Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for multiplexing code division and frequency division transmissions. One embodiment of the method includes accessing at least one first symbol and at least one second symbol, encoding the at least one first symbol according to a frequency division protocol, and encoding the at least one second symbol using a coding sequence having a cyclic correlation property. The method also includes transmitting a radiofrequency signal indicative of the at least one encoded first symbol and the at least one encoded second symbol.

Abstract: A method of transmitting a control signal in wireless communication system includes generating a multiplexed control signal by multiplexing a first control signal and a second control signal, and transmitting the multiplexed control signal on a control channel. Overhead due to control signaling can be reduced by transmitting or receiving a multiplexed control signal through one channel.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for balancing multi-symbol modulation schemes in cellular communications are provided. The modulation schemes include a plurality of modulation symbols, each of which codes a predefined bit group, which includes one or more bits. The bit groups define different bit positions for bits within the bit groups. The bit positions of the modulation symbols are associated with different error probability levels. Each error probability level defines a probability level of an erroneous bit value at a defined bit position in the bit group, which is obtained by a mapping operation from the modulation symbol transmitted over a radio frequency channel with noise. Binary content to be modulated is provided in form of code blocks I (where i=1 to n). Each of the code blocks is carried on a corresponding code channel i.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for use in devices operatively enabled to perform waveform correlation result processing.

Abstract: A code is provided for transmission. The code is transmitted over a first antenna in a first time slot and the code is not transmitted over a second antenna in the first time slot. The code is transmitted over the second antenna in a second time slot and the code is not transmitted over the first antenna in the second time slot.

Abstract: A method is provided for transmitting a downlink shared control channel including a control signal necessary for restoring a transmission data signal in a mobile communication system that transmits a data signal using multiple antennas. It is determined whether the transmission data signal is coded with two or more codewords before being transmitted. One of a first element index of a sub-codebook configured only with a one codeword-dedicated precoding in a precoding codebook and a second element index of a sub-codebook configured only with a more-than-two codeword-dedicated precoding is selected, according to the determination result. A control channel is generated by including the selected element index in the precoding information. The generated control channel is mapped to a particular resource block and the mapped control channel is transmitted to a particular reception apparatus.

Abstract: In detecting a signal, angle information is generated based on a complex signal having a periodic portion. An autocorrelation signal is generated based on the angle information and not based on magnitude information associated with the complex signal. The periodic portion is detected based on the autocorrelation signal.

Abstract: A communication system and method for a deep space spacecraft receiver to perform post-processing to dynamically combine received signal power coherently for pre-processed signal streams radiated non-coherently from a distributed, multiple element, Ka-band transmitting array via multiple concurrent propagation paths. Mutually orthogonal data and pilot signals travel though the multiple propagation paths. A pre-processor utilizing wavefront multiplexing restructures signal streams on the ground into multi-channel wavefrom structures along with injections of pilot signals for diagnostic and probing purposes. These restructured, or “wavefront multiplexed” (WFM) signals are transmitted through propagation channels to a receiver on the spacecraft, wherein adaptive equalization and wavefront de-multiplexing coherently separates the mixtures of received WFM signals.

Abstract: A ranging method of an access terminal comprising receiving and analyzing UL-MAP/DL-MAP; selecting a given uplink sub-channel number and a symbol number from the UL_MAP when a ranging event is generated; requesting a ranging process by transmitting a CDMA code; receiving a ranging response message broadcasted from the access point; extracting a CDMA code, a sub-channel number, and a symbol number from the received ranging response message, comparing the extracted result and the stored ranging parameters, and adjusting transmission power, timing, and frequency offset on the basis of the extracted result or discarding the ranging response message; and terminating a ranging response message receipt operation.

