Abstract: Methods and apparatus for cell aggregation are disclosed. In accordance with one aspect information regarding a predefined maximum number of cells that can be aggregated by a communication device on a single carrier resource is sent by the communication device. Said Information is received by a network node where after control on cell aggregation can be based on the information, and the communication device can support cell aggregation on the single carrier resource up to said maximum number of cells.

Abstract: A system is described for providing backhaul over an Ethernet passive optical network (EPON). The backhaul may be backhaul for EV-DO and/or EV-DO Rev. A communications. The system for includes at least one cell site. At least two base transceiver stations are located at the cell site. The base transceiver stations receive radio signals from respective mobile stations. A first one of the base transceiver stations provides a first backhaul signal, and a second one of the base transceiver stations provides a second backhaul signal. The cell site multiplexes these backhaul signals together onto an Ethernet passive optical network. In one embodiment, these signals are provided on different pseudowire connections within a single wavelength lambda on the passive optical network. In another embodiment, the signals are provided on different lambdas of the network.

Abstract: A system of mobile devices that reduces the transmission strength of outgoing signals originating from a handheld device, and sends such signals to a second device, situated near or on a lower-body location, where the signals may be amplified to the current permitted maximum transmission strength vis-a-vis the brain (SAR), or above that level to the greater maximum strength permitted in the areas of, e.g., the feet and ankles, where the signal is then sent outward. The devices divert radio frequency (RF) radiation exposure downward toward the lower extremities. The intelligence and power of the devices may be split between two or more devices, resulting in longer use time, deeper and more complex computing capability, and fewer disruptions due to power. In addition, a benefit in one or more embodiments is better, more reliable reception, due to the use of two or more coordinated receiving antennas.

Abstract: A network device includes an antenna connected to an RF chip and a processor coupled to an Ethernet port, the RF chip, a program memory, a packet buffer memory, a pointer buffer memory, and a program memory. The program memory contains instruction that, when executed by the processor, cause a plurality of packets received by the antenna and the RF chip in a first order to be stored in the packet buffer memory in such order, cause a pointer associated with each one of the plurality of packets to be stored in the pointer buffer memory, cause the pointers stored in the pointer buffer memory to be placed in a second order in accordance with a timestamp that is included with each packet, cause the packets stored in the packet buffer memory to be passed along to the Ethernet port in accordance with the sorted pointer to each packet.

Abstract: A wireless communication system, using wireless base stations, and other devices, such as a relay node, interoperate with using spectrum aggregation and MIMO. Traffic usage is detected and based on channel utilization relative to capacity, spectrum aggregation is chosen over MIMO under certain conditions. On the other hand, under higher channel utilization system components switch to MIMO modes of operation to reduce demand on channel use, while providing good throughput for communications stations.

Abstract: A base station device is able to perform radio communication with a mobile terminal that exists in a first cell, and includes a memory and a transmitter. The memory stores therein position information on a second cell that can be a move destination for the mobile terminal. The transmitter transmits the position information on the second cell to the mobile terminal so as to cause the mobile terminal to detect that the mobile terminal has approached the second cell using the position information.

Abstract: A first set of bits is extracted from a header of a first packet. A second set of bits is extracted from a header of a second packet. The first set of bits and the second set of bits are combined into a combined single data unit representing the first packet and the second packet. The combined single data unit is transferred to a packet processing device. The packet processing device decomposes the single data unit to extract the first set of bits corresponding to the first packet and the second set of bits corresponding to the second packet. A first reduced set of processing operations is performed to process the first packet using the first set of bits corresponding to the first packet. A second reduced set of processing operations is performed to process the second packet using the second set of bits corresponding to the second packet.

Abstract: The present invention solves communication disruption problems during the hand-off transition period by using a pre-handoff registration of a new foreign agent on behalf of the mobile node The pre-handoff registration message should: (1) identify itself as a pre-hand off registration message, (2) indicate direction of traffic for the pre-handoff registration time period, and (3) specify a lifetime or time period when the pre-handoff registration request will continue to be considered valid The local mobility anchor will accept traffic using the pre-handoff registration care-of address depending on the directionality indicator, but the communication traffic to or from the mobile node will not be disrupted during the transition period. Because the care-of address for the mobile node on the new foreign network can be used to direct communication traffic to or from the mobile node during this transition time period, no disruption of service will be encountered.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a machine to machine (M2M) system, method and server using a Social Network Service (SNS). The M2M communication server receives control information of a first M2M apparatus from a second M2M apparatus that receives the control information through an SNS interface, converts the control information into a command that is recognizable by the first M2M apparatus, and transmits the command to the first M2M apparatus such that the second M2M apparatus receives information corresponding to the command. Accordingly, a human, as a user, communicates with an M2M apparatus, easily controls the M2M apparatus, and acquires information by use of a Social Network Service (SNS) interface that is familiar to the human.

