Abstract: A bus switch system having an adapter, a first input and first output register in cascade connection on a data transferring bus of bus switch that comprise input and output shift registers. There is also a bridge, the second input and second output registers are in a cascade connection on the first data transferring bus form a shift register. This allows data to be transferred to an adjacent adapter at one clock cycle, thereby the data transfer is made faster. The data transfer on the first and second data transferring buses is conducted in one direction and input/output control is optimally conducted by first and second control means so that switch control in data transfer is made easier.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method of controlling bandwidth for a bridge device applied to packets transmitting between the bridge device and a companion chip. The method first calculates the traffic of packets received by the bridge device and adjusts the frequency of a clock signal that is generated by the bridge device. The clock signal is then outputted to the companion chip, and the companion chip adjusts the output bandwidth according to the clock signal. The bridge device will adjust the frequency of the clock signal when the storage ratio of the receiving queue is beyond a predetermined region and the predetermined region can be the region of the storage ratio between 20 and 80 percent. Additionally, the method of the present invention can be applied to the operation of transmitting packet from the bridge device to the companion chip.

Abstract: A push-type information service to a client located within a local network and having only a local IP address becomes possible via a network address converting apparatus. A network address conversion program implementing the network address converting process may be stored on a storage medium. When assignment of an Internet IP address to a client is requested by a host server, an IP address assigning unit assigns an Internet IP address to that client. An address conversion table producing unit produces an address conversion table describing the correspondence between the Internet IP address assigned to the client and the local IP address of the client. An address converter notifies the host server of the assigned Internet IP address. After that, if the host server sends data to the acquired Internet IP address, the address converter converts the destination of the data to the corresponding local IP address of the client by referring to the address conversion table.

Abstract: The present invention reveals a structure of circuit boards for a wireless communication apparatus to increase product yield and throughput. The structure of circuit boards includes an RF module and a second circuit board, the RF module including a first circuit board and at least one RF device equipped on the first circuit board, the area of the second circuit board being no smaller than that of the first circuit board, and the first circuit board being disposed on the surface of the second circuit board.

Abstract: The hybrid data bus includes client nodes and an IEEE-1394b-based network operably associated with those client nodes. At least one of the client nodes is a legacy-based client node that utilizes a non-deterministic network bus type for network interfacing. An IEEE-1394b-based network is operably associated with the client nodes via at least one network interface bridge (NIB). The IEEE-1394b-based network provides a deterministic data passing capability between the legacy-based client node and at least one other of the client nodes.

Abstract: An exemplary apparatus for providing VoIP services comprises: (a) a telephone hardware interface connectable to a POTS network; (b) a VoIP gateway connectable to a VoIP network; (c) a bridge operable to interconnect a POTS session over the telephone hardware interface with a VoIP session over the VoIP gateway; and (d) an input/output interface that is connected to at least one of the telephone hardware interface, the VoIP gateway, and the bridge, and which is also connectable to a telephone.

Abstract: A method for tunneling voice over the Internet Protocol (IP) in a cellular network. A Mobile Identification Number (MIN) of a non-IP-enabled handset is mapped to the IP address of a component of a cellular network in communication with that handset. A sub-index is assigned to the handset by the component, wherein the sub-index acts as an extension to the IP Address of the component, so that a non-IP-enabled handset can be correctly identified within the cellular network.

Abstract: A method for more efficient data transmission by matching the length of the data portions of a packet to the width of the buffer in the processor. In the SPI 4.2 protocol the data portion can be set to 64 bytes and the buffer set to 64 byte width. This allows for more efficient use of the network processor resources while remaining within the bounds set by the standard. The control words bracketing the data portions may also have SOP and/or EOP indications set to specify the start or end of a packet. The Network Processor, by its design, will store each data portion in a 64 byte slot. Packet headers are stored in a single buffer slot, thereby eliminating the need to reassemble the header before the packet can be processed, making packet processing more time efficient.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses are disclosed for enabling a virtual personalized network. Communications are established with a personal digital gateway to control access, sharing, security, and/or management of up-to-date personalized data exchanged between or among a plurality of associated communications devices and/or communications networks. The associated communications devices are owned, operated, and/or accessed by a common user.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses are disclosed for enabling a virtual personalized network. Communications are established with a personal digital gateway to control access, sharing, security, and/or management of up-to-date personalized data exchanged between or among a plurality of associated communications devices and/or communications networks. The associated communications devices are owned, operated, and/or accessed by a common user.