Abstract: Disclosed are a cellular phone terminal having built-in wireless LAN, a cellular phone system and a privacy protection method therefore that enable to prevent leakage of private information (or privacy) of the user of the cellular phone terminal from the communication data when conducting a search for wireless LAN base stations. The cellular phone terminal 10 comprises, in addition to the cellular phone function section 11, a cellular phone network transmitter/receiver section 14, a wireless LAN transmitter/receiver section 13 and a wireless LAN connection control section 12, an SSID•MAC address management section 15 connected to the wireless LAN connection control section 12 and the cellular phone network transmitter receiver section 14.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for terminals to switch among the reverse traffic channels in CDMA group call service. During the establishing procedure of the standard group call service, the originating call terminal sets the long code mask for the reverse dedicated traffic channel, establishes the reverse dedicated traffic channel and obtains the talk right to become the speaking terminal; the called terminal sets the long code mask for the reverse shared traffic channel, establishes the reverse shared traffic channel and becomes the listening terminal. After the speaking terminal successfully releases the talk right, it resets the long code mask of the reverse traffic channel as the long code mask of the reverse shared traffic channel and switches to the reverse shared traffic channel to become the listening terminal.

Abstract: In addition to dedicated channel signal formation units 101-1 to 101-N, control information channel signal formation unit 110 is provided and this control information channel signal formation unit 110 forms control information for carrying out uplink packet transmission. The control information channel signal formation unit 110 multiplexes control information (RG information, ACK/NACK, etc.) directed to a plurality of communication terminals through a channel encoding section 111 according to a multiplexing rule preset between the base station apparatus and each communication terminal and spreads the control information using a spreading code common to the communication terminals through a spreading section 113 and thereby forms a control information channel signal for uplink packet transmission.

Abstract: A method for a base station to transmit a channel-state-information reference signal for up to 8 antenna ports includes mapping, in accordance with a predetermined pattern, the channel-state-information reference signal for up to 8 antenna ports onto a data region of a downlink subframe having an extended cyclic prefix (CP) structure, and transmitting the downlink subframe onto which the channel-state-information reference signal for up to 8 antenna ports has been mapped; and, in the predetermined pattern, the channel-state-information reference signal for up to 8 antenna ports in mapped onto 2 OFDM symbols on the data region of the downlink subframe, with a definition for mapping onto at least one of 4 subcarrier wave positions in each of the 2 OFDM symbols, and the 4 subcarrier wave positions defined in the predetermined pattern can be disposed at 3 subcarrier wave intervals.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for transmitting and receiving control information in an SC-FDMA system are provided. Different orthogonal codes are generated for different slots each including a plurality of SC-FDMA symbols in a subframe. A control channel signal is generated by multiplying control symbols carrying control information by a sequence allocated for CDM of the control information. The control channel signal is multiplied by chips of the orthogonal codes on an SC-FDMA symbol basis and transmitted in the SC-FDMA symbols.

Abstract: A wireless communication device that includes a wireless communication unit that performs a wireless communication in a first mode using a first frequency band serving as a first communication channel, and performs the wireless communication in a second mode using a second frequency band including the first communication channel and a second communication channel that is adjacent to the first communication channel. Also included is a detection unit that monitors each of the first frequency band and the second frequency band, outputs a first detection signal when an interference signal is detected in the first frequency band and outputs a second detection signal when the interference signal is detected in the second frequency band. Further included is a determination unit that determines whether the interference signal is in the first communication channel or in the second communication channel based on the first and second detection signals.

Abstract: A portable computing device includes a radio frequency (RF) wired link, a data wired link, a core module, a plurality of multi-mode RF units, and a plurality of data modules. The core module is operable to communicate control information with one or more of the plurality of multi-mode RF units in a first frequency band via the RF wired link. The core module is further operable to communicate data of a wireless communication with one or more of the plurality of multi-mode RF units in a second frequency band via the RF wired link. The core module is further operable to communicate clock information to the plurality of multi-mode RF units in a third frequency band via the RF wired link.

Abstract: A method for transmitting information of resources for use in transmission of ACK/NACK signals in a mobile communication system is disclosed. An example method for receiving ACK/NACK signals in a mobile communication system is also disclosed. When resources for transmission of data and resources for transmission of control information of the data are scheduled through virtual unit resources, the method identifies information of resources for receiving an ACK/NACK signal for transmission data mapped to information of at least one of a virtual unit resource allocated to the transmission data and a virtual unit resource allocated to control information of the transmission data, and receives the ACK/NACK signal for the transmission data through the information of resources for receiving the ACK/NACK signal.

