Abstract: Aspects described herein include a method for use with an access point (AP). The method comprises inspecting control frames received from a rogue AP, characterizing an intrusion by the rogue AP using one or more spatial reuse parameters included in the control frames, and selecting a defensive posture for the AP based on the characterization.

Abstract: Systems and methods discussed herein are directed to method for connecting a communication device to a data network via a network, e.g., a wireless communication network, and preventing the communication device from overriding a DNS selection by an operator of the network. The method includes receiving, from a communication device, e.g., an electronic device, a request to connect to a data network, e.g., the Internet, via a wireless communication network. A response message may be provided to the communication device, where the response message comprises (i) a configuration setting for the communication device to use domain name system (DNS) internet protocol (IP) addresses provided by an operator of the wireless communication network when accessing the data network and (ii) a data bit disabling the communication device from overriding the configuration setting. Connection of the communication device to the data network is then facilitated via the wireless communication network.

Abstract: A method for transmitting control information, a network device, and a terminal device are provided. The method includes determining a cyclic shift value according to a configuration of an uplink control channel sequence; wherein the cyclic shift value is one of at least two cyclic shift values of the uplink control channel sequence and wherein the configuration of the uplink control channel sequence comprises at least one of an initial cyclic shift value, a cyclic shift difference value, or a quantity of cyclic shift values. The method also includes receiving uplink control information (UCI) from a terminal device according to the determined cyclic shift value.

Abstract: Even when a radio terminal cannot receive content data from a base station to which the radio terminal serves, the radio terminal receives the content data from other base station. A wireless communication system (1) includes a plurality of radio base stations (21 to 23) and a radio terminal (40). The radio terminal (40) serves to a specific radio base station (serving radio base station) among the radio base stations (21 to 23). Moreover, the radio terminal (40) receives content data which is broadcasted or multicasted from a non-serving radio base station among the radio base stations (21 to 23) according to a gap pattern.

Abstract: Described is a display system for a vehicle. The display system uses one or more active displays integrated into a new vehicle or coupled as an aftermarket product in an existing vehicle. The new vehicle with integrated displays of the system may be provided to a purchaser for a reduced cost for participation in the advertisement system. The system operates to provide nearby vehicle occupants, pedestrians, or others with advertisement and/or emergency messages using the displays. The display system can show advertising messages or emergency messages on the active displays that are relevant to the location of the vehicle. The system may operate to prioritize the advertisement messages or emergency messages that will be displayed based on determinations made by a server of the system.

Abstract: A method, operational at a device, includes receiving at least one packet belonging to a first set of packets of a packet flow marked with an identification value, determining that the at least one packet is marked with the identification value, determining to change a quality of service (QoS) treatment of packets belonging to the first set of packets marked with the identification value that are yet to be received, and sending a request to change the QoS treatment of packets belonging to the first set of packets marked with the identification value that are yet to be received to trigger a different QoS treatment of packets within the packet flow, responsive to determining to change the QoS treatment. Other aspects, embodiments, and features are also claimed and described.

Abstract: Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, identifying a request to facilitate communications between first and second processing nodes, determining that the communications are to be established via quantum teleportation between, and identifying a network path comprising a first path segment to obtain a quantum channel, wherein quantum entanglement is established between the first and second processing nodes based on transportation of a first quantum entangled object via the quantum channel. A classical communication channel is facilitated between the first and second processing nodes, adapted to exchange between the nodes, quantum state information of a measurement performed upon the first quantum entangled object. Information is exchanged between the first and second processing nodes via the quantum channel according to the transported first quantum entangled object and the exchanged quantum state information. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and hardware devices for routing traffic between first and second electronic devices are arranged such that anonymities of the first and second electronic devices are maintained. This includes coupling the first and second electronic devices to a network having a plurality of routers, each of which includes a trusted execution environment (TEE) circuit. Each TEE includes a secure routing protocol, a routing table, and an attestation circuitry. Cryptographically secured channels are formed between pairs of the routers that terminate at the TEE. Each of routers executes an attestation procedure, and an ad hoc path is generated within the network based upon the secure routing protocol, the routing table, and the attestation procedure, wherein the ad hoc path includes a subset of the plurality of routers of the network. Traffic is routed between the first electronic device and the second electronic device via the ad hoc path.