Abstract: Provided are an electronic apparatus in which a duplicate data transmission is prevented even if the data is asynchronously transmitted and received, a method of transmitting data asynchronously, and an optical image stabilization module. An electronic apparatus includes a control unit configured to request a data transmission according to a main clock signal, and a first circuit unit configured to transmit data corresponding to the data transmission request to the control unit, according to a first clock signal, wherein the first clock signal is asynchronous with the main clock signal, and the first circuit unit is further configured to set a flag during a period of the first clock signal in which the data transmission request is input to check for a duplicate data request.

Abstract: Systems and methods for header compression are described. In various implementations, these systems and methods may be applicable to wireless backhaul systems. For example, a method may include receiving a packet at a backhaul modem from an Ethernet switch, the packet having an uncompressed header comprising a concatenation of at least an Ethernet and an Internet Protocol (IP) header, and a payload; parsing the uncompressed header into a plurality of fields, the plurality of fields including a static field and a derivable field; removing the static field and the derivable field from the uncompressed header; adding a compressed field to the uncompressed header to create a compressed header; and transmitting the packet with the compressed header and the payload over a wireless link.

Abstract: To suppress concentration of channel quality information requests and reports in a case of discontinuously transmitting reference signals at specific resources in a time domain, and thereby preventing degradation in throughput. A transmission apparatus transmits an instruction of CSI request distributed for each reception apparatus in a subframe concurrently with or earlier than a reference signal CSI-RS to each of reception apparatuses. Each of the reception apparatuses detects the CSI request from the transmission apparatus and calculates CSI from a channel estimation value of CSI-RS received thereafter. Then, the reception apparatus identifies CSI report subframe of the own apparatus from CSI report interval information of a given time interval notified in advance, the subframe in which the CSI request is detected and transmission timing of CSI-RS, and transmits a feedback signal including CSI report value by using PUSCH at the timing of the CSI report subframe.

Abstract: A method for evaluating an available bitrate over a path among one of at least two paths linking a first endpoint and a second endpoint, the path being called an evaluation path, is disclosed. The first endpoint is configured for sending data packets to the second endpoint, the second endpoint is configured for sending at each data packet reception an acknowledgment message to the first endpoint through one of the at least two path selected at each data packet reception.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for managing mobility of a terminal by a first base station in a communication system. The first base station assigns a first address to the terminal located in a cell managed by the first base station and establishes a session to an external server that communicates with the terminal using the first address. If the terminal moves to a cell managed by a second base station different from the first base station, the first base station determines whether information about a second address assigned to the terminal by the second base station is received within a predetermined time. Upon receiving the information about the second address within the predetermined time, the first base station transmits data received from the external server to the terminal through the second base station using the information about the second address.

Abstract: The message transmission method for transmitting messages in an ad hoc network comprises at least two transmitter-receiver nodes that are capable of receiving and transmitting messages. The nodes communicate with each other through the despatch of messages within random access time slots organized in frames. The nodes of the network are distributed into groups in accordance with a basic distribution rule. The nodes in each group have the right to send messages in one time slot per frame of a predefined subset of frames specific to the group in accordance with the basic distribution rule. The messages include at least messages having a low priority level and messages having a high priority level. Each of the nodes transmits the low priority level messages only in one time slot per frame of the predefined subset of frames specific to its own group.

Abstract: A process carried out by a first mobile radio for joining a sub-talkgroup of a first talkgroup includes receiving, via a provisioning process or via an infrastructure wireless communication interface from an infrastructure radio access network (RAN) while within wireless communication range of the RAN, a talkgroup-specific security token associated with and shared by all group mobile radios in a first talkgroup to which the first mobile radio is subscribed via the RAN. The first mobile radio then detects, via a short-range wireless communication interface, a second mobile radio, and authenticates, the second mobile radio using the talkgroup-specific security token. If the authentication is successful, the first mobile radio adds an identity of the second mobile radio to a sub-talkgroup set of mobile radios of the first talkgroup.

