Abstract: Timestamp circuitry of a network device modifies a packet by embedding a future timestamp in the packet to generate a timestamped packet. The future timestamp corresponds to a transmit time that occurs after the timestamp circuitry embeds the future timestamp in the packet. The timing information is added to the packet and the packet is then transferred to transmitter circuitry of the network device via a communication link, internal to the network device, that operates according to a media independent communication interface. Time gating circuitry of the transmitter circuitry i) holds the timestamped packet from proceeding to a network link coupled to the network device prior to a current time reaching the transmit time, and ii) releases the timestamped packet for transmission via the network link in response to the current time reaching the transmit time.

Abstract: This technology allows time synchronization in wireless networks with mobile stations. A wireless network controller transmits instructions to access points (“APs”) within the wireless network to monitor transmissions for time synchronization. One or more second APs observe fine time measurement (“FTM”) exchanges between a first AP and a mobile station. A particular second AP determines whether to perform a time synchronization with the first AP based on the detection of the FTM exchange or a determination that the station is moving toward the second AP. For time synchronization, the second AP determines the time that the first AP transmitted the FTM exchange and the time of transmission from the first AP to the second AP. The second AP synchronizes a second AP clock to the summation of the time of the transmission of the FTM exchange and the time of transmission from the first AP to the second AP.

Abstract: A time-division duplexing (TDD) system reduces crosstalk associated with signals communicated by coordinated dynamic time assignment (cDTA) transceivers. In some embodiments, the TDD system has both cDTA transceivers and legacy transceivers. Based on the dynamic allocation of downstream and upstream timeslots for the cDTA transceivers, timeslots for the legacy transceivers are selectively muted in an effort to limit the amount of near-end crosstalk (NEXT) that occurs in the TDD system. Thus, subscriber lines coupled to both cDTA transceivers and legacy transceivers may be bound within the same binder without significantly increasing crosstalk to unacceptable levels.

Abstract: The present application discloses a method for determining time information, including: detecting a signal of a periodic block, and recording a timestamp of the periodic block; and determining a time at which a time information message to be sent according to the timestamp of the periodic block matched with the time information message, and generating a timestamp of the time information message. The present application further discloses an apparatus and device for determining time information, and a storage medium.

Abstract: The disclosed apparatus and methods can be used to provide an energy efficient Internet of Things (IoT) communication method that can be deployed on a city-wide scale using existing infrastructure and that can target individual sensors or devices. An example apparatus is a decoder including an energy detector and a processor. The energy detector is configured to detect average subframe energy levels of a plurality of subframes during reception of at least one frame of data defined by a first communications protocol (e.g., Long-Term Evolution (LTE)). The average subframe energy levels of the plurality of subframes form a pattern of relatively higher and lower energy levels. The processor is configured to interpret, according to a second communications protocol, the pattern of energy levels to decode a block of data represented by the pattern of energy levels. Another embodiment is a method producing index modulation signals of the second communications protocol.

Abstract: To provide a frame control apparatus for controlling communication frames of a power feeding system, provided is a frame control apparatus that controls communication frames of a wireless power feeding system, the frame control apparatus including a reference clock generating section that generates a predetermined reference clock signal; a demodulating section that operates according to the reference clock signal and demodulates a synchronization command for synchronizing the communication frames; a rate calculating section that counts pieces of rate reference data having a predetermined length and included in the synchronization command, based on the reference clock signal, to calculate a rate reference value used for reference; and a frame control section that controls the communication frames based on the rate reference value.

Abstract: Embodiments are disclosed for a sequence selective symbol checker for communication systems. An example method includes configuring a symbol checker of a receiver with first binary sequence data generated by a symbol generator of the receiver. The example method also includes comparing, using the symbol checker, second binary sequence data provided by a transmitter to the first binary sequence data to generate error count data related to a number of errors for symbols associated with the second binary sequence data. The example method also includes determining total count data related to a number of symbols associated with the first binary sequence data. The example method also includes determining error ratio data associated with the transmitter based on the error count data and the total count data.

Abstract: Embodiments include method, systems and computer program products for timing synchronization. Aspects include sending to a remote system a first base packet, the first base packet is sent at a first send event time and then recording the first send event time in a memory. Aspects also include sending to the remote system a second base packet, wherein the payload comprises instructions for the remote computing system and receiving a first remote packet, wherein a payload comprises a first received time indicating a time the first base packet was received. Aspects then include recording the first received time and recording a second received time, wherein the second received time indicates a time the first remote packet was received by the base system. Aspects include receiving a second remote packet, wherein a payload comprises a second sent time indicating a time the first remote packet was sent.