Abstract: A technique is provided for processing data in a packet-based communications environment. A single data packet is encapsulated into a single link layer packet data unit. The link layer unit is encoded to form at least one code block. After the currently available radio resource capacity during a fixed duration transmission interval has been determined, bits within the code block are selected to fit into or otherwise match the radio resource capacity. Thereafter, the selected bits are transmitted via a physical layer. In some variations, unsolicited redundant sets of bits are transmitted thereafter to facilitate successful receipt.

Abstract: Disclosed is a receiver and a method for receiving a radio-electric navigation signal modulated by a carrier at a frequency fp, a sub-carrier at a frequency fsp and a pseudo-random code at a frequency fc, in which the radio-electric signal is converted into a two-way base band I, Q, characterized in that K modified pseudo-random codes, where K=?·fsp/fc, a being a predetermined integer, are generated locally by a modified code generator, each modified code having, during a time duration Tk where Tk=1/?·fsp, the shape of the pseudo-random code without the sub-carrier, and being offset in time by a duration Tk of the preceding modified pseudo-random code; in both ways, the signal is multiplied by the K modified codes and is phase- and quadrature-correlated by two phase and quadrature sub-carriers generated locally.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are presented for conducting communications using a shared communication medium. A message is sent over the shared communication medium. The shared communication medium is organized to include an allocation of node identification signal space and an allocation of data transmission signal space. The allocation of node identification signal space includes a plurality of node identification segments. The allocation of data transmission signal space includes a data transmission segment. The message includes a node identification portion and a data transmission portion. The node identification portion is transmitted in the allocation of node identification signal space and occupies a node identification segment. The data transmission portion is transmitted in the allocation of node identification signal space and occupies the data transmission segment.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for dynamic packet mapping. A method is provided for mapping metric data to produce a decodable packet associated with a channel. The method includes obtaining a channel identifier associated with metric data, determining an available buffer from a plurality of buffers based on the channel identifier, writing the metric data to the available buffer, detecting when a decodable packet is formed in a selected buffer of the plurality of buffers, and outputting the decodable packet from the selected buffer. An apparatus includes a plurality of buffers and mapping logic that is configured to obtain a channel identifier associated with metric data, determine an available buffer based on the channel identifier, write the metric data to the available buffer, detect when a decodable packet is formed in a selected buffer, and output the decodable packet from the selected buffer.

Abstract: A method for generating a downlink signal and searching for a cell from the downlink signal in an OFDM-based cellular system is provided. Thus, a pilot pattern is formed in the downlink signal, and the pilot pattern is formed of a product of a cell-specific scrambling code and a cell group-specific code. The scrambling code is different for each cell and the same for each sub-frame, and the cell group-specific code is different for each cell and different for each sub-frame.

Abstract: Method for transmitting a wideband code division multiplex output signal at a given chip-rate corresponding to a plurality of combined physical radio links for respective user entities, comprising the steps of performing parallel symbol and code generation, parallel modulation, parallel spreading, each enhanced multiplex rate cycle providing a first number of parallel spread chip values, thus forming a first number of spread chip value streams. The enhanced multiplex rate being a second number greater than the chip rate of the output signal, combining the physical radio links over a number of segments corresponding to the second number at the enhanced multiplex rate in multiplex fashion, extending the combination of the physical radio links during a time corresponding to a third number of chips, causing a combined plurality of physical radio links, buffering the results so as to establish a complex signal at chip rate to the air transmission antenna.

Abstract: Methods for receiving ACK/NACK signals in a mobile communication system are disclosed. One of the methods including receiving reference signal information and a resource block index corresponding to resource block allocated for transmission of data; identifying ACK/NACK resource information through the reference signal information and the resource block index; and receiving an ACK/NACK signal of the data using the ACK/NACK resource information.

Abstract: In a wireless network comprising a plurality of subscriber stations and a base station capable of providing service to the subscriber stations, a subscriber station is provided that includes a rank selector and a scheduling data reporter. The rank selector is operable to select a rank for the subscriber station. The rank is operable to identify a number of antennas for transmitting data streams from the base station to the subscriber station. The scheduling data reporter is operable to report scheduling data, including the rank, to the base station.