Abstract: A method implemented in a user equipment (UE) includes obtaining an indication for changing a first source address to a second source address, where the first source address is used in a device to device communication session. The method further includes obtaining the second source address. The method further includes generating a message including the second source address. The method also includes transmitting the generated message using the first source address.

Abstract: A desired number of buffers to be used in a block acknowledgment (BA) session or with media access control (MAC) data units having a same traffic identifier (TID) is determined. A desired maximum MAC data unit size to be used in the BA session or with the MAC data units having the same TID is determined. An indication of the desired number of buffers in the BA session or with the MAC data units having the same TID is transmitted to a communication device in a wireless communication network for negotiating with the communication device. An indication of the desired maximum MAC data unit size to be used in the BA session or with the MAC data units having the same TID is transmitted to the second communication device for negotiating with the other station.

Abstract: A HEMS constituting a ZigBee network with at least one of equipment, comprises a processing unit processing an application to control the equipment, and a ZigBee control unit managing route information by each of the equipment according to a ZigBee protocol. The processing unit selects one of either a first mode or a second mode in accordance with the number of the equipment included in the ZigBee network, In the first mode, notification of the equipment to be controlled is sent from the processing unit to the ZigBee control unit, and the ZigBee control unit controls communication route to the equipment to be controlled. In the second mode, the processing unit decides the communication route to the equipment to be controlled, and notification of the communication route is sent from the processing unit to the ZigBee control unit.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods for improving a scheduling request transmission between a UE and a base station. The transmission of the scheduling request is postponed, by implementing a threshold that the data in the transmission buffer has to reach, before a transmission of the scheduling request is triggered. In one variant, the data in the transmission buffer needs to reach a specific amount, to trigger a scheduling request. The invention refers to further improvements: the PDDCH monitoring time window is delayed after sending a scheduling request; the dedicated scheduling request resources of the PUCCH are prioritized differently such that low-priority scheduling requests are transmitted less often.

Abstract: A method, a computer program product, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus determines a degree of a link based on interference observed from at least one other link, determines a priority of the link based on the determined degree, and decides whether to yield based on the determined priority. The priority of the link may further be based on a determined data rate of the link. The apparatus may transmit the priority to another device via a request to send (RTS) signal and/or a clear to send (CTS) signal. The apparatus may also determine a priority associated with an active link and decide whether to yield to the active link by comparing the determined priority of the link with the priority of the active link.

Abstract: A method for intra-cluster D2D retransmission comprises: calculating parameters of a first and a second retransmission modes for an acknowledgement device in a cluster at which data from a network node is decoded correctly; reporting the parameters to the network node; and determining whether or not to retransmit the data to at least one non-acknowledgement device in the cluster at which the data from the network node is decoded incorrectly, in response to a selection between the first and the second retransmission modes from the network node based at least in part on the parameters according to a pre-determined criterion.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for controlling startup of RTS/CTS mechanism is provided. The method includes: obtaining a noisy level of a channel based on the number of first data received by a first terminal in a first period, where the first terminal is a STA or an AP in a wireless network, and the first data include aggregation frames or non-aggregation frames; and if the noisy level is greater than or equal to a noisy level threshold, controlling the first terminal to start up the RTS/CTS mechanism when data is transmitted in a second period which is following and adjacent to the first period along a time axis. The noisy level of the channel may be obtained in real time, and the RTS/CTS mechanism may be controlled to be started up reasonably in real time, so that channel resources is utilized sufficiently, and a throughput rate is improved.

Abstract: A method of detecting whether a packet from a plurality of packets transmitted by at least one transmitting station over a network has been played back is disclosed. Each packet includes a message and an identifier, the packets being successively transmitted over several consecutive time periods. The method includes receiving the packet by at least one receiving station and reading of the identifier of the received packet to obtain a received identifier, and consulting, by the receiving station, a database of identifiers already received to determine whether the received identifier has already been received. If the received identifier has not already been received, the method also includes updating the database to include the received identifier. The identifier includes an indicator of belonging to groups of packets.

Abstract: A base station apparatus acquires, when a handover from a first device in a base station apparatus to a second device in the base station apparatus occurs, handover source information related to data received by the first device after the handover. The base station apparatus calculates a time taken to transfer the data from the first device to the second device based on the acquired handover source information. The base station apparatus transfers the data during the calculated time.

