the access nodes may be performed to select the target node for the handover.

Abstract: Systems and methods for facilitating the mitigation of interference in the uplink of a small cell caused by macrocell user equipment in the case where the macrocell cannot identify the interfering macrocell user equipment because the user equipment cannot detect and report the small cell's downlink due to the small cell's uplink/downlink coverage imbalance. In an embodiment, the small cell provides the macrocell with a notification of the interference, the configuration information about its Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH), and a plurality of unique preambles and transmission times for non-contention-based transmissions on the small cell's PRACH. The macrocell orders each of one or a plurality of macrocell user equipment to transmit one of the unique preambles on the small cell's PRACH. The small cell reports to the macrocell the detected preamble transmissions, which allows the macrocell to identify interfering user equipment and perform corrective actions.

Abstract: A major goal of 5G and especially 6G is reliable, low-latency communication. Unfortunately, higher density networks result in increasing interference, and higher frequency bands inevitably have signal fading problems, leading to frequency message faults. To restore high-speed, high-reliability messaging, methods are disclosed for evaluating the signal quality of each message element of a received message so that any faulting can be localized to the message elements with the lowest signal quality. Numerous contributions to signal quality are disclosed, including modulation, amplitude and phase stability, polarization and inter-symbol irregularities, expected message format and meaning, and common or unexpected bit sequences. Many further aspects are included.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a pre-5th-Generation (5G) or 5G communication system to be provided for supporting higher data rates Beyond 4th-Generation (4G) communication system such as Long Term Evolution (LTE). A handover method for a terminal according to one embodiment of the present disclosure may include: receiving, from a source cell, a message including information on one or more target cells for performing a fast handover; and performing a fast handover by reusing a radio bearer based on the received information.

Abstract: A user equipment (UE) is disclosed including a receiver that receives at least a reference signal (RS) transmitted using a first beam from a transmission and reception point (TRP), using at least a second beam, and a processor that determines the first beam paired with the second beam based on reception quality of the RSs. The UE further includes a transmitter that transmits feedback information indicating the determined first beam. The second beam is an omni-directional beam. The receiver receives, from the TRP, reception (Rx) beam designation information indicating an Rx beam to receive the RSs, and the second beam is the Rx beam.

Abstract: A wireless communication method including receiving, through a wireless channel, table indication information indicating one of a first Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) table supporting up to 64 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) and second and third MCS tables supporting up to 256 QAM, the third MCS table including a same number of MCS indices as the second MCS table and including less MCS indices corresponding to 256 QAM than the second MCS table, and identifying one of the first to third MCS tables according to the received table indication information to recognize a demodulation scheme for data to be received through the wireless channel may be provided.

Abstract: In response to a vehicle being switched from an IGN OFF state (non-operating state) to an IGN ON state (operating state) in a state in which a mobile terminal has been activated, the use of wireless communication (Wi-Fi communication) by the mobile terminal via a network using an in-vehicle device as a base station can be started. In response to the vehicle being switched from the IGN ON state (operating state) to the IGN OFF state (non-operating state) in the state in which the mobile terminal has been activated, the use of wireless communication (Wi-Fi communication) by the mobile terminal via the network using the in-vehicle device as the base station is stopped.

Abstract: An objective problem of the invention is to provide a mechanism for improving the performance of a radio access network. According to a first aspect of the present invention, the object is achieved by a method in a first node for adapting a multi-antenna transmission to a second node over an effective channel. The first node and the second node are comprised in a wireless communication system. The method comprises the steps of obtaining at least one symbol stream and determining a precoding matrix having a block diagonal structure. The method comprises the further steps of precoding the at least one symbol stream with the determined precoding matrix, and transmitting the at least one precoded symbol stream over the effective channel to the second node.

Abstract: A method performed by a first base station, is described. The first base station determines a change in one or more measurements to be performed by a UE. The measurements are associated with a first set of frequencies. The first base station also transmits a first message to a second base station comprising information regarding which frequencies in the first set are to be changed. The first base station and the second base station serve the UE. A method performed by the second base station is also described whereby the second base station receives the first message. In a method performed by the UE, the UE receives, from the first base station, a configuration message configured to specify the measurements to perform and a measurement gap configuration. The UE then takes the measurements based on the configuration message.