Abstract: Techniques for receiving a MIMO transmission are described. A receiver processes received data from multiple receive antennas in multiple stages. A first stage performs front-end filtering/equalization on the received data with a front-end filter to process non on-time signal components in the multiple received signals. A second stage processes the filtered data with one or more combiner matrices to combine on-time signal components for multiple transmitted signals. For a MIMO-CDM transmission, a single front-end filter may be used for all channelization codes, and a different combiner matrix may be used for each channelization code. Partitioning the receiver processing into multiple stages simplifies derivation of the front-end filter and combiner matrices while achieving good performance. The front-end filter and combiner matrices may be updated separately at the same or different rates.

Abstract: A baseband processing module for use within a Radio Frequency (RF) transceiver includes a downlink/uplink interface, TX processing components, a processor, memory, RX processing components, and a turbo decoding module. The RX processing components receive a baseband RX signal from the RF front end, produce a set of IR samples from the baseband RX signal, and transfer the set of IR samples to the memory. The turbo decoding module receives at least one set of IR samples from the memory, forms a turbo code word from the at least one set of IR samples, turbo decodes the turbo code word to produce inbound data, and outputs the inbound data to the downlink/uplink interface. The turbo decoding module performs metric normalization based upon a chosen metric performs error detection operations, and extracts information from a MAC packet that it produces.

Abstract: The degree of multiplexing of a code division multiplexed signal transmitted by subcarriers is selected on a subcarrier-by-subcarrier basis. As a result, inter-code interference on the propagation path and degradation on the propagation path are lower for a code division multiplexed signal allocated to subcarriers with a low degree of signal multiplexing than for transmit signals allocated to subcarriers with a high degree of multiplexing. Thus, it is possible to prevent degradation of the error rate characteristics of important information without lowering spectral efficiency significantly as compared with the case in which the degree of signal multiplexing is decided uniformly for all subcarriers, and to achieve compatibility between spectral efficiency and error rate characteristics.

Abstract: Source nodes in an International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)-advanced 4G network transmit data on uplink channels to a relay node and a BS using a channel code. The relay node decodes independently the data received from each source node, and applies network coding to data correctly decoded, and transmits the encoded data to the BS. The BS decodes the encoded data transmitted by the sources nodes and the relay nodes cooperatively via a turbo decoding process. The data from each source node are decoded by soft-input soft-output single user decoders and are decoded, together with the data from the relay node, by a soft-input soft-output multi-user decoder.

Abstract: A CDMA receiving device is provided which can prevent erroneous determination of an SFN detection. The CDMA receiving device (1) performs detection of a slot boundary in a slot timing detection unit (14), and performs detection of frame timing and code group in a code group identification unit (15), with regard to each slot timing detected in this way. The CDMA receiving device (1) uses a P-CPICH to detect scrambling code in a scrambling code identification unit (16) from the detected frame timing and code group. The CDMA receiving device (1) performs detection of SFN in a broadcast channel decoding unit (17) from the frame timing and the scrambling code. A P-CCPCH is used in the detection of the SFN. The SFN is included in the P-CCPCH and it is possible to detect SFN timing of a base station by decoding a BCH.

Abstract: Data is estimated of a plurality of received spread spectrum signals by a wireless communication apparatus. The plurality of received communications are received in a shared spectrum. The received communications are sampled to produce a received vector of sequential samples. The received vector is processed to produce a plurality of segments. Each segment is processed separately to estimate data of the received communications.

Abstract: A baseband processing module for use within a Radio Frequency (RF) transceiver includes a downlink/uplink interface, TX processing components, a processor, memory, RX processing components, and a turbo decoding module. The RX processing components receive a baseband RX signal from the RF front end, produce a set of IR samples from the baseband RX signal, and transfer the set of IR samples to the memory. The turbo decoding module receives at least one set of IR samples from the memory, forms a turbo code word from the at least one set of IR samples, turbo decodes the turbo code word to produce inbound data, and outputs the inbound data to the downlink/uplink interface. The turbo decoding module performs metric normalization based upon a chosen metric, performs de-rate matching, performs error detection operations, and extracts information from a MAC packet that it produces.

Abstract: Signal processing under attenuated transmission conditions. Within an orthogonal signal space, the number of orthogonal signals that are used to transmit information from a transmitter to a receiver is reduced and the transmitted power of each of the now remaining orthogonal signals is modified; this may involve increasing the power of all of the remaining orthogonal signals equally or alternatively modifying them individually. The same modulation used before the reduction may also be used afterwards; within communication systems having multiple transmitter-receiver paths, this will ensure that the communication system's throughput and efficiency will remain unchanged even when one (or more) transmitter-receiver paths are highly attenuated. In addition, robust mode operation is provided for ranging and registering of transmitter devices when entering the communication system.

