Abstract: A system for network data transactions, the system including an ingress port to receive data frames and timestamp received data frames, a frame analyzer to forward the data frames to a processor, the processor to extract timing information from the data frames and update the data frames based on updated timing calculations and output updated data frames via one or more egress ports. Data frames are timestamped at ingress and egress ports, and egress timestamps are saved in a timestamp memory. The system reduces overall network delays by using dedicated hardware and stored timestamp information.

Abstract: Provided is a method for providing a time synchronization service for an external application service of a 5G system (5GS). A method may include: receiving, by a Network Exposure Function (NEF) from an Application Function (AF), a request for a capability for a 5GS time synchronization service; and in response to the request for the capability, transmitting, by the NEF to the AF, a time synchronization parameter including the capability.

Abstract: Techniques for clock manager monitoring for time sensitive networks are described. An apparatus, comprises a clock circuitry to manage a clock for a device, a processing circuitry coupled to the clock circuitry, the processing circuitry to execute instructions to perform operations for a clock manager, the clock manager to receive messages with time information for a network and generate clock manager control information to adjust the clock to a network time for the network, and a detector coupled to the processing circuitry and the clock circuitry, the detector to receive the clock manager control information, generate model control information based on a clock model, compare the clock manager control information with the model control information to generate difference information, and determine whether to generate an alert based on the difference information. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: A plurality of message transceivers coupled with each other via a portion of an electronic communications network characterized by a transmission latency are each operative to perform an action on data transaction messages received thereby. Upon receipt by any of the plurality of message transceivers of a first augmented data transaction message transmitted thereto by another of the plurality of message transceivers, the receiving message transceiver is configured to delay performance of the action on the first augmented data transaction message for an amount of time based on an extent to which a defined amount of time exceeds a transmission time, resulting from the transmission latency of the portion of the electronic communication network via which the first augmented data transaction message was conveyed, of the first augmented data transaction message between the transmitting and receiving message transceivers when the transmission time is less than the defined amount of time.

Abstract: A method for performing a data transmission between a control device and an electronics unit. A microcontroller and an Ethernet transceiver are provided in the control unit, and a microcontroller and an Ethernet transceiver are also provided in the electronics unit. For data transmission, the two Ethernet transceivers are first synchronized, taking into account a common clock cycle, and, for data transmission, an Ethernet connection is used as a physical route, and the data transmission is carried out with a serial protocol.

Abstract: A wireless communication method for use in a network node is disclosed. The method comprises receiving, from a communication node, a message indicating a capability of being a grand master clock, and transmitting, to the communication node, announce information associated with a first announce message based on the capability.

Abstract: An audio latency calibration method is disclosed. A master speaker and a slave speaker are located at a separation distance from each other, and a paring process is performed. As the paring process is completed, multiple latency time period parameters are obtained relating to the master and slave speakers. The latency time period parameters comprise: T1+T2 representing the time that the master speaker sends an audio signal to the slave speaker, T3+T4 representing the time that the audio signal is transmitted from the slave speaker to a microphone of the master speaker, T5 representing the time that a trumpet of the master speaker plays the audio signal and T3? representing the time that a microphone of the master speaker receives the audio signal. Thus, the way to synchronously play audio signals can be achieved.

Abstract: A synchronization method includes obtaining a first timestamp difference of a packet on a target link. The first timestamp difference is a difference between a sending timestamp and a receiving timestamp of the packet at a first moment. The synchronization method further includes performing packet selection based on the first timestamp difference to obtain a second timestamp difference; obtaining a delay prediction value of the target link at the first moment, compensating for the second timestamp difference based on the delay prediction value to obtain a compensated timestamp difference; and performing time and/or clock synchronization based on the compensated timestamp difference. The second timestamp difference is compensated for based on the delay prediction value, that is, PDV noise introduced to the target link is compensated for. In this way, the PDV noise is reduced.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. A wireless communications system may support adaptive scheduling in idle mode. In some cases, a user equipment (UE) may receive control signaling indicating a first beam sweeping occasion and a first paging occasion within a search time period. The UE may select a first quantity of measurement occasions of the first beam sweeping occasion for monitoring multiple beams. The first quantity of measurement occasions may be based on a channel quality metric observed for a prior beam during a prior beam sweeping occasion. The UE may select a first beam to monitor for a first paging message during the first paging occasion based on respective channel quality metrics observed for multiple beams during the first quantity of measurement occasions. Further, the UE may monitor for the first paging message during the first paging occasion using the first beam.