Abstract: A method and system are provided for improving performance in a communication system comprising: receiving a plurality of data packets from a transmitter; generating a queue of a plurality of acknowledgements each indicating receipt of one or more of the data packets; and sending only the last acknowledgement in the queue to the transmitter to indicate receipt of all of the data packets for which acknowledgements are queued. Other systems and methods are disclosed.

Abstract: An interface for a private IP network interfaces flows of packets between gateway controllers and external media gateways. It has a network address translator and an IPsec device for maintaining secure paths to the external devices. A path identifier records which of the packet flows corresponds to which path. It is incorporated in the packet header, and means that the same interface can be used to couple many different external gateways, and interface them with many of the gateway controllers. Widespread deployment of such interfaces in anonymisers to achieve hiding of device addresses and network topology, as well as the reduction in use of expensive registered addresses is facilitated. By sending the path identifier in the packet, the IPsec device and the address translator can be loosely coupled devices, so standard readily available devices can be used.

Abstract: A method and system for selecting one of plural storage buses to communicate with a storage information handling system having a single storage data port uses data storage signals of the buses to switch a multiplexing device that selects a bus that is sending a valid data storage signal. A bus selector interfaces a multiplexing device with the single port and interfaces first and second buses with the multiplexing device. A signal detector monitors the first and second buses to detect data storage signals, such as an establish port command, associated with a bus and directs the multiplexing device to enable an interface of the first bus with the single port. Redundancy is provided by allowing plural buses to selectively communicate with the single data port.

Abstract: A system maps network messages between a customer Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) domain and a provider VLAN domain. Specifically, one or more ports of an intermediate network device includes frame mapping logic and may further include a plurality of highly flexible, programmable mapping tables. In accordance with the invention, a received frame associated with a customer VLAN is mapped to a provider VLAN that is selected as a function of the frame's customer VLAN and the particular port on which the frame is received. The frame may also be mapped to a provider CoS value that is selected as a function of the frame's customer CoS value, customer VLAN and the port on which the frame is received. The provider VLAN designation and provider CoS value may be appended to the frame. Forwarding decisions within the provider domain are based, at least in part, on the frame's provider VLAN designation and provider CoS value.

Abstract: In an ATM communication network ATM cells to be transmitted from a terminal device (46) to a network control node (12) are transmitted according to certain transmission properties also called Quality of Service. In order to determine the Quality of Service with which a given packet has to be transmitted, the Quality of Service is determined from address information in the VPI/VCI identifier in the header of the ATM cell. In an embodiment of the invention a network termination (32) comprises address translation means (76) for translating the address present in ATM cells received from the terminal device (46) into addresses indicating the Quality of Service.

Abstract: Disclosed is a bridge apparatus for the relay of a frame between a wire LAN and a wireless LAN. When a frame transmitted by the wire LAN is a specific frame, a QoS middleware unit of the bridge apparatus adds a bridging request to an FIFO queue having a high priority. And when the frame received from the wire LAN is not a specific frame, the QoS middleware unit adds a bridging request to an FIFO queue having a low priority. A bridging unit performs the priority processing for the bridging request present in the FIFO queue having a high priority, and transmits the frame to the wireless LAN.

Abstract: A computer system that includes a computer chassis containing an IEEE 1394 bus and peripheral devices. The computer system includes a CPU, a memory, and a bridge logic unit coupling the CPU to the memory. Peripheral devices in the computer system chassis couple to the bridge logic unit through the IEEE 1394 bus. The bridge logic unit couples directly to the peripheral devices in the computer chassis. The bridge logic unit includes a memory controller, CPU interface, IEEE 1394 interface and AGP interface. The IEEE 1394 interface couples to the IEEE 1394 bus. The bridge logic unit includes a number of queue storage elements that couple the IEEE 1394 interface to the memory controller, CPU interface, and AGP interface.