Abstract: Techniques are directed to determining, based at least in part on link quality metric data associated with communication over a link between the first node and a second node, to send an information message to the second node preceded by sending a corresponding polling message to the second node or to send the information message to the second node not preceded by sending the corresponding polling message to the second node. Based at least in part on the determining, a node may send the information message to the second node preceded by sending the corresponding polling message to the second node or sending the information message to the second node not preceded by sending the corresponding polling message to the second node. Overhead associated with polling messages may be reduced.

Abstract: A wireless communication terminal for wireless communicating includes a first wireless transceiver transmitting and receiving a signal through a first waveform, a second wireless receiver receiving a signal through a second waveform different from the first waveform, and a processor. The processor may be configured to start receiving a variable length Wake-Up frame through the second wireless receiver, from a base wireless communication terminal of a basic service set (BSS) to which the wireless communication terminal belongs, determine whether or not a Frame Body field of the Wake-Up frame includes an identifier of the wireless communication terminal, when an ID field of the Wake-Up frame indicates an identifier of a group including the wireless communication terminal, and wake up the first wireless transceiver based on the Wake-Up frame, when the Frame Body field of the Wake-Up frame includes the identifier of the wireless communication terminal.

Abstract: In some implementations, a router device may identify a network address assignment event. The router device may determine first location information for a deployment site of the router device based on identifying the network address assignment event. The router device may convert the first location information into second location information. The router device may identify a block of network addresses, of a group of blocks of network addresses, corresponding to a region of a set of defined regions. The router device may select, from the block of network addresses, an available network address for the router device. The router device may assign the available network address to an interface of the router device. The router device may enable routing using the interface based on assigning the available network address to the interface.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for enhancing a handover procedure for supporting conditional handover in a wireless communication system. A source base station (e.g. source gNB/eNB) receives a message informing that a wireless device is handed over from the source base station to a target base station (e.g. target gNB/eNB). The target base station is one of candidate target base stations in the conditional handover procedure. After receiving the message, the source base station transmits a sequence number (SN) status transfer message to the target base station.

Abstract: A method for optimizing the processing of logical channels when multiple transport formats are to be served is provided. In certain aspects, instead of filling sequentially each transport format one by one, the protocol packets to be transmitted by the transport block are concurrently constructed. This may be accomplished, for instance, by taking into consideration the requirements of the data (for example, latency and reliability) to be transmitted as well as the characteristics of the available transport format (for example, size, expected channel quality, transmission length, etc.).

Abstract: A method, an apparatus, a computer-program product, and a system for determining bandwidth for transmission of data packets are disclosed. A data packet in a plurality of data packets is received. An amount of bandwidth required for transmission of the received data packet is determined. The amount of bandwidth is a portion of a total available bandwidth for a radio link. At least one condition associated with the radio link for transmitting the received data packet to a user device is determined. Based on the determined amount of bandwidth and the determined condition, the received data packet is transmitted to the user device. Another data packet in the plurality of data packets is transmitted using another portion of the total available bandwidth.

Abstract: A gateway device for providing a dynamic network activation and/or handover is disclosed herein. The gateway device may activate on a first network associated with a primary network subscription identifier and determine to switch to a secondary network associated with a secondary network subscription identifier. The gateway device may disconnect from the first network and activate on the secondary network. The gateway device may access a cached list of networks for the primary network subscription identifier and scan for available networks while active on the secondary network. Based at least in part on the scan, the gateway device may determine that a second network of the cached list of networks is available. In response, the gateway device can disconnect from the secondary network and connect to the second network.

Abstract: The present technology relates to a communication apparatus that can notify surrounding apparatuses of the presence of the apparatus that is receiving data. A wireless transmission processing section of a communication apparatus serving as a data frame transmitting side transmits, under control of a transmission timing control section, a data frame to a destination communication apparatus so as to include intermittent transmission-suspension periods. The present disclosure can be applied to, for example, a wireless LAN system.