Abstract: Communication device comprising circuitry configured to measure a first phase of a first measurement signal transmitted by a first node to a second node, measure a second phase of a second measurement signal transmitted by the second node to the first node, repeat the measurements of the first and second phases one or more times, receive phase information from the first node and/or the second node, the phase information including third phase information acquired by the second node from measurements of a third phase of the first measurement signals and/or fourth phase information acquired by the first node from measurements of a fourth phase of the second measurement signals, and estimate a distance difference using the measured first and second phases and the received phase information.

Abstract: Method for synchronizing control applications via a communication network for transferring time-critical data, wherein network infrastructure devices determine, for the forwarding of datagrams associated with selected data streams, respective time delays between a planned transmission time of the datagram and an actual transmission time of the datagram in question, where the selected data streams are assigned to control applications running on communication terminals, and where a beginning of a next end-node-side transfer cycle is determined by a starting-node-side control application based on the time delay determined by a preceding network infrastructure device in question, an accumulated maximum time delay and a transmission time of the datagrams to achieve synchronization between transfer cycles of starting-node-side control applications and transfer cycles of end-node-side control applications.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a user equipment (UE) may receive, from a source base station, configuration information for a handover, wherein the configuration information indicates, for a target non-terrestrial cell, timing and synchronization parameters including a scheduling timing offset, a round trip time between a reference point and a target base station associated with the target non-terrestrial cell, satellite ephemeris information, an ephemeris validity duration associated with the satellite ephemeris information, common timing advance parameters, and a common timing advance validity duration associated with the common timing advance parameters. The UE may perform the handover with the target base station associated with the target non-terrestrial cell based at least in part on the timing and synchronization parameters for the target non-terrestrial cell. Numerous other aspects are described.

Abstract: Systems and methods for synchronizing the playback of OTT or other time sensitive content on multiple playback devices is disclosed. The systems and methods include receiving time information based on a network time source in the playback devices. The playback clock in each playback device is set based upon the time information. Stream initiation information derived using the time information from the network time source is received by each of the playback device from the media provider. The playback devices use the stream initiation information to adjust the presentation time stamps of the frames of the media content in the stream.

Abstract: One embodiment disclosed in the present specification provides a method for a vehicle to everything (V2X) communication, comprising: determining position of at least one frequency for at least one synchronization signal block (SSB), wherein the position of the at least one frequency is determined based on a channel raster for new radio (NR) V2X, wherein the channel raster for the NR V2X is determined based on a first frequency shift of ?5 kHz or 5 kHz.

Abstract: A selection method is for selecting a reference message to be used to detect unauthorized communication in an in-vehicle network system including a network and one or more electronic control units connected to the network. The reference message is used as a reference for determining whether a message sent to the network is anomalous. The selection method includes: storing candidate information regarding one or more reference message candidates each being a candidate of the reference message; selecting, based on the candidate information regarding the one or more reference message candidates stored in the storing, the selection method for selecting the reference message from among the one or more reference message candidates; and selecting the reference message from among the one or more reference message candidates using the selection method.

Abstract: A system for achieving display of CarPlay operation interface on display screens of multiple electronic devices is disclosed. The system comprises a first electronic device and a second electronic device, wherein the first electronic device has functionality of Apple CarPlay because of including an Apple Mfi authentication chip. Particularly, a CarPlay executor comprising a principal execution unit and a plurality of sub-execution units is provided in the first electronic device. As such, after a second mobile electronic device is in communication with a second electronic device that is coupled to the first electronic device, one sub-execution unit is authorized by the Apple Mfi authentication chip so as to let a CarPlay operation interface be shown on a display screen of the second electronic device, thereby achieving display of CarPlay operation interface on display screens of multiple electronic devices.

Abstract: A device control method, includes: sending first device information to a proxy device; obtaining second device information; establishing a first connection with the cloud server, and sending the device information of the proxy device to the cloud server through the first connection, so as to establish a second connection between the proxy device and the cloud server based on the first device information and the second device information, the second connection being configured to transmit the keep-alive message; and in response to determining that notification information sent by the cloud server is received, controlling the Internet of Things device to enter a low power consumption mode, the notification information being configured to indicate that the second connection has been established between the proxy device and the cloud server.

Abstract: A communication device (10) communicates with a communication device (20) in each of time divisions defined by shared time that is shared with the communication device (20). The communication device (10) includes a clocking unit (11) that measures the shared time, an acquirer (13) that acquires, from the communication device (20), error information about a first error of the communication device (20) in measuring the shared time, and a specifier (14) that specifies, to the communication device (20), a suspension duration at least at a start or at an end of each of the time divisions. The suspension duration is a duration for which the communication device (20) suspends data transmission. The suspension duration specified by the specifier (14) is greater than or equal to a greater error of the first error and a second error that is an error of the clocking unit (11) in time measurement.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a user equipment (UE) may receive a synchronization signal block (SSB) configuration that indicates SSB location information associated with an SSB burst, the SSB location information indicating one or more SSB positions corresponding to at least one SSB position subset of a plurality of SSB position subsets. The UE may receive an SSB based at least in part on the SSB configuration. Numerous other aspects are described.