Abstract: A device and method for communicating by a mobile communication terminal in communication with a base station. The method according to an embodiment includes exchanging a frame of data with the base station. The frame of data includes a) a plurality of first subframes each having a first number of orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) symbols, and b) a plurality of second subframes each having a second number of orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) symbols different from the first number. A first and a last subframe each includes one of the plurality of first subframes.

Abstract: A method (and operation of a computer program and an apparatus) includes receiving a signal over a wireless channel; correlating the received signal with a reference sequence and providing a correlation output; processing the correlation output to detect a presence of a first predetermined preamble sequence using a main correlation peak and two first order frequency shift peaks and nulling second and higher order frequency shift peaks from the correlation output prior to further processing the correlation output to detect a presence of a second predetermined preamble sequence.

Abstract: A method for wirelessly transmitting user data and at least a first type of control information using a plurality of transmission layers including encoding bits of a first type of control information to form one or more control codewords and encoding bits of user data to form one or more user data codewords. The method also includes generating a plurality of vector symbols based on the control codewords and the user data codewords. Each vector symbol includes a plurality of modulation symbols that are each associated with a transmission layer over which the associated modulation symbol will be transmitted. Generating the plurality of vector symbols includes interleaving bits of the one or more control codewords and bits of the one or more user data codewords so that the first type of control information is carried in modulation symbols associated with the same transmission layers in all the vector symbols transmitted during the subframe that carry the first type of control information.

Abstract: The present invention exploits the benefits obtainable from using transmit diversity by designing the size of the interleaver matrix to avoid the case where most or all of the bits in a row are transmitted on a single antenna (110 or 112). This can be accomplished, for example, by specifying the interleaver matrix based on the type of modulation (308) used. A symbol scrambler can also be used to exploit the benefits obtainable from using transmit diversity.

Abstract: An integrated circuit includes an array of interconnected programmable logic elements (2) each logic element performing data processing control by a configuration. The logic elements may be part of a field programmable gate array. Embedded within the array are a plurality of dedicated communication interface circuits (36) providing access to one or more shared communication channels (38) to provide intra-array communication. Communication transactions between functional unit (78, 80, 82, 84) are multiplexed (e.g. time-division-multiplexed) together to share a shared communication channel provided within the array.

Abstract: A method, system and computer program product for the transmission of data from a transmitter to a receiver according to the standard universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS standard). The present invention is directed to improving data transmission according to the UMTS standard. To this end, the transmission of data is accelerated, and an inband-signaling of information is carried out on an MAC-layer plane, wherein the information is particularly relevant to the UMTS base station (BS).

Abstract: A technique is provided to interleave data and control signals across a plurality of component carriers to achieve frequency diversity in conjunction with carrier aggregation.

Abstract: A method for communication over a communication channel includes processing input data, which is accepted at a first variable bit rate, so as to produce output data that is encoded with a Forward Error Correction (FEC) code and has a second bit rate that matches an available bit rate of the communication channel. The output data is transmitted over the communication channel at the available bit rate. The output data is received from the communication channel and decoded so as to reconstruct the input data.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a multicell joint detection method, it deals against the interference between same frequency neighboring cell's signals in slotted CDMA system, and provides a joint detection method based on the multicell structure information. The method includes the steps of: using channel estimation of multi-set of codes to obtain channel estimation results of each neighboring cell; grouping each neighboring cell's code channel, including grouping based on the code channel's cell, grouping based on the code channnel's power or amplitude intensity, grouping based on the code channel's pertinence, and mixed grouping based on the above methods; making use of the channel estimation result and the result of code channel grouping to process the joint detection and output the detection data. This method makes full use of the structure information of each multicells signal, and efficiently restrains the multiple-access interference of the same frequency neighboring cell.