Abstract: A method for multi-connectivity between a plurality of base stations and user equipment includes estimating, at the user equipment, a first round trip time (RTT) taken in transmitting first data to a first base station, estimating, at the user equipment, a second RTT taken in transmitting second data to a second base station, and determining a size of the first data which is to be transmitted to the first base station, based on the first RTT and the second RTT.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. In some wireless communications systems, a wireless device may broadcast a discovery preamble to identify a receiving device or to identify a suitable beam for communicating with a receiving device prior to broadcasting a discovery message to the receiving device. In such systems, the wireless device may use the techniques described herein to generate the discovery preamble and to reduce interference between discovery preamble transmissions and avoid data loss. In one example, a wireless device may append a cyclic prefix (CP) to a discovery preamble with a suitable length to protect the discovery preamble from interference from another transmission. In another example, the wireless device may generate a cyclically periodic signal including multiple copies of the discovery preamble so a receiving device may be able to receive a portion of the signal and identify the discovery preamble.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a wireless communication device may determine that a phase-tracking reference signal (PTRS) will not be transmitted based at least in part on a mapping value associated with transmitting the PTRS, and may identify another mapping value associated with transmitting the PTRS, wherein the other mapping value is different from the mapping value. In some aspects, a wireless communication device may identify a symbol in which a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) is to be muted, and may map, based at least in part on a mapping value configured on the wireless communication device, a PTRS relative to the symbol in which the DMRS is to be muted. Numerous other aspects are provided.

Abstract: Presented herein are techniques to facilitate policy assurance for high-resiliency network environments. In one example, a method is provided that may include calculating an intended resiliency for each of a plurality of access networks based on resiliency characteristics; determining zone policies for each of a plurality of connectivity zones of a geographical area and for each of a plurality of traffic service classes; determining a network access resiliency policy for each client of a plurality of clients within each of the plurality of connectivity zones; determining a client access resiliency policy for each access network of the plurality of access networks; and communicating each network access resiliency policy to each client of the plurality of clients and communicating each client access resiliency policy to each access network of the plurality of access networks.

Abstract: A method and apparatus allocates an IP address between terminals in a wireless communication network in which terminals directly communicate with each other in a wireless scheme without an AP. The method for allocating an Internet Protocol (IP) address of a wireless terminal capable of performing P2P communication, includes a discovery step of discovering at least one external terminal capable of performing the P2P communication and connecting with the at least one discovered external terminal by the wireless terminal; and a negotiation step of negotiating and determining with the external terminal which external terminals become a group owner and a group client in a P2P group, respectively by the wireless terminal. One of the discovery step and the negotiation step includes transmitting an IP address to be allocated to the group client to the external terminal from the wireless terminal.

Abstract: Methods and systems for partial retransmission are provided. According to one aspect, a method for receiving, at a receiver, a partial retransmission from a sender, comprises: receiving a control information message indicating a second transmission to be received, the second transmission comprising retransmitted data, the retransmitted data comprising a retransmission of a portion of a first transmission; receiving the second transmission; determining, based on a mapping indicator, a location of the retransmitted data within the second transmission; and decoding the retransmitted data at the determined location within the second transmission. The mapping indicator may be received as part of the control information message or may be received separately from the control information message. In one embodiment, the combination of the control information and the mapping indicator indicates what portions of the first transmission are being retransmitted and where they are located within the second transmission.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method for allocating at least one digital resource of a local, modular computer network. The computer network has at least two computing modules. Each of the computing modules is assigned a resource value for a digital resource. In accordance with a resource request having a demand value, at least one of the digital resources is allocated to the request. The demand value is compared with at least one of the resource values. The method acts and the associated algorithms may be stored in particular in an image file. Because of the high flexibility of the method, mobile computing modules, etc., may also be integrated into the local, modular computer network. The computer network thus exhibits the modular and flexible character of the computer network. The computer network is not configured as a fixed structure, but rather may also dynamically expand and contract.

Abstract: Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide methods and apparatus for accommodating immediate response to frames transmitted under time division multiplexed (TDM) access. Certain aspects of the present disclosure also provide methods and apparatus for indicating a frame is transmitted under time division multiplexed (TDM) access.