Abstract: An example operation may include one or more of computing historical patterns related to fraudulent attempts from a transaction log, predicting future fraud attempts from public data, correlating the historical patterns and the predicted future fraud attempts, modifying one or more first endorsement policies based on the correlations, preventing modifying one or more second endorsement policies, the one or more second endorsement policies providing read-only access, and adding the modified one or more first endorsement policies to a smart contract.

Abstract: A network switch can include a precision time protocol (PTP) module and a circuit board. The PTP module can provide a first clock signal and include a predetermined interface. The circuit board can include a socket, an oscillator and a selection unit. The socket can be inserted by the predetermined interface to receive the first clock signal. The oscillator can provide a second clock signal. The selection unit can include a first terminal, a second terminal, an output terminal and a selection terminal. The first terminal can receive the first clock signal when the predetermined interface is inserted into the socket. The second terminal can receive the second clock signal. The output terminal can output one of the first clock signal and the second clock signal. The selection terminal can receive a selection signal to control the output terminal to output the first clock signal or the second clock signal.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communication are described. A user equipment (UE) or a base station may be configured to indicate that a transmission occasion is empty while operating in a full-duplex mode. In some examples, the UE may transmit, to the base station, an indication that an uplink transmission occasion (for example, a configured grant transmission occasion) will not be used by the UE for transmitting an uplink communication. In some other examples, the base station may transmit, to the UE, an indication a downlink transmission occasion (for example, semi-persistent scheduling transmission occasion) will not be used by the base station for transmitting a downlink communication. If uplink or downlink transmission occasions are empty, the UE and the base station may each update parameters to operate in a half-duplex mode.

Abstract: A method can include obtaining, at a physical communication layer integrated with a communication interface, a data packet, detecting, by a detection circuit integrated with the physical communication layer, a portion of data in the data packet corresponding to a marker identifying the data packet, linking, by the physical communication layer based on the marker, a timestamp with the data packet, and transmitting, by the physical communication layer, the data packet linked with the timestamp.

Abstract: There is provided a computed tomography imaging system including a gantry including a rotating member on a rotating side, a stationary member on a stationary side, and a data communication system. The rotating member on the rotating side includes an X-ray source configured to emit X-rays, an X-ray detector configured to generate detector data, a data storage unit configured to store the detector data, and processing circuitry configured to process at least part of the stored detector data to generate a processed data set. The stationary member on the stationary side is communicatively coupled to the rotating member on the rotating side, and the data communication system is configured to transfer the processed data set from the rotating member on the rotating side to the stationary member on the stationary side.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method and device in nodes used for wireless communication. The node receives a first signaling; transmits a first signal in a first time-frequency resource set; and transmits a second signal in a second time-frequency resource set; the first signaling is used to determine the first time-frequency resource set, and the first signaling is used to determine a reference time-frequency resource set; a first TA quantity is used to determine a TA quantity of an uplink timing relative to a downlink timing; a length of a time interval between a start time of the second time-frequency resource set in time domain and a start time of the reference time-frequency resource set in time domain is equal to a first time length, the first time length is equal to one of X candidate time lengths. The application ensures the correct reception of the feedback.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. In an example, a method includes a first node receiving a precision time protocol (PTP) message, identifying one or more timing domains to be supported by the first node based at least in part on the PTP message, and sending, to a second node of the wireless communication network, an indicator of the one or more timing domains to be supported by the first node. Another example at a node includes receiving, from additional nodes of the wireless communication network, indicators of one or more timing domains supported by the additional nodes, receiving a PTP message associated with a timing domain, and sending the PTP message to a subset of the additional nodes based at least in a part on the indicators of one or more timing domains supported by the additional nodes.

Abstract: A method for memory management is described. The method includes detecting entry of a mobile device into a deep sleep state. The method also includes monitoring a hysteresis counter of entry into the deep sleep state relative to a time period of the mobile device in the deep sleep state to compute a hysteresis statistical threshold. The method further includes comparing the hysteresis statistical threshold to a threshold configuration value. The method also includes adjusting memory management of the mobile device and/or frequency scaling when the hysteresis statistical threshold is greater than the threshold configuration value.