Abstract: An operating method performed by a user equipment (UE) in a wireless communication system according to some embodiments of the present disclosure may include: generating a source link for transmitting and receiving data to and from a source base station; receiving, from the source base station, a radio resource control (RRC) message including configuration information for handover to a target base station; starting a timer, in response to the reception of the RRC message; transmitting, to the target base station, a message for handover to the target base station while the timer is running; and determining, in a case where the handover to the target base station fails up until the timer expires, whether to trigger RRC re-establishment, based on a state of the source link.

Abstract: A user equipment transmits a request to configure a first network to transmit complementary content associated with multicast or broadcast content received at the user equipment from a second network. In some cases, the request is transmitted in response to the user equipment detecting that a quality of a signal received from the second network is below a threshold. In response to receiving the request, the first network is configured to transmit the complementary content. The complementary content is transmitted from the first network concurrently with transmitting the multicast or broadcast content from the second network. The user equipment combines the complementary content received from the first network with the multicast or broadcast content received from the second network.

Abstract: A multiple-input multiple output transmit and receive system includes a first antenna that transmits a first signal at a channel frequency that propagates in a first path and that simultaneously receives a pilot signal at the channel frequency with the transmitting the first signal at the channel frequency, where the pilot signal propagates in a second path. A single-channel duplex transmit-receive system is coupled to an output of the first antenna. A processor is coupled to an output of the single-channel duplex transmit-receive system and configured to determine channel state information of the first path at the channel frequency using the received pilot signal.

Abstract: Embodiments herein relate to a method performed by a radio unit (101) for controlling power levels of spatially separated transceivers (110-119) connected to the radio unit (101) via corresponding antenna ports (a-j). Each transceiver (110-119) is capable of performing measurements on uplink transmissions from wireless devices in a wireless communication network (100). The radio unit (101) receives, from each transceiver (110-119), measurements on uplink transmissions from wireless devices. Then, the radio unit (101) determines, for each transceiver (110-119), a load based on how many wireless devices that have the transceiver as the transceiver with the most relevant measurement for its uplink transmissions. The radio unit (101) also controls a power level of at least one first transceiver (110) based on at least one of the determined loads for the transceivers (110-119). Embodiments of the radio unit (101) are also described.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for exploiting inter-cell interference to achieve multiplexing gain in a multiple antenna system (MAS) with multi-user (MU) transmissions (“MU-MAS”). For example, a MU-MAS of one embodiment comprises a wireless cellular network with multiple distributed antennas operating cooperatively to eliminate inter-cell interference and increase network capacity exploiting inter-cell multiplexing gain.

Abstract: Presented herein are techniques to facilitate wireless authorization based on in-line assurance and tariffing information. In one example, a method may include determining, by a roaming subscriber, that a visited network is a chargeable network; querying, by the roaming subscriber, the visited network for charging policies for at least two identity realms; obtaining, by the roaming subscriber, charging policy metadata associated with the charging policies for the at least two identity realms; selecting, by the roaming subscriber, an identity realm through which to connect to the visited network based on the charging policy metadata for the at least two identity realms; and connecting to the visited network using the selected identity realm.

Abstract: A method includes a step 1 of performing processing for determining wireless terminal stations that are inside cover areas of existing wireless base stations, and excluding the existing wireless base stations and the wireless terminal stations inside the cover areas from a wireless base station installation area, a step 2 of performing processing for optimizing, with respect to each first wireless terminal station that is outside the cover areas of the existing wireless base stations and has been left in the processing for excluding in the step 1, a combination of the first wireless terminal station and the closest additional wireless base station from which received power is the largest, and optimizing installation positions of additional wireless base stations, a step 3 of determining, with respect to the combinations of the additional wireless base stations and the first wireless terminal stations that were optimized in the step 2, whether wireless terminal stations are inside or outside cover areas of the

Abstract: Disclosed are beam training methods and devices. A beam training method includes: a transmitting end determining a first mapping relationship between BPL identifiers and transmission beams; the transmitting end configuring a first reference signal resource for a receiving end, and transmitting configuration information of the first reference signal resource to the receiving end, the configuration information carrying a first BPL identifier; the transmitting end determining a first transmitting beam according to the first mapping relationship; the transmitting end transmitting a reference signal to the receiving end, by using the first transmitting beam within the first reference signal resource, so that the receiving end receives the reference signal on the first reference signal resource, performs a measurement for the reference signal, and updates a first receiving beam corresponding to the first BPL identifier in a second mapping relationship according to a measurement result for the reference signal.