Abstract: Stateful inspection and classification of packets is disclosed. For a first packet associated with a network traffic flow, a differentiated services header value (DSHV) is determined to associate with the first packet. The DSHV is used to perform a lookup of a quality of service treatment associated with the DSHV. The treatment is applied to the first packet. A determination is made, for a second packet associated with the network traffic flow, to associate a second DSHV with the second, where the second DSHV is different from the first DSHV.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for authentication of a piece of equipment by a communication system, comprising: a step for exchanging at least one data frame between a first piece of equipment and a second piece of equipment through a communication bus using a packet switching protocol, the data frame including a preamble and a message body, a step for searching in each exchanged data frame for the presence of a marker in the preamble, the marker being specific to the communication system, and only when the marker has been found by the second piece of equipment in a data frame, a step for authenticating the first piece of equipment.

Abstract: A message relay arrangement is described. A first terminal sends a first message to a second terminal, where the first message that instructs the second terminal to determine a type of the second terminal based on the first message. Based on the terminal type, the second terminal operating as the first-type terminal sends first measurement information; or operating as the second-type terminal receives first measurement information sent by a first-type terminal, determines quality of a first link between the first-type terminal and the second-type terminal, and sends the quality of the first link to the first terminal. The first terminal receives the quality of the first link sent by the second-type terminal. The first terminal determines a mapping relationship between the first-type terminal and the second-type terminal based on the quality of the first link. The first terminal sends the mapping relationship to terminals corresponding to the mapping relationship.

Abstract: Various systems and methods are provided comprising: a building including one or more facilities each including at least one broadcast short-range communications unit having a fixed location, an application/computer code configured for execution by at least one of a plurality of mobile devices, and at least one server, that, together, are configured to cooperate to trigger one or more mobile device actions including causing to be output visual information, based on particular location-relevant information that is, in turn, based on at least one value.

Abstract: A method for initialization of a group of customer premises equipment devices (CPEs) during a training that registers capabilities of the CPEs is disclosed, wherein at least one CPE registers late to the training and cannot be registered. The method includes determining capabilities of the CPEs during a joining phase of the training, wherein it is determined whether a CPE device is capable of employing vectoring, and placing in a hold status the at least one CPE that registers late by keeping a line active that is coupled to the at least one CPE. The method further includes providing another joining phase after the joining phase to register the at least one CPE that registers late.

Abstract: A method for communication includes detecting, at a first station in a wireless network, a beacon transmitted over the wireless network by a second station having multiple antennas. In response to the beacon, a request-to-send (RTS) frame is transmitted over the wireless network using a multi-carrier modulation scheme from the first station to the second station. The first station receives a clear-to-send (CTS) frame transmitted over the wireless network, in response to the RTS frame, by the second station via the multiple antennas using the multi-carrier modulation scheme, and estimates an angle of transmission from the second station to the first station based on the received CTS frame.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a fifth generation (5G) or pre-5G communication system to be provided to support a higher data transmission rate since fourth generation (4G) communication systems like long-term evolution (LTE). A method of a receiver in a wireless communication system is provide. The method includes receiving at least one packet, identifying whether there is a non-received packet among the at least one packet, and transmitting status report information when there is the non-received packet, in which the status report information includes a field indicating whether there are consecutively non-received packets.

Abstract: Novel tools and techniques for providing an in-line AI virtual assistant are provided. A system includes a session border controller coupled to an end-user device, and a session initiation protocol stack. The session initiation protocol stack includes a processor, and non-transitory computer readable media comprising instructions executable by the processor to: receive, from the session border controller, a call invite request; provision, via the AI virtual assistant service, an AI virtual assistant instance in response to the call invite request; and join the AI virtual assistant instance to a call with the end-user device.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention discloses a wireless local area network data transmission method and apparatus, which are used for improving data transmission efficiency. The method includes: generating, by an access point (AP), a physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) of a wireless local area network, wherein the PPDU comprises a Physical Layer Convergence Protocol (PLCP) header domain and a data domain, wherein the PLCP header domain comprises a preamble and a control domain, and the control domain carries duration information, wherein the duration information is used for network allocation vector (NAV) setting and protecting transmission of subsequent one or more PPDUs after the generated PPDU in a transmission opportunity (TXOP), and a duration indicated by the duration information includes transmission time of the subsequent one or more PPDUs after the generated PPDU in the TXOP; and sending, by the AP, the generated PPDU.