Abstract: A gateway module is provided for connecting multiple networks. A connection set up module is provided. The connection set up module is configured to set up a transport layer connection between two correspondent nodes in first and second wire networks in divided forms of first and second connections. The first and second connections are in a transport layer protocol suitable for communications with correspondent nodes in the first and second wire networks. A control module controls the connection set up module by determining whether or not to carry out a connection set up by the connection set up module. The connection set up is made according to information content of a packet. The packet contains a transport layer protocol data unit, from a correspondent node in the second network, that requests a set up of the transport layer connection between the first and second networks.

Abstract: A method of interfacing telephone data with a computer system that includes a computer TDM bus. The method includes receiving the telephone data from a plurality of telephony codecs over a telephony bus. The telephony data includes a plurality of telephony time slots. The method further includes multiplexing the plurality of telephony slots into at least one computer bus time slot and transmitting the at least one computer bus time slot over the computer time division multiplexed bus.

Abstract: The invention relates to local area networks including Ethernet networks which typically comprises a LAN hub, a plurality of outer hub devices connected to the LAN hub via a respective plurality of LAN links(passing through an Ethernet hub) and a plurality of USB devices and/or LAN computers connected to the plurality of outer hub devices via a respective plurality of USB links. The outer hub devices communicate with the USB devices and LAN computers using the USB protocol that has time sensitive aspects. To satisfy the requirements of the USB protocol, the outer hub devices perform the time sensitive aspects of the USB protocol. The outer hubs communicate with the LAN hub using an Ethernet protocol that permits the outer hub device to be further than 5 meters from the LAN hub. The Ethernet protocol is typically a variant of the USB protocol.

Abstract: Placing virtualization agents in the switches which comprise the SAN fabric. Higher level virtualization management functions are provided in an external management server. Conventional HBAs can be utilized in the hosts and storage units. In a first embodiment, a series of HBAs are provided in the switch unit. The HBAs connect to bridge chips and memory controllers to place the frame information in dedicated memory. Routine translation of known destinations is done by the HBA, based on a virtualization table provided by a virtualization CPU If a frame is not in the table, it is provided to the dedicated RAM. Analysis and manipulation of the frame headers is then done by the CPU, with a new entry being made in the HBA table and the modified frames then redirected by the HBA into the fabric. This can be done in either a standalone switch environment or in combination with other switching components located in a director level switch.

Abstract: An arbitration-type call establishing system comprising a plurality of user systems and a connection control system. The user systems each include means for transmitting the arbitration conditions including the desired other party to connect and the desired other party to permit a connection request, to a connection control system through a data network.

Abstract: A bridge for connecting a DSP to an ASIC on-chip bus as a master on the bus. The bridge includes a DSP instruction unit master interface and a DSP data unit master interface to convert DSP instruction unit and data unit external signals into bus protocol signals. An arbiter is provided to receive the signals from the two DSP interfaces and selectively pass the signals to a generic bus master which couples the signals to the on-chip bus. A synchronization unit is provided to insure alignment of positive clock transitions between the different clock frequencies of the ASIC and the DSP and to buffer signals as needed. The generic bus master couples signals from the arbiter and the synchronization unit to the ASIC bus in full compliance with the bus protocol.

Abstract: A hub that controls the acquisition of images from a plurality of image sources utilizes image acquisition logic that selectively applies a first set of control signals (e.g., “shutter” signals) to imaging devices, causing them to acquire images. The logic applies a second set of control signals (e.g., “readout” signals) to the devices, causing them to output the images to the hub. Those images are transferred by the hub to a host over an isochronous communications medium.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, system, and computer program product for communicating using Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is provided. The method, apparatus, system and computer program product provide mechanisms by which client applications need not maintain information pertaining to the routing of messages. The SIP client manager receives SIP messages through a network interface. The SIP client manager contains a SIP management module and an X-SIP client module. The SIP management module contains a SIP message modifier for modifying incoming messages and outgoing messages in accordance with context information or state information for a session associated with a SIP message, and the SIP management module also contains input/output controllers for receiving, sending, or forwarding SIP messages. The X-SIP client module contains an input/output controller for receiving and sending SIP messages and also contains a SIP application programming interface (API) for handling SIP messages for a SIP-enabled application.