Abstract: A network element, for use in an automotive network in a vehicle, includes one or more ports, packet processing circuitry and a validation data collector. The one or more ports are configured for communicating over the automotive network in the vehicle. The packet processing circuitry is configured to receive packets from the automotive network via the one or more ports, the packets including time-protocol packets, to process the received packets, and to forward the processed packets to the automotive network via the one or more ports. The validation data collector is configured to derive, from at least some of the time-protocol packets that are processed by the packet-processing circuitry, validation data indicative of compliance of the network element with a vehicle-safety requirement, and to make the validation data accessible from outside the network element.

Abstract: This disclosure provides a method for sending and receiving a signal, a terminal, an apparatus and a storage medium. The method includes: a sending side sending a synchronization signal block, wherein the synchronization signal block includes a primary synchronization signal, a secondary synchronization signal and a physical broadcast channel, the primary synchronization signal occupying two OFDM symbols, and the secondary synchronization signal occupying two OFDM symbols, wherein a synchronization signal block pattern used in a slot where the synchronization signal block is located is a first synchronization signal block pattern when a normal CP is configured, and is a second synchronization signal block pattern different from the first synchronization signal block pattern when an extended CP is configured. A receiving side demodulates the synchronization signal block.

Abstract: Examples described herein relate to a first central processing unit (CPU) node to generate time stamp counter (TSC) values based on a first clock signal and a second CPU node to generate TSC values based on a second clock signal. In some examples, the first CPU node is to determine at least one network timer time stamp based on the TSC values based on the first clock signal and the second CPU node is to determine at least one network timer time stamp based on the TSC values based on the second clock signal. In some examples, determine at least one network timer time stamp based on the TSC values based on the first clock signal is based on (i) a relationship between the first clock signal and a network interface device main timer and (ii) a relationship between a network timer source and the network interface device main timer.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a controller of a memory system writes write data associated with a set of received write requests to a first write destination storage region in a first write mode of writing a plurality of bits per memory cell, without writing the write data to a second storage region. When receiving from a host a first request to cause a state of the first write destination storage region to transition to a second state in which writing is suspended, the controller transfers un-transferred remaining write data from a write buffer of the host to an internal buffer, and writes the remaining write data to the second storage region in a second write mode of writing 1 bit per memory cell.

Abstract: The degree of freedom of an abnormality detection target location in a solid-state imaging device in which a plurality of substrates are joined is improved. A semiconductor device includes a connection line and a detection circuit. A plurality of semiconductor substrates are joined in the semiconductor device. Then, in the semiconductor device, the connection line is wired across the plurality of semiconductor substrates. The detection circuit detects the presence or absence of an abnormality in a joint surface of the plurality of semiconductor substrates based on an energization state of the connection line when enable has been set by a predetermined control signal.

Abstract: According to various embodiments, a multi-link device (MLD) operating in multiple links including a first link may transmit, through a first station (STA) and to a first AP of an AP multi-link device, a request frame including an information field for requesting at least one element related to a second link. The multi-link device may receive at least one element related to the second link on the basis of the request frame.

Abstract: The present disclosure includes techniques for providing timing for outputting audio from two or more devices. An example method includes determining, at a first device, timing for outputting audio from a second device and a third device in an attempt to have the audio from the second and third devices play in a synchronized manner. The example method further includes communicating from the first device to the second device, using a first wireless communication technology (e.g., Wi-Fi), the timing for outputting the audio. The example method further includes communicating from the first device to the third device, using a second wireless communication technology (e.g., Bluetooth) that is different from the first wireless communication technology, the timing for outputting the audio.

Abstract: A method of synchronizing clocks of a secondary node and primary node, the method comprising: the primary node transmitting a first message and an indication of that message's transmission time to the secondary node; the secondary node transmitting a second message to the primary node; the primary node transmitting a third message and an indication of that message's transmission time to the secondary node; the secondary node calculating a rate of its clock relative to the clock of the primary node using a ratio of times between the transmission and reception times of the first and third messages; and the secondary node calculating a time offset of its clock relative to the clock of the primary node using the calculated rate, a propagation delay and one of the indications of the transmission times of the first or third message.

Abstract: A synchronization signal/PBCH block (SSB) transmission method. The method includes: transmitting, in two continuous slots, four synchronization signal/PBCH blocks (SSBs) and remaining minimum system information (RMSI) corresponding to the four SSBs respectively.