Abstract: A measurement report configuration method, a measurement report method, a cell handover method and a device are provided. The measurement report method includes: measuring a beam and reporting relevant information of the beam by user equipment in a connected state.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communication are described. A user equipment (UE) may receive data from both a source base station and a target base station during handover. For example, the UE may refrain from resetting or reestablishing media access control (MAC) and packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer configurations until after a successful access procedure is performed with the target base station. In some cases, a single radio link control (RLC)/PDCP stack may be used during handover procedures. A source base station may, for example, forward data to a target base station after receiving a handover execution message. A UE may identify and resolve any duplicate data sent by both base stations during the transition. Additional signaling may be used (e.g., during the radio resource control (RRC) configuration) to indicate that a UE supports dual link handover.

Abstract: A first base station may receive, from a second base station, cell configuration parameters of one or more cells of the second base station. The cell configuration parameters may indicating at least one first information element (IE) indicating a first identifier of a first cell of the one or more cells, at least one second IE indicating that the first cell is an unlicensed cell, and at least one third IE indicating radio frequency channel number of the unlicensed cell. The first base station may send, to the second base station, a handover request message for a wireless device after receiving the cell configuration parameters.

Abstract: A method and a system for traffic load balancing between a multipath-capable receiver within an administrative domain and a multipath-capable sender outside of the administrative domain, performed by at least one processor. The method includes identifying available access networks receiving media streams, accepting steering rules from the administrative domain, incrementing a counter that measures the amount of media streams arriving on the available access networks during a measurement interval, adjusting a delay value based on a timer value, the total amount of media arriving on the access networks, and the steering rules. The timer value may be set to the measurement interval and the measurement interval may be provided in the steering rules. Then, the method includes the multipath-capable sender sending acknowledgments which are delayed according to the adjusted delay value.

Abstract: A wireless user equipment (UE) device is configured to communicate with another UE via device-to-device (D2D) communications. The UE transmits a communication to the other UE, wherein the communication indicates scheduling of a shared spectrum resource. The shared spectrum resource is shared by a first network management operator (NMO) and a second NMO, wherein both the UE and the other UE are associated with the first NMO. The first NMO employs a first set of spatial channels in the shared spectrum resource, and a second set of spatial channels in the shared spectrum resource is made available for use by the second NMO, the second set being different from the first set. The UE communicates with the other UE over the first set of spatial channels.

Abstract: When initiating a Voice-over-IP (VoIP) communication session between an originating device (MO) and a terminating device (MT) on a packet-switched network, network components associated with the MO may encounter a failure when preparing resources for the session, such as a failure to establish a dedicated bearer with the MO. This might typically cause the system to abort the session. Instead, the network components are configured to detect the failure and to initiate a handover to a circuit-switched communication network so that the session may be conducted through the circuit-switched communication network. The failure may be detected by a component of a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) Radio Access Network (RAN) of the network, by a Mobility Management Entity (MME) of the network, or by some other network component. Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) procedures may be used to implement the handover.

Abstract: Example embodiments presented herein are directed towards a wireless terminal and base station, and corresponding methods therein, for providing a handover for a subset of bearers associated with the wireless terminal. The subset of bearers is less than a total number of bearers associated with the wireless terminal. Thus, upon the completion of the handover procedure, at least one bearer will stay connected with a source base station.

Abstract: A computing device is provided, including a processor configured to receive a selection of a performance profile of a plurality of performance profiles. The performance profile may indicate a performance variable goal state for a first network stack component included in a network stack of a plurality of network stack components. In response to receiving the selection of the performance profile, the processor may be further configured to control a network performance parameter of the first network stack component such that a performance variable of the first network stack component approaches the performance variable goal state. The processor may be further configured to transmit, to an additional network stack component of the plurality of network stack components, instructions to control an additional network performance parameter of the additional network stack component such that the performance variable of the first network stack component approaches the performance variable goal state.

Abstract: A system is proposed to provide handover in a mobile telecommunications environment, particularly applicable to 3GPP networks, which does not increase signalling overhead but minimises user data loss during handover. In the modified system, PDCP SDUs with Sequence numbers are buffered and retransmitted as necessary. At the time of handover, SDUs not received by the user device are forwarded to the target base station for forward transmission to the UE. The handover procedure is designed to minimise packet loss whilst keeping to a minimum the duplication of packet transmission over the air interface.