Abstract: An interconnecting device which interconnects a plurality of Internet Service Providers (ISP) and user terminals including a routing information acquisition unit which acquires routing information between a communication terminal which the user terminal accesses through either of the plurality of ISPs, and each of the plurality of ISPs, a destination information storing unit which stores terminal identification information of a communication terminal and ISP identification information of either of the plurality of ISPs in association with the terminal identification information, based on the routing information acquired by the routing information acquisition unit, a receiving unit which receives packets from the user terminal, a terminal identification information acquisition unit which acquires terminal identification information of a destination communication terminal from the packet received by the receiving unit, and a transmitting unit which transmits the packets to the ISP which associates with the term

Abstract: Procedure for determining register recall filtering time in a telecommunication system in conjunction with a V5 interface in different national mappings.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for connecting a terminal (13) over an access network (12), herein called remote access network, to a core part (10) of a radio communication network, said radio communication network comprising said core network (10) and a dedicated radio access network (11) different from said remote access network (12).

Abstract: A network linking device in communication with a computer host and an external network is disclosed. The network linking device includes a media access controller (MAC), a buffer and a feature value evaluator. The MAC in communication with the external network receives a data packet from the external network, and stores the data packet in the buffer in communication therewith. The feature value evaluator in communication with the buffer determines whether the data packet complies with a transfer condition according to a feature value included in the data packet, and actuates the MAC to assert an interrupt signal to the computer host when the feature value indicates the data packet complies with the transfer condition. A method for transferring a data packet between a computer host and an external network is also disclosed.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for enhancing Mobile IP signaling and to support use of disparate addressing plans and dynamic Home Agent allocation in Mobile IP Regional Tunneling are described. The enhanced methods of signaling use an intermediate node, e.g., a Gateway Foreign Agent, straddling different addressing domains, when the signaling controls a process between the intermediate node and an upstream node. The specific intermediate node, its interfaces and upstream addresses can be dynamically selected. The Enhanced MIP signaling includes dynamic allocation of: a regional node at a Foreign Agent, the upstream address of a regional node by the regional node, a Home Agent for a regional node prior to dynamic allocation of the regional node. A method is supported to indicate to a Mobile Node that a dynamically allocated regional node has become invalid triggering enhanced MIP signaling dynamically allocating a new regional node and upstream interface address.

Abstract: Counters are implemented within a bridge device so that adequate forwarding and transmission statistics can be monitored. The counting of frame discards as a result of ingress and egress rules implemented within the bridge are utilized within the IEEE 802.IQ VLAN bridge model to calculate the number of frames forwarded and the number of frames transmitted.

Abstract: An extension system, and related methods, for extending the location of interfaces and expanding the number of interface modules that interface with a communications system. The system includes a communications terminal including a first multi-transport mode bus that carries signals comprising a plurality of transport mode signals, a plurality of interface ports coupled to the first multi-transport mode bus, and a first extension interface mode coupled to one of the plurality of interface ports, wherein the first extension interface module converts the transmission format of the signals to a transmission format of an extension communications link.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for prioritizing outbound data transfers across a serial data transmission interface to a connected device. An interface circuit includes a memory block in which outbound frames are temporarily stored pending transfer to the connected device, the outbound frames characterized as single frames having a command word payload and data frames which include a user data payload. A port successively establishes connections with corresponding ports of the connected device in response to connection requests associated with the outbound frames in the memory block. A prioritization circuit places single frame connection requests into a first queue and data frame connection requests into a second queue. Single frame connection requests are further placed into the second queue when the port fails to establish a successful connection. The connection requests in the first queue are forwarded to the port before the connection requests in the second queue.

Abstract: A unit for distributing and processing data packets has an administration unit for distributing the data packets to parallel-connected processor units. In this case, the processors of adjacent processor units have intermediate connections for interchanging data. The administration unit distributes the data packets in dependence on administration information for the data packets and/or on operating information for the processor units.

Abstract: A communications network resource conservation system is provided for that conserves network bandwidth and improves voice quality. The method and apparatus permit users of H.323 terminal devices to talk to each other directly over the Internet thereby eliminating the need to use the resources of a telephone switch and a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). Communication between users is established directly via packet network. In one embodiment, a voice path between users is directly established without routing the voice through a PSTN as for a typical telephone call and yet get supplementary services from the PSTN switch. The telephone call will be set up through the telephone switch and the PSTN as for a normal call, but, the voice path will be Intraswitched directly between the calling party and the called party via their packet network.