Abstract: A remote station for wireless communication is disclosed. The remote station includes a transmitter configured to transmit packet data on an uplink channel and a receiver. The receiver is configured to receive a first frame having a downlink dedicated physical channel, the first frame being defined by a first propagation delay and a first time offset relative to a reference timing based on a common control physical channel and receive a second frame having a downlink dedicated control channel responsive to the packet data received by a base station, a beginning of the second frame being defined by a second propagation delay and a second time offset from the reference timing, the second time offset being a function of the first time offset.

Abstract: A method for a GSM/CDMA dual-mode mobile phone to control two GSM subscriber identification modules is provided. Without changing hardware of the GSM/CDMA dual-mode mobile phone, the method uses a GSM control module to operate a first GSM subscriber identification module, and a CDMA UART driver module and a SIM/UIM driver module connected with each other are built in a CDMA control module. The CDMA URAT driver module is communicated with a GSM device driver layer of the GSM control module through a UART standard, such that the GSM control module is able to control a second GSM subscriber identification module connected to the SIM/UIM driver module. Thus, the GSM/CDMA dual-mode mobile phone is able to control two GSM subscriber identification modules so as to satisfy needs and demands for businessmen and lovers in personal style.

Abstract: Systems and methods for transmitting and receiving OFDM symbols are provided which enable the otherwise wasted transmission time normally used as a prefix for each OFDM symbol to contain useful information. At the receiver, the received signal is processed to convert received OFDM symbols from a linear convolution with the channel to a cyclic convolution.

Abstract: In a data communication system capable of variable rate transmission, high rate packet data transmission improves utilization of the forward link and decreases the transmission delay. Data transmission on the forward link is time multiplexed and the base station transmits at the highest data rate supported by the forward link at each time slot to one mobile station. The data rate is determined by the largest C/I measurement of the forward link signals as measured at the mobile station. Upon determination of a data packet received in error, the mobile station transmits a NACK message back to the base station. The NACK message results in retransmission of the data packet received in error. The data packets can be transmitted out of sequence by the use of sequence number to identify each data unit within the data packets.

Abstract: Embodiments provided include a method for transmitting a packet to a receiver over primary and supplemental channels in a wireless communication network. Indications of a primary code and a set of N supplemental codes assigned to the receiver are communicated over a control channel. When it is determined that a packet should be transmitted over a supplemental channel, a first portion of the packet and a supplemental channel indicator are transmitted over a same single packet transmission time interval on the primary channel and a second portion of the packet is transmitted over the same single packet transmission time interval on the supplemental channel corresponding to the supplemental channel indicator. The supplemental channel uses an assigned specific supplemental code belonging to the set of N supplemental codes assigned to the receiver. When the packet should not be transmitted over a supplemental channel, the packet is transmitted over the primary channel.

Abstract: A code-division-multiple-access (CDMA) system employing spread-spectrum modulation. The CDMA system has a base station (BS), and a plurality of subscriber units. The signals transmitted between the base station and subscriber unit use spread-spectrum modulation. The improvement apparatus for adaptive forward power control (APC) from a base station (BS) to a subscriber unit (SU), includes sending from the base station, using spread-spectrum modulation, a BS-spreading code on a forward channel. The subscriber unit despreads the BS-spreading code on the forward channel as a despread signal, determines a first power level P.sub.d which includes power of the despread signal plus noise and a second power level P.sub.N, which includes despread-noise power. The subscriber unit determines a first error signal e.sub.1, from the first power level P.sub.d, the second power level P.sub.N, and a required signal-to-noise ratio SNR.sub.REQ for service type, and a second error signal e.sub.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for receiving data in a communication system are provided. The method includes identifying first codewords, which have been used in transmission of data by a transmitter, in the data received from the transmitter, setting third codewords by adding second codewords to the identified first codewords, calculating correlation values of orthogonal vectors corresponding to the third codewords and detecting information included in the data based on the calculated correlation values. Accordingly, feedback information may be better received and detected.

Abstract: A method of transmitting a control signal using efficient multiplexing is disclosed. The present invention includes the steps of multiplexing a plurality of 1-bit control signals within a prescribed time-frequency domain by code division multiple access (CDMA) and transmitting the multiplexed control signals, wherein a plurality of the 1-bit control signals include a plurality of the 1-bit control signals for a specific transmitting side. Accordingly, reliability on 1-bit control signal transmission can be enhanced.