Abstract: A clock skew correcting method, device and system are provided. The method includes: determining at least two modules; determining a period of a clock signal and calculating a delay parameter of each of the at least two modules, in a case where a clock generator transmits the clock signal to each of the at least two modules; determining one of the at least two modules as a slave module and the other of the at least two modules as at least one main module; correcting a clock phase for each of the at least one main module based on the delay parameter of the slave module; and performing, for each of the at least one main module, the following step of generating a corrected clock for the main module based on the period and the corrected clock phase for the main module.

Abstract: Embodiments relate to optical transport technologies, and more specifically, to a clock transmission method. Under this method, a first optical data unit (ODU) container can be obtained. Phase discrimination can be performed on an obtained first clock and a first ODU clock of a transmit end, to generate a first PD value. The first PD value can then be inserted into an overhead of the first ODU container. The first ODU container can be encapsulated into a second ODU container, and the second ODU container can be sent. A rate of the second ODU container is higher than a rate of the first ODU container. The first PD value is transmitted in the first ODU container which is not decapsulated in a subsequent transmission process. Therefore, final recovery of the first clock is not affected, so that a deviation between a finally recovered clock and the first clock is greatly reduced.

Abstract: A wireless network includes a plurality of nodes configured to implement an improved discovery process to efficiently and reliably pair with one another with low power consumption. A given node divides time into slots and then performs discovery operations during designated discovery windows. The discovery windows occur periodically but at different times of day. During a given discovery window, nodes attempt discovery using a reduced set of channels that varies from one window to the next, thereby increasing the likelihood that nodes operate on the same channel. Nodes also implement a pairing protocol to coordinate pairing, potentially avoiding situations where all nodes attempt to pair simultaneously. The discovery process may be completed expeditiously, thereby conserving power and extending the operational lifetime of nodes which rely on battery power.

Abstract: A list distribution station of a communication station includes processing circuitry to record, in a memory, a grand master list containing a station code of a grand master and a station code of a communication station synchronized with the grand master, and receive a priority notification frame which contains, as a sender station code, a station code of a present grand master in the communication system. The processing circuitry is further included to decide, when notified of the station code of the present grand master, whether or not to update the grand master list based on the notified station code of the present grand master and the grand master list, and upon having decided to update the grand master list, to update the station code of the present grand master station on the grand master list with the notified station code of the present grand master station.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure provide for the transmission of various synchronization signals with variable periodicity. For synchronization signals with long periodicity, in some aspects of the disclosure, the synchronization signals may be transmitted as single-frequency-network (SFN) synchronization signals and/or the synchronization signals may be repeated a number (N) of times within a synchronization burst to reduce user equipment (UE) search latency and improve UE measurement accuracy. In some examples, the synchronization signals may be repeated within a synchronization burst using a repetition pattern that may be configurable based on the periodicity of transmission or fixed for one or more periodicities of transmission.

Abstract: Embodiments of a method and a device are disclosed. In an embodiment, a method for operating a wired communications device involves including a frame boundary bit sequence and a random data sequence as a preamble of a bit stream, encoding the bit stream into an encoded bit stream, and transmitting the encoded bit stream using the wired communications device.

Abstract: A technique for synchronizing time in a machine-based system. The technique includes receiving time reference information for a first operational element included in the system; analyzing the time reference information against a known correct timing state for the first operational element; determining that the first operational element is not properly synchronized based on the time reference information and the known correct timing state; and in response to determining that the first operational element is not properly synchronized, causing a fault indicator associated with the first operational element to be displayed on a machine that monitors a plurality of operational elements included in the system.

Abstract: A method and system are provided for transferring digital assets in a digital asset network. Network users can be centrally enrolled and screened for compliance. Standardized transfer processes and unique identifiers can provide a transparent and direct transfer process. Digital assets can include sufficient information for ensuring that a value will be provided, including one or more digital signatures, such that value can be made immediately available to recipients.

Abstract: A method and a high-frequency module that includes a high frequency die that may include multiple die pads; a substrate that may include a first buildup layer, a second buildup layer and a core that is positioned between the first buildup layer and a second buildup layer; a line card that may include multiple line card pads; and multiple conductors that pass through the substrate without reaching a majority of a depth of the core, and couple the multiple die pads to the multiple line card pads.