Abstract: An Ethernet Metropolitan Area Network provides connectivity to one or more customer premises to packet-bases services, such as ATM, Frame Relay, or IP while advantageously providing a mechanism for assuring security and regulation of customer traffic. Upon receipt of each customer-generated information frame, an ingress Multi-Service Platform (MSP) “tags” the frame with a customer descriptor that specifically identifies the recipient customer. In practice, the MSP tags each frame by overwriting the Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) identifier with the routing descriptor. Using the customer descriptor in each frame, a recipient Provider Edge Router (PER) or ATM switch can map the information as appropriate to direct the information to the specific customer. In addition, the customer descriptor may also include Quality of Service (QoS) allowing the recipient Provider Edge Router (PER) or ATM switch to vary the QoS level accordingly.

Abstract: Embodiments relate to managing data flows at a virtual forwarding element. A method for managing data flows at a virtual forwarding element executing in a host that has a network interface card (NIC) is provided. The method receives, from a virtual machine executing in the host, a packet that belongs to a data flow originating from the virtual machine. The method identifies a network identifier for the data flow based on a mapping between a plurality of virtual machines executing in the host and a plurality of network identifiers. The mapping is provided by a network controller that configures the virtual forwarding element. The method encapsulates the packet with the network identifier and a tunnel header that includes network addresses of the host. The method sends the encapsulated packet to the NIC. The NIC transmits the encapsulated packet out of the host and towards a destination of the packet.

Abstract: Network nodes acquire bandwidth in contention-based networks for handling video traffic. A request to reserve a channel for transmission of a payload is sent prior to a network node receiving the payload. The payload is a burst of video data that is generated periodically. A network node determines a time period for reserving the channel. The network node determines when to initiate contending for the channel and the time period for transmitting the payload to another network node. A network node determines when a payload is expected to arrive and monitors its back off time period at least a time period prior to receiving a payload. The network node also monitors transmission of the payload and adjusts when to initiate contending for the channel.

Abstract: A method is disclosed of embedding a GPS location of a host device in an IPv6 address using IPv6 Neighbor Discovery, the method includes sending a neighbor solicitation request having a Global Positioning System (GPS) option from a first host device to an IPv6 server via an IPv6 communication network, the GPS option providing GPS information of the first host device; receiving the neighbor solicitation request having the GPS option on the IPv6 server, the IPv6 server configured to capture the neighbor solicitation request and create an IPv6 address with GPS information for the first host device; sending a neighbor discovery advertisement from the IPv6 server to the first host device; receiving the neighbor discovery advertisement and returning a solicit, request and renew message to the IPv6 server; and returning a reply message to the first host device with the IPv6 address with the GPS information.

Abstract: Systems and methodologies are described that facilitate compressing headers for relay nodes. In particular, a robust header compression (RoHC) profile can be defined for general packet radio service (GPRS) tunneling protocol (GTP) headers. Upon receiving a packet with one or more GTP headers, an access point or relay node can determine whether the one or more GTP headers are compressible and can apply the RoHC profile to compress the one or more GTP headers. In addition, the packet can include a baseheader encapsulated by the one or more GTP headers, which can also be compressed according to a RoHC profile specific to the baseheader. Moreover, RoHC compressed headers can be decompressed according to the GTP RoHC profile.

Abstract: Header information is extracted from a received packet by a data path portion of a network device. The data path portion is configured to buffer a data portion of received packets until the received packets are ready for transmission from the network device. The data path portion determines a first classification identifier for the received packet based on the header information. The data path portion determines a congestion state of the data path portion. The congestion state indicates a received packet rate of the first data path portion that exceeds a packet handling rate of a control path portion of the network device. The data path portion discards the first packet if the congestion state meets a discard threshold associated with the first classification identifier.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for bundling data packet acknowledgments in a wireless communication device is disclosed. The method includes determining a metric proportional to a communication distance between the wireless communication device and a counterpart wireless communication device; selecting a number of data packet acknowledgments to be bundled together according to the determined communication distance such that when the communication distance is higher, the higher number of data packet acknowledgments are bundled together into a single acknowledgment message; and causing transmission of the acknowledgment message comprising the selected number of data packet acknowledgments.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for ranging for uplink resource allocation in a broadband wireless communication system are provided. The method includes detecting, from an Uplink Channel Descriptor (UCD), first ranging codes corresponding to a first region and second ranging codes corresponding to a second region, selecting one of the second ranging codes corresponding to the second region, mapping the selected second ranging code to the first region and transmitting the same to a base station, and receiving an allocation of an uplink resource from the base station.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a wireless communication system and, more specifically, to a method and apparatus for controlling a channel access in a wireless LAN system. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the objective of the present invention is to provide a method for controlling a channel access in a station (STA) of the wireless communication system comprising the steps of: receiving a frame which includes a response frame indication field in a physical layer convergence protocol (PLCP) header of the frame; and deferring the channel access of the STA during a predetermined period of time which is determined on the basis of the response frame indication field.