Abstract: An information processing device includes storage and a controller. In a case where a change of network address occurs in a communication channel, the storage stores a pre-change network address for a terminal connected to the communication channel in association with a post-change network address for a terminal whose network address has changed. In a case where communication to a terminal is performed using the pre-change network address, the controller controls the communication by using the storage such that, in a case where the network address of the terminal has not changed, the communication is performed as-is, whereas in a case where the network address of the terminal has changed, the pre-change network address is converted to the post-change network address to communicate with the terminal.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for transmitting an ultra-wideband-type signal, the signal including, one after the other temporally, a synchronization header and a data payload field. The transmission device includes a first generator to generate first synchronization header symbols and a third generator to generate third data payload symbols. The transmission device further includes a time sequencing device for sequencing the first and third symbols in a sequence of symbols, successively including the first symbols in the synchronization header and the third symbols in the data payload field. The transmission device further includes at least one antenna, capable of transmitting the signal including the sequence. The transmission device additionally includes a fourth generator to generate at least one fourth secret symbol, the time sequencing device being configured to insert the at least one fourth secret symbol into the sequence of symbols.

Abstract: Regulating a flow of data from an electronic device comprises generating a user profile associated with a user. Further, a resource profile is generated and is associated with one or more resources external to the electronic device. Additionally, a context profile is generated and describes an outcome of one or more previous interactions between the user of the electronic device and one or more resources. Rules are generated based on a comparison the user profile, the context profile and the site profile. Further, data sent from an electronic device is modified based on the set of rules.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to system information transmission methods and apparatus. One example method includes receiving, by a first network node, at least one type of system information (SI) from a second network node, where the at least one type of SI includes first SI, receiving, by the first network node, a request message from a terminal device, where the request message is used to request the first SI, and sending, by the first network node, the first SI to the terminal device based on the request message and the at least one type of SI.

Abstract: A cost-effective system and method of sending and receiving high quality phone calls over a low-cost network (e.g., a local area network, a WiFi network, etc.) with a wireless device, where such phone calls would typically have been delivered over a cellular network to the wireless device is provided herein. The system enables the wireless device to retain a phone number assigned by its home cellular network to send and receive calls, while still sending and receiving such calls over the low-cost network. The system also enables wireless devices to be authenticated with the home network of the wireless device for purposes other than sending and receiving high-quality phone calls.

Abstract: A database of property data is searched based on a location constraint that is determined based on travel time contours constructed for multiple locations of interest. The locations of interest and travel parameters associated therewith are selected by a user. The travel parameters include a maximum travel time for each location. For each location, the travel time contour is constructed based on the travel parameters for the location such that points within the travel time contour have a travel time to the location that is less than or equal to the maximum travel time. The travel time contours are intersected, and the location constraint is based on the intersection.

Abstract: A communication apparatus for inter-vehicular communication according to the present invention includes: a network state estimating unit configured to estimate network state information indicating a current network state based on driving information and channel state information of neighboring vehicles; a network access controller configured to control whether to transmit a message based on the network state information; a transmission scheduler configured to control a transmission time point of the message based on the network state information; and a transmission buffer unit configured to delay transmission of the message according to the control of the transmission time point of the transmission scheduler.

Abstract: An exemplary network-edge-deployed transcoding system (“transcoding system”) establishes a communication connection with a media player device that is distinct from the transcoding system. The transcoding system accesses media data representative of media content that is to be rendered by the media player device and is encoded in the media data using a first data format. As the media player device renders the media content, the transcoding system transcodes the media data in a just-in-time transcoding manner from representing the media content in the first data format to representing the media content in a second data format. As the transcoding of the media data is performed, the transcoding system provides the transcoded media data representing the media content in the second data format to the media player device by way of the communication connection. Corresponding methods and systems are also disclosed.