Abstract: A microcontroller includes a packet matching circuit, a hardware timer circuit, and a processor. The packet matching circuit is configured to match contents of received packets to the microcontroller and identify whether a packet has been received. The hardware timer circuit is configured to provide a synchronization timestamp based on a signal from the packet matching circuit that a synchronization packet has been matched, and provide a follow-up timestamp based on a signal from the packet matching circuit that a follow-up packet has been matched after reception of the synchronization packet. The processor is configured to adjust a clock base to determine a synchronized clock base based upon the synchronization timestamp and upon the follow-up timestamp.

Abstract: A local watch skew compensation device of the present invention is a client device which is synchronized with the other client device to provide a time-aware service including: a local time providing unit which supplies first local time data and second local time data in accordance with a local clock; a media scheduling unit which receives first media data and second media data from the other client device, schedules first playout time of the first media data using the first local time data, and schedules second playout time of the second media data using the second local time data; and a skew monitoring unit which requests global time data to a global time server when a difference between the first playout time and the second playout time exceeds a skew threshold value, and the first media data and the second media data are different types of media data.

Abstract: A relay device accumulates received frames that are not determined as a specific frame in a queue and transfers the frames accumulated in the queue one by one according to a predetermined rule. The relay device transfers a received frame that is determined as a specific frame priority to the frames accumulated in the queue without accumulating the specific frame in the queue.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and system for accurate IPG compensation of USXGMII multi-channel. The method comprises acquiring the length of a correspondingly deleted IPG unit between the inserted two sets of AM corresponding to each logical channel according to the working rate of a physical link, the number of distributed logical channels, the effective transmission rate corresponding to each logical channel, and the length of a set of AM inserted into each logical channel; and acquiring the data deletion interval corresponding to each logical channel, and the length of the IPG data to be deleted between the data deletion intervals according to the length of the correspondingly deleted IPG unit of each logical channel and the number of the inserted AM. The data transmission rate is enabled to be precisely matched with the bearing rate of the logical channel, thereby meeting the performance requirements.

Abstract: A wireless device receives configuration parameters of cells grouped into timing advance groups (TAGs). The TAGs comprise a secondary TAG comprising licensed secondary cell(s) and unlicensed secondary cell(s). Activation command(s) to activate the licensed secondary cell(s) and the unlicensed secondary cell(s) are received. A first secondary cell in the secondary TAG is selected as a timing reference cell for the secondary TAG based on: the first secondary cell being an activated secondary cell, and the first secondary cell being a licensed secondary cell. uplink signals with transmission timing derived based on the first secondary cell as the timing reference cell are transmitted via the secondary TAG.

Abstract: The present invention improves reception characteristics of a receiving apparatus based on OFDM. The receiving apparatus includes: a window timing selection unit that determines Fourier transform window start and end timings for a received signal(s) based on OFDM, based on a signal-to-interference power ratio and signal power in a Fourier transform window; and a Fourier transform unit that performs Fourier transform on the received signal(s) in accordance with the Fourier transform window start and end timings outputted by the window timing selection unit.

Abstract: A self-diagnosing microcontroller includes a microprocessor having first and second applications, and a hardware abstraction layer. The microprocessor is operably coupled to an analog-to-digital converter. The hardware abstraction layer sequentially sets a first pre-check indicator to a first fault value for each encoded channel number of a second plurality of encoded channel numbers that does not have an identical and corresponding encoded channel number in a first plurality of encoded channel numbers indicating an incorrect channel was read from the analog-to-digital converter, and sends the first pre-check indicator to the first application.

Abstract: According to various aspects, exemplary embodiments are disclosed of devices, systems, and methods related to controlling machines using operator control units and programmable logic controllers (PLCs). In an exemplary embodiment, a machine control system includes a machine, a programmable logic controller coupled to the machine, and an operator control unit. The operator control unit includes a user interface configured to receive one or more commands from an operator for controlling the machine, and a wireless interface configured to transmit a message based on the one or more commands received via the user interface. The programmable logic controller is configured to, in response to receiving the message transmitted by the operator control unit, transmit one or more control signals to the machine to control operation of the machine. The system does not include any machine control unit (MCU) separate from the operator control unit and the programmable logic controller.