Abstract: Some embodiments provide a hosting system for provisioning and managing servers (e.g., virtual servers, dedicated servers). In some embodiments, the hosting system receives a configuration for one or more servers for a particular entity (e.g., customer, user). The hosting system then identifies a grid identity and a set of virtual local area network (VLAN) identities for the particular entity. The hosting system then deploys the set of servers on one or more of the hardware nodes using the grid identity and the set of VLAN identities. In some embodiments, the set of VLAN identities includes a first VLAN identity for a private network and a second VLAN identity for a public network.

Abstract: In a storage system, client devices and storage devices are connected to a network. An application for controlling the recording function of the storage device is installed on the client device. The client device, which accesses the storage device, is provided with a user interface with which a user operates the storage device. The storage device has a network attached storage (NAS) function and a recording function, and the storage device has no interface of its own with which to operate. A plurality of the storage devices are connectable to the network. When the client device registers the plurality of storage devices connected to the network, the client device accesses the plurality of storage devices registered and provides the user with a single user interface.

Abstract: To provide a stable high speed wireless network, the relay process is solved at the lower layers (PHY layer, MAC layer) without depending on upper layers to reduce the load of the upper layers to the utmost. Discrimination is made between a packet of one's own station and a relay packet to process the presence and absence of the relay packet without using a CPU to construct a wireless network executing the relay processing at a high speed. Further, the retransmission is executed without using a CPU to provide a stable wireless network. In addition, the table for relay process (routing table) is constantly updated to add to the table the information of the packets of which processes are not executed to eventually suppress unnecessary processes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a vehicle recorder system that is configured with a video camera, a light weight memory system, and a radio communications facility suitable for use in conjunction with an moving vehicle. An automobile equipped with such video recorder system that is used throughout a day of service provides a video record of unusual events which may occur from time-to-time. For example, events such as accidents, near-misses, and excessive speed, among others, trigger a system to preserve video images collected before and after the moment of the event. Replaying these images provides information regarding the cause and true nature of the event. These systems are particularly suitable for vehicle fleets, or other groups of vehicles that can communicate with a common system.

Abstract: A bi-directional packet data transmission system for a packet data transmission between a terminal and a radio access network includes an uplink resource and a downlink resource which are independently set. Memory resources can be effectively managed even in a packet data transmission service with the asymmetrical structure such that the packet amount for the downlink is much greater than the packet amount for the uplink, or the packet amount for the uplink is much greater than the packet amount for the downlink.

Abstract: A bi-directional packet data transmission system for a packet data transmission between a terminal and a radio access network includes an uplink resource and a downlink resource which are independently set. Memory resources can be effectively managed even in a packet data transmission service with the asymmetrical structure such that the packet amount for the downlink is much greater than the packet amount for the uplink, or the packet amount for the uplink is much greater than the packet amount for the downlink.

Abstract: A method, an apparatus, and a computer program product for wireless communication are provided. The apparatus determines a first decoding candidate in a first search space and a second decoding candidate in a second search space, where the first decoding candidate and the second decoding candidate have a same size but different definitions of information fields, identifies a difference in the information fields, and determines one of the first decoding candidate and the second decoding candidate as a valid candidate based on the identified difference. The apparatus further generates first control information for transmitting in a first search space, codes the first control information, wherein the code applied to the first control information is specific to the first search space and different from code applied to second control information in a second search space, and transmits the coded first control information in the first search space.

Abstract: A method for transmitting a message, a UE and a network side device are disclosed. The method includes: receiving, by a network side device, a message reported by a first user equipment UE, where the first UE is a UE in a preset UE group; identifying the message, reported by the first UE, as an emergency message when the message carries a message identifier of the emergency message; and delivering the emergency message to another UE except the first UE in the preset UE group. After identifying a reported emergency message, a network side may immediately deliver the emergency message to each UE. Because the emergency message does not need to be uploaded to a CN and a server of a management center through the network side for delivering, a transmission delay of the emergency message is reduced, which improves a speed that the UE obtains the emergency message.