Abstract: A bus bridge generally comprising a first interface, a second interface, a plurality of registers and a controller. The first interface may be connectable to a first bus having a first data width. The second interface may be connectable to a second bus having a second data width narrower than the first data width. The plurality of registers may be configured to buffer (i) data, (ii) an address, and (iii) a plurality of control signals between the first bus and the second bus. The controller configured to control the registers.

Abstract: Method of self-learning for a switching node in a data transmission network (10) wherein Internet Protocol (IP) data frames are transmitted between a sending unit (20 or 24) and a receiving unit (22 or 26) via an ingress switching node (12) linked to an egress switching node (16 or 18) by a plurality of intermediate switching nodes (14) interconnected by trunks. The method consists principally in generating, in the input port/trunk interface of the switching node, a switch header including a source identification field, a destination identification field and a temporary label identifying the flow of data in response to its first data frame, this first switch header being concatenated to said data frame before being transmitted to the router interface of the switching node via its switch engine when the data frame does not belong to a known flow of data and the router has to define the routing of the flow of data.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and system in which the lower address bits of an IP address are used as a mobile station's short identifier. According to exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the operator of a MSC/PMSC node is normally assigned, from an ISP, several class C-networks to provide to its packet mobile subscribers. When these networks are chosen with the same high order bits, as is most often the case, it is possible to directly map the lower bits of the IP-address to a unique key value that could be used within the node. For a PPDC-node, this key value can be used as a short mobile station identifier in the LAPDm protocol. For other data-link protocols on other platforms, it is also possible to use the new key value as a short identifier for the mobile station. Therefore, the translation process turns simply into a matter of adding or removing the high order bits in order to convert the IP address into the mobile station identifier.

Abstract: A network switch for network communications is disclosed. The switch includes a first data port interface, supporting at least one data port transmitting and receiving data at a first data rate and a second data port interface, supporting at least one data port transmitting and receiving data at a second data rate. A memory management unit for communicating data from at least one of the first data port interface and the second data port interface and a memory is also included. The switch uses a communication channel for communicating data and messaging information between the first data port interface, the second data port interface, and the memory management unit. The switch also has a plurality of lookup tables, including an address resolution lookup table, a VLAN table and module port table.

Abstract: An access control gateway (E) for controlling access to a first data network (D), which gateway includes filter means for filtering data coming from a second data network. It is characterized in that the filter means are adapted to decide whether to transmit the data to the first network as a function of information contained in the data relating to the processing of the data by active routing systems of the first network.

Abstract: A communication bus snooper switch includes an inbound cell queue coupled to receive ATM cells from a number of ATM physical layer interfaces across a common inbound bus. An out-bound cell queue (which may be the same queue as the inbound cell queue when a dual port queue is used) is coupled to provide the ATM cells to separate ATM termination points according cell address information across separate out-bound busses. Each of the out-bound busses is associated with one of the ATM termination points. The snooper switch is configured to operate as an ATM bus master when communicating with the physical layer interfaces and as a ATM bus slave when communicating with the ATM termination points. During transmit operations, cells from the various ATM termination points are queued in corresponding transmission cell queues within the snooper switch and, thereafter, provided to the ATM physical layer interfaces according to an arbitration scheme implemented at the snooper switch.

Abstract: In a system having two or more gateway apparatuses connected to both first and second networks having mutually different address systems, a gateway apparatus is provided with a translation table for associating IP addresses with node IDs. The gateway apparatus inquires other gateway apparatuses whether other gateway apparatuses are administering the same address as an IP address generated for a newly added device. If there is another gateway apparatus that is administering the same address, the IP address is prevented from being registered in the translation table.

Abstract: A method for budgeted learning of link information in a network includes providing a database to contain the link information, for use by an entity connected to the network in transferring traffic over the network, and setting a maximum rate for addition of entries to the database. New entries to be added to the database are determined responsive to the traffic on the network during a learning period. The new entries are added to the database only if the addition of the entries during the learning period has not exceeded the maximum rate.

Abstract: A personalized firewall or other network gateway is provided by a method of matching a data packet to a rule in a network gateway having a rule base. One or more identification values are determined (302) on the basis of the data packet and property value(s) associated with said one or more identification values are queried (304) and received from a property server. The property value(s) describe for example allowed connections and services for an entity associated with the identification value(s). The property value(s) are compared (306) to at least one rule in the rule base, said at least one rule comprising property value(s) and an action, and the action defined in said at least one rule is taken (310), if said property value(s) of the rule match corresponding property value(s) associated with said one or more identification values.