Abstract: The method for measuring a time stamp unit of a remote device includes: obtaining m sets of sampled data, m is a positive integer, and m>1; calculating m estimated time stamp units according to the time stamps when packets are transmitted and the time points when the previously transmitted data packets and the subsequently transmitted data packets arrive at the measuring point; selecting, from the m estimated time stamp units, an estimated time stamp unit; and calculating a time stamp unit of the remote device according to the selected estimated time stamp unit.

Abstract: A method for marking relevant data within an acquired set of data in accordance with an embodiment includes receiving a location of a first synchronization event within a synchronizing time pulse synchronized with the acquired set of data, searching the synchronizing time pulse within a predetermined window for the first synchronization event based on the location, identifying the first synchronization event based on the search, and obtaining data from the acquired set of data within an offset range determined based on the identified first synchronization event. The steps are then iteratively repeated for a number of periods.

Abstract: A method for creating an announcement stream for a geographic region is provided. The method receives, at a designated computer system, characterizing metadata for a first audio/video stream; analyzes a second audio/video stream to obtain characterizing metadata for the second video stream; compares, with the computer system, the characterizing metadata for the first video stream to the characterizing metadata for the second video stream to generate offset data; and calculates timing information corresponding to segment boundaries for the second video stream using the offset data.

Abstract: To optimize transmission periods corresponding to kinds of feedback information, and minimize a reduction in system throughput caused by disagreement of the transmission period with the optimal period, by setting transmission frequencies individually with flexibility corresponding to the kinds of feedback information for a mobile station apparatus to transmit to a base station apparatus, in a wireless communication system in which a mobile station apparatus B measures reception quality of a signal received from a base station apparatus A, and transmits feedback information generated based on the reception quality to the base station apparatus A, the base station apparatus A allocates resources of transmission timing corresponding to the kinds of feedback information, and the mobile station apparatus B transmits a plurality of kinds of feedback information to the base station apparatus using the allocated resources.

Abstract: In accordance with one or more embodiments, a communication device includes an antenna having a feed point and an aperture. A feedline is coupled to the feed point of the dielectric antenna. A multi-input multi-output (MIMO) transceiver is coupled to feedline, the MIMO transceiver facilitating a transmission of first electromagnetic waves to the feed point of the antenna, wherein the first electromagnetic waves are guided by the feedline, wherein the first electromagnetic waves propagate along the feedline via a plurality of guided wave modes without requiring an electrical return path, wherein the first electromagnetic waves convey first data in accordance with one or more MIMO techniques and wherein the first electromagnetic waves generate first free-space wireless signals at the aperture of the antenna in accordance with the one or more MIMO techniques.

Abstract: A universal serial bus (USB) communication system includes a USB host that divides one data stream into first through (n)th sub-data streams and transmits the first through (n)th sub-data streams via first through (n)th USB host channels, respectively, a USB device that receives the first through (n)th sub-data streams via first through (n)th USB device channels, respectively and restores the data stream by combining the first through (n)th sub-data streams, and first through (n)th cables that are connected to the first through (n)th USB host channels via first through (n)th USB host ports and connected to the first through (n)th USB device channels via first through (n)th USB device ports. Here, the first through (n)th cables connect the first through (n)th USB host channels to the first through (n)th USB device channels, respectively.

Abstract: A method of synchronizing transmission of signals from a network node to a receiver includes generating a synchronization signal transmission pattern in which transmission resources used for transmission of the synchronization signals in regularly spaced time intervals are changed in successive ones of the time intervals, and transmitting synchronization signals from the network node in accordance with the synchronization signal transmission pattern. Related network nodes and user equipment nodes are disclosed.

Abstract: A method and a system for media synchronization are described. The method for media synchronization may include collecting stream source information, generating network delay information between stream sources by performing a delay test between the stream sources, setting synchronization information of a stream source corresponding to a specific channel based on the collected stream source information and the network delay information, measuring network delay with at least one user terminal to receive the stream source, and updating the synchronization information based on the measured network delay.

Abstract: A wireless device receives at least one control message comprising configuration parameters of a plurality of cells grouped into a plurality of timing advance groups (TAGs). The wireless device selects a first cell in a TAG according to a criterion. The TAG comprises one or more licensed cells and one or more unlicensed cells. The criterion comprises the first cell being a licensed cell. The wireless device transmits uplink signals in the TAG. Transmission timing of the uplink signals is derived employing the first cell as a timing reference cell.