Abstract: Methods and systems providing support for manual roaming in a telecommunications network are provided. According to one aspect, a method for manual roaming implemented in a Mobility Management Entity (MME) comprises: receiving, from a User Equipment (UE) a request to access the telecommunications network, the request comprising an indication that Local Operator Services, LOS, are desired; determining that authentication information for authenticating the UE is unavailable; and, in response to determining that the authentication information is unavailable, routing the UE to a portal for acquiring manual roaming access to the telecommunications network. If the user of the UE acquires (e.g., purchases) manual roaming access, the MME will receive an indication of such from the portal and grant the UE access. The UE may be restricted to accessing only a subset of LOS services. The UE may be directed to a special Access Point Name (APN) configured for manual roamers.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are system, method, and computer program product embodiments for indicating a preference to receive a single-user multiple input multiple output (SU-MIMO) or multi-user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) transmission from an access point (AP). Embodiments include generating a standard action frame that contains an action field that species a preference to receive a SU-MIMO or MU-MIMO transmission from the AP. A station (STA) can transmit the generated action frame to the AP. The STA can receive an acknowledgement frame from the AP that indicates the AP is configured to use the requested transmission method. The STA can then receive data from the AP using the requested transmission method.

Abstract: Various example implementations are directed to circuits, apparatuses and methods for providing Voice-over-IP (VoIP) services. According to an example embodiment, an apparatus includes a first network node configured to communicate VoIP-packets between upstream and downstream network nodes in a network and to communicate metadata with at least one of the VoIP packets downstream in the network. The apparatus also includes a second network node configured to receive the set of metadata and at least one VoIP packet, and communicate the at least one of the VoIP packet further downstream in the network. The second network node is also configured to send a response packet upstream in response to receiving the metadata. A network pathway assessment module is configured to derive, from the response packet a latency corresponding to the VoIP-packets communicated along a pathway between the first network node and the second network node.

Abstract: A method is provided in one example embodiment and includes detecting by a first network element at a first data center site a local connection of an endpoint identifier (“EID”), in which the EID was previously locally connected to a second network element at a second data center site and notifying a mapping server of the local connection of the EID to the first network element. The method further includes receiving from the mapping server identifying information for the second network element and communicating with the second network element using the identifying information to obtain service information for traffic associated with the EID. The method may also include applying a service identified by the service information to outgoing traffic from the EID as well as applying a service identified by the service information to incoming traffic for the EID.

Abstract: A communication method disclosed in the present disclosure includes: receiving, by an access point, a sending request sent by a first station, and sending clear to send information to the first station; when the access point receives feedback information sent by the first station, allocating, by the access point, a channel to the first station, and allocating a channel to a second station based on remaining bandwidth; generating a first trigger frame, and sending the first trigger frame to the first station and the second station; and receiving uplink data sent by the first station and the second station. The present disclosure further provides an access point and a station that can implement the communication method. According to the present disclosure, bandwidth utilization of the access point and data transmission efficiency can be improved.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a wireless communication device may transmit a first transmission using a first resource, and transmit a retransmission of the first transmission using a second resource, wherein the second resource is configured from a plurality of second resources based at least in part on an interference muting configuration of the wireless communication device. Numerous other aspects are provided.

Abstract: Systems and methods for selectively routing a connect to a network through a control function associated with the network. The system can distinguish between control functions based on functionalities associated with the control function itself or capabilities associated with a user device. The system can select between the control functions based at least in part on an identifier associated with the user device, a subscriber account associated with the user device, or another trait of the connection. The system can select the control function based on a determination made by a control node associated with the network and may be further based on a Network Resource Function, a Domain Name System server, internal static listings of the control functions, or other resource that associates one or more identifiers with the control function. The system can obtain the identifier once the user device requests a connection with the network and provide the identifier to the control node.

Abstract: In a radio system which allocates resources using as units resource blocks which are formed by frequency components and time components, control information for mobile station devices, and identification information which is used to identify a format for a control information transmission channel which transmits the control information is transmitted from the base station device to the mobile station devices by means of the control information transmission channel.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing the cost of long distance phone calls is disclosed. Accordingly, an originating phone network is operatively connected to a first intermediate point, and a receiving phone network is operatively connected to a second intermediate point. Each intermediate point is operatively connected to communicate via a data network. Users on the originating and destination phone networks may communicate based on virtual numbers. The virtual number is preferably within the local calling area of the originating phone network. The first and second intermediate points route calls to any geographic location, regardless of distance, over the data network based on the virtual number. This provides the advantage of allowing a user on the originating phone network to access a user at a distant location for a price that is substantially similar to the price of a local call.