Abstract: An arrangement for implementing a network in an ISDN-BASED customer premises having a 4-wire ISDN S0 bus. The ISDN-BASED customer premises includes a Network Termination Basic Access (NTBA) that interfaces between the residential customer premises and the public switched telephone network by mapping the 2-wire ISDN signal onto the 4-wire bus. A low pass filter is added to the 2-wire send path to eliminate high frequency noise caused by harmonic reflections of the ISDN-based signals on the 4-wire bus. The filter also provides a delay between the zero crossing of the ISDN-based signals and the transmitted network signals, minimizing the effect of the ISDN zero crossings on the home network signal.

Abstract: A video teleconferencing system uses digital transcoding to obtain algorithm transcoding, transmission rate matching, and spatial mixing. The video teleconferencing system comprises a multipoint control unit (MCU) for allowing multiple audiovisual terminals, which send and receive compressed digital data signals, to communicate with each other in a conference. The MCU has a video processing unit (VPU) that performs algorithm transcoding, rate matching, and spatial mixing among the terminals within a conference. The VPU includes a time division multiplex pixel bus and a plurality of processors. Each processor is assignable to an audiovisual terminal in the conference and is coupled to the pixel bus. In a receive mode, each processor receives and decodes compressed video signals from its assigned terminal and puts the decoded signal onto the pixel bus. In a transmit mode, each processor receives from the pixel bus uncompressed video signals from any terminal in the conference.

Abstract: A bridge accessible by a host processor can expand access over a first bus to a second bus. The first bus and the second bus are each adapted to separately connect to respective ones of a plurality of bus-compatible devices. Allowable ones of the devices include memory devices and input/output devices. The bridge has a link, together with a first and a second interface. The first interface is coupled between the first bus and the link.

Abstract: Method and circuitry for de-skewing data in data communication networks such as a SONET. The data is sent from a system chip to a framer chip where the data is de-skewed. To detect data skew, the system chip sends a training sequence to the framer chip. The information bits sent to the framer chip are searched in order to detect the training sequence. The training sequences contain clear transition patterns at which all 16 bits of the transmit data and the TCTL signal line are inverted. If any bit does not invert, this bit must be a skewed bit. Based on the data one clock cycle before and one clock cycle after this transition, the skewed bit can be corrected back. After the data skew is detected, a multiplexing logic circuitry is used to correct the skew based on one clock cycle either before or after the transition. The multiplexing logic circuitry includes at least three registers coupled to the inputs of the multiplexing logic circuitry.

Abstract: A bridge for communicating between a first and a second bus includes a first interface unit, a second interface unit and a buffer unit. The first interface unit is adapted to be coupled to the first bus. The second interface unit is adapted to be coupled to the second bus. The buffer unit is coupled to the first and second interface units. The buffer unit is adapted to receive a posted transaction from one of the first and second interface units. The buffer unit includes a posting buffer and a discard timer. The posting buffer is adapted to store the posted transaction. The discard timer is adapted to generate a discard timer expired signal after a predetermined time interval that the posted transaction has resided in the posting buffer. A method for exiting from a potential deadlock situation includes posting a transaction, tracking the length of time the transaction has been posted, and discarding the transaction after a predetermined time interval that the transaction has been posted.

Abstract: A mechanism is provided for reordering bus transactions to increase bus utilization in a computer system in which a split-transaction bus is bridged to a single-envelope bus. In one embodiment, both masters and slaves are ordered, simplifying implementation. In another embodiment, the system is more loosely coupled with only masters being ordered. Greater bus utilization is thereby achieved. To avoid deadlock, transactions begun on the split-transaction bus are monitored. When a combination of transactions would, if a predetermined further transaction were to begin, result in deadlock, this condition is detected. In the more tightly coupled system, the predetermined further transaction, if it is requested, is refused, thereby avoiding deadlock. In the more loosely-coupled system, the flexibility afforded by unordered slaves is taken advantage of to, in the typical case, reorder the transactions and avoid deadlock without killing any transaction.