Abstract: Tile based interleaving and de-interleaving of row-column interleaved data is described. In one example, the de-interleaving is divided into two memory transfer stages, the first from an on-chip memory to a DRAM and the second from the DRAM to an on-chip memory. Each stage operates on part of a row-column interleaved block of data and re-orders the data items, such that the output of the second stage comprises de-interleaved data. In the first stage, data items are read from the on-chip memory according to a non-linear sequence of memory read addresses and written to the DRAM. In the second stage, data items are read from the DRAM according to bursts of linear address sequences which make efficient use of the DRAM interface and written back to on-chip memory according to a non-linear sequence of memory write addresses.

Abstract: Methods, devices, and computer program products for synchronization of wireless devices in a peer-to-peer network are described herein. In one aspect, a method for synchronizing a wireless communication apparatus is provided. The method includes initiating a contention based process for transmitting a synchronization message during a discovery time interval of a discovery time period. The synchronization message includes a first timestamp of the wireless communication apparatus. The method further includes selectively transmitting the synchronization message based on a master preference value of the wireless communication apparatus.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a first timer that includes a first counter, a second timer that includes a second counter and a controller that includes a CPU in provision of a technology for efficiently diagnosing a fault of a timer that is built in the semiconductor device such as a microcontroller and so forth. The first timer performs time synchronization with the time of external equipment arranged outside the semiconductor device. The controller compares a count value of the first counter with a count value of the second counter and detects a malfunction of the second timer on the basis of a result of comparison.

Abstract: The present invention provides a synchronization signal receiving method, including: receiving, by a receive end, a synchronization sequence sent by a transmit end, where the synchronization sequence includes a carrier frequency synchronization sequence, the carrier frequency synchronization sequence is zc(m)=e±j?m(m+1+2q)/L, m=0, 1, . . . , L?1, q?Z, L indicates a length of the carrier frequency synchronization sequence, q indicates a parameter of the carrier frequency synchronization sequence, Z indicates an integer set, e±j?m(m+1+2q)/L indicates the (±j?m(m+1+2q)/L)th power of e, and e is a natural constant; and performing, by the receive end, frequency offset estimation according to the received synchronization sequence, to obtain a frequency offset estimation value. With the technical solutions of embodiments of the present invention, accuracy of frequency offset estimation can be improved.

Abstract: Various aspects of systems for generating parity bits for encoding based on a portion of a generator matrix are disclosed. In one aspect, a generator matrix includes a sub-block including a first set of elements circularly shifted from an identity matrix by a first amount, and a second set of elements circularly shifted from the identity matrix by a second amount. Bit permutation circuitry generates first bits according to input bits and the first amount. Each of the first bits is provided as input to a corresponding XOR device of XOR devices. Each of a set of storage registers stores an output of the corresponding XOR device. The bit permutation circuitry generates second bits according to the input bits and the second amount. The XOR devices perform bit-wise XOR operations on the stored outputs and the generated second bits, to provide a portion of the parity bits.

Abstract: A decoder includes one or more Variable-Node Processors (VNPs) that hold respective variables, and logic circuitry. The logic circuitry is configured to decode a code word of an Error Correction Code (ECC), which is representable by a set of check equations, by performing a sequence of iterations such that each iteration involves processing of at least some of the variables, to hold one or more auxiliary equations derived from the check equations, so that a number of the auxiliary equations is smaller than a number of the check equations, to evaluate the auxiliary equations, during the sequence of iterations, using the variables, and, in response to detecting that the variables satisfy the auxiliary equations, to terminate the sequence of iterations and output the variables as the decoded code word.

Abstract: Channel state information (CSI) feedback in long term evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) networks including unlicensed spectrum is disclosed in which a base station obtains clear channel assessment (CCA) result information from neighboring base stations, either directly or by determining such results from measurement or reports from user equipment (UE) served by the base station. The base station may then generate control signaling based on the CCA result information for transmission to the one or more UEs served by the base station.

Abstract: A method and a system for encrypting a data stream are provided. The method includes receiving a multimedia data stream including multiple data elements; dividing the multimedia data stream into M data sub-streams based on sequence of the multiple data elements in the multimedia data stream, where the M data sub-streams follow a synchronous clock period which is M times of a clock period of the multimedia data stream, where M is a positive integer greater than 1; and generating a key at a predetermined time interval with a new pipeline algorithm, and encrypting the data elements in the M data sub-streams with the key and the complicated control logic, and the predetermined time interval is N times of the clock period of the M data sub-streams, where N is a positive integer.