Abstract: Devices and methods use an Extended PAN Identification (EPID) of a mesh network (e.g., ZigBee) to include in the EPID a network information, a network channel information (e.g., 802.15.4 channel), and/or other data. The devices and methods allows a node to use the EPID to identify a desired network to join and join the network on the predetermined channel for that network.

Abstract: A bidirectional packet data transmission system for a packet data transmission between a terminal and a radio access network includes an uplink resource and a downlink resource which are independently set. Memory resources can be effectively managed even in a packet data transmission service with the asymmetrical structure such that the packet amount for the downlink is much greater than the packet amount for the uplink, or the packet amount for the uplink is much greater than the packet amount for the downlink.

Abstract: A method for evaluating interference affecting a cable between a network node and at least one remote radio head. The method is performed in the network node and comprises the steps of determining a set of wireless devices to be associated with the cable; obtaining a plurality of signal quality estimates associated with each one of the wireless devices of the set of wireless devices; averaging the signal quality estimates for the set of wireless devices, yielding an average signal quality; and determining interference affecting the cable based on a spectral analysis of the average signal quality.

Abstract: Disclosed in the present application is a method for receiving an ACK/NACK (Acknowledgement/Negative Acknowledgement) signal by a terminal in a wireless communication system. More specifically, the method comprises the steps of: transmitting an uplink data signal to a base station; a blind decoding of downlink control information including an ACK/NACK response signal regarding the uplink data signal so as to acquire a decoded signal; and checking the ACK/NACK response signal, corresponding to the terminal, from among the downlink control information. The downlink control information consists of ACK/NACK response signals corresponding to a plurality of terminals.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a multi-role Bluetooth device and more particularly to a multi-role Bluetooth handset. The multi-role Bluetooth device stores a plurality of SDPs (Service Discovery Protocols), and establishes Bluetooth connection with an electronic device by one of SDPs. The multi-role Bluetooth device can establish Bluetooth connection with the electronic device by a first SDP, and transmit and/or receive data to the electronic device each other via Bluetooth connection. Furthermore, the multi-role Bluetooth device also can establish Bluetooth connection with the electronic device by a second SDP, and transmit a control signal to the electronic device via Bluetooth connection to control the electronic device to execute particular function thereof.

Abstract: A system performs tunneling for real time communication (“RTC”) between a source endpoint and a destination endpoint. The system receives, by a server, a request from a user equipment (“UE”) for enabling header compression of inner internet protocol (“IP”) and transport headers of media traffic encapsulated within a tunnel. The media traffic corresponds to the RTC between the source endpoint and the destination endpoint. The system determines a mapping that maps one or more indices to identifying information of the source endpoint and the destination endpoint, and sends a response to the UE including the mapping. Upon sending the response, the UE and the server communicate the media traffic according to the mapping, where the media traffic includes media packets in which inner IP and transport headers are replaced with an index within the one or more indices.

Abstract: A mobile terminal in a mobile communication system supporting device to device (D2D) communication, and a method for operating the mobile terminal are provided. The terminal includes a first radio frequency (RF) chain configured to transmit a mobile communication signal and a second RF chain configured to receive a mobile communication signal, for mobile communication with a base station, a switching unit including a plurality of switches configured to establish transmission and reception paths in the first and second RF chains, and a controller configured to control switching of the switching unit to establish transmission and reception paths of a D2D communication signal for D2D communication by combining a part of the first RF chain with a part of the second RF chain. The combination of the parts of the first and second RF chains is different according to a D2D communication frequency band.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may detect cell congestion by selecting a preamble type as a function of priority level, transmitting the preamble to a serving cell, receiving a random access response (RAR) from the serving cell, determining a congestion state of the serving cell as a function of the received RAR, and/or responding to the congestion state of the serving cell. RACH functionality may be improved by allocating one or more sets of Physical RACH (PRACH) resources to a WTRU. The WTRU may configure the additional PRACH resources based on the allocation. A WTRU may determine a second set of PRACH resources based at least in part on a first set of PRACH resources. A WTRU may determine additional sets of PRACH preambles and may utilize modified PRACH preambles and/or modified PRACH preamble formats. The WTRU may signal additional PRACH resources.