Abstract: A time-interleaved analog-to-digital converter (ADC) having M ADCs can increase the sampling speed several times compared to the sampling speed of just one ADC. Some time-interleaved ADCs randomize the order of the M ADCs sampling the analog input signal to improve dynamic performance. Randomization causes the output data of the M ADCs to be valid at randomized time instants. When the output data is sampled using a rising edge of a fixed clock, the output data can be valid just before, valid right at, or only valid for a short period of time after, the rising edge. Therefore, the setup or hold time can be very short. To address this issue, information regarding the randomized selection of an ADC is used to control the sampling occurring in the fixed clock domain and avoid the short setup or hold time.

Abstract: A method for transparent on-board routing of data packets at high bit rate is implemented by a telecommunication system comprising an origin transmitting station, a first destination receiving station, a second destination receiving station, and a plurality of at least two satellites. The origin transmitting station segments high bit rate data streams into coded or uncoded packets each having the structure of a coded or uncoded DVB-S2 baseband frame BBFRAME; and the origin transmitting station inserts, for each segmented BBFRAME packet, coded or uncoded, an on-board routing label of a single piece respectively associated with the coded or uncoded BBFRAME packet. The on-board routing label contains an identifier of the destination receiving station associated with the coded BBFRAME packet, out of the first destination receiving station and the second destination receiving station.

Abstract: Time stamp replication within wireless networks is described. In an embodiment, a wireless station receives an input time stamp and uses this input time stamp to generate an output time stamp. The wireless station transmits the output time stamp to wireless stations in one of a number of groups which make up the wireless network. The output time stamp is generated to compensate for delays between receiving the input time stamp and transmitting the output time stamp such that output time stamp which is transmitted at a time T corresponds to the value that the input time stamp would have had if it had been received at time T (and not at a time earlier than T). This may, therefore, reduce or eliminate independent time stamp errors and jitter caused by multiple disparate systems and processes.

Abstract: A method of extended DRX paging includes a base station that transmits extended DRX configuration information and a User Equipment (UE) receives the extended DRX configuration from the base station. The UE determines a first number of frames that are included in a hyper-frame based at least in part on the extended DRX configuration information and selects a hyper-frame number. The hyper-frame number is based at least in part on the extended DRX configuration information. The UE maintains a hyper-frame count and the hyper-frame count is incremented after each hyper-frame. The UE then goes into sleep mode and the UE determines a wake up time before a standard DRX cycle that occurs during the selected hyper-frame. The UE may also determine a first wake up time and a second wake up time based on the selected hyper-frame number and synchronization error between a first cell and a second cell.

Abstract: This invention relates to methods and systems for estimating offset and skew using linear programming. Embodiments of the invention relate to methods and systems which apply linear programming principles to links with asymmetric transmission rates which are estimated from an exchange of timing messages (for example under IEEE 1588 PTP). Further embodiments provide for the estimation of clock offsets using linear programming techniques when the skew is known or estimated.

Abstract: Described herein are architectures, platforms and methods for (NFC) frame bit detection. A frame bit detector includes a sample-based bit detector that receives samples which may be data and non-data (noise), identifies data bits at every sample input time, and the likelihoods that the identified data bits are part of data. The frame detector includes a maximum likelihood frame detector configured to receive bits from the sample-based bit detector and the likelihood of each bit that the bit is data, and calculate frame likelihood.

Abstract: A receiver receives a first packet signal including first position information indicating a position of a radio device from the radio device. A storage stores a list containing the first position information. An acquirer obtains second position information indicating the position of the terminal device. A determiner determines whether it is possible for the receiver to receive a second packet signal from the radio device based on the second position information and on the first position information contained in the list. An estimator estimates that a reception failure occurs in the receiver if the receiver fails to receive the second packet signal when the determiner determines that it is possible to receive the second packet signal.

Abstract: A synchronization apparatus in a control base station is disclosed. A GNSS synchronization unit receives a GNSS signal through a GNSS antenna to obtain time information. A clock generation unit adjusts a clock of the control base station based on the time information provided by the GNSS synchronization unit. A traffic base station synchronization unit transmits and receives information with a traffic base station through a wired connection. A user data sample generation unit generates data required by a mobile user including network time information, and transmits the data to the mobile user equipment through a control base station antenna.