Abstract: Provided are a configuration method and apparatus for a frame structure, and a storage medium. The configuration method for the frame structure includes: receiving, by a first node, frame structure parameters configured by a second node, wherein each frame structure parameter comprises: a period and a type of a frame structure, and the frame structure parameters comprise a common frame structure parameter, a first dedicated frame structure parameter and a second dedicated frame structure parameter; obtaining, by the first node, an uplink/downlink division of the frame structure according to the common frame structure parameter and/or the first dedicated frame structure parameter, and determining, according to the second dedicated frame structure parameter by the first node, the frame structure for uplink transmission of a backhaul link and the frame structure for downlink transmission of the backhaul link.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a wireless node may transmit an enhanced duplexing capability indication that indicates an enhanced duplexing capability status associated with one or more resources. The wireless node may communicate based at least in part on a resource of the one or more resources. Numerous other aspects are described.

Abstract: This disclosure provides methods, components, devices and systems for low-latency parameter updates. In some aspects, a wireless communication device, such as a handset or an access point (AP), may transmit, to one or more wireless audio devices, an indication of a set of updated parameters associated with an extended personal area network (XPAN) of the wireless communication device. The wireless communication device may embed the indication of the set of updated parameters via a real-time protocol (RTP) header or in a padding section of a payload data of an audio data packet. A wireless audio device may extract the set of updated parameters from the audio data packet and may transmit an acknowledgement (ACK) to the wireless communication device. As a result of receiving an ACK from the wireless audio device(s), the wireless communication device may communicate with the wireless audio device(s) in accordance with the updated parameters.

Abstract: Enhanced resolution for a real-time clock is implemented, which includes a real-time clock configured to operate at a first time resolution, at least one processing unit configured to operate at a second time resolution, wherein the second time resolution has a higher frequency than the first time resolution, a memory for storing data at a location including data from the real-time clock and the at least one processing unit, an interrupt configured to load information into the memory at the location using the at least one processing unit, the interrupt further configured to operate at a frequency associated with the second time resolution, a timing service configured to read information from the memory at the location, the timing service configured to operate at the second time resolution, and a calibration module configured to re-calibrate the real-time clock.

Abstract: An electronic device according to an embodiment includes a memory storing instructions, a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, a communication circuit, and a processor. The processor, when executing the instructions, is configured to establish a connection with a public access point (AP) to communicate with an external electronic device, obtain location information of the electronic device, maintain a state of mode for a VPN in an inactive state, based on transmitting information distinct from the location information, on a condition that the number of a plurality of electronic devices located within a reference distance from the public AP is less than a reference value, and switch the state of mode for VPN mode from the inactive state to an active state, based on transmitting the information on a condition that the number of the plurality of electronic devices is equal to or greater than the reference value.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for providing a time source for autonomous driving are provided, which may be applied to autonomous driving of a vehicle in the field of artificial intelligence. The method includes: providing a first time source for a first subsystem of an autonomous driving system by using a first crystal oscillator, and providing a second time source for a second subsystem of the autonomous driving system based on a received satellite time signal. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a stable and reliable global time source reference can be provided for the autonomous driving system, to ensure secure operation of the autonomous driving system, and meet a requirement of the system for coordinated universal time.

Abstract: A circuit includes an input configured to receive a plurality of client signals; a generic mapping procedure (GMP) block configured to map each of the plurality of client signals into a corresponding server signal; and a time-sliced GMP processor connected to the GMP block, and that operates in a time-sliced manner where the time-sliced GMP processor operates on each of the plurality of client signals, and wherein the time-sliced GMP processor is configured to perform a modified sigma-delta computation configured to determine data and stuff for a payload of each of the corresponding server signals. The plurality of client signals can be Ethernet and the corresponding server signal can be an optical transport network (OTN) signal.

Abstract: A method of sharing and synchronizing a plurality of electronically stored resources between a cloud file system and a client file system is provided. The method includes receiving one or more change events wherein each change event indicates an independent change to one or more electronically stored files in a first client file system, holding the received change events for a period of time, and determining whether any of the held change events are combinable with other held change events indicating one or more independent changes to one or more electronically stored files in one or more client file systems comprising the first client file system.

Abstract: Proposed is a method for performing wireless communication by a first device. The method can comprise steps in which the first device receives from a second device a first physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) or a first physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) comprising information relating to a second synchronization source, determines synchronization of the second device on the basis of the information relating to the second synchronization source, and performs the synchronization of the second device on the basis of a reference signal of the first PSCCH or first PSSCH. For example, the second synchronization source can comprise a synchronization source having a highest priority configured beforehand with respect to the second device.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a controller of a memory system performs a first operation a plurality of times for each of a plurality of first blocks. The first operation includes a write operation for writing data in a first write mode for writing m-bit data per memory cell and a data erase operation. While a second block is not a defective block, the controller performs a second operation a plurality of times for the second block. The second operation includes a write operation for writing data in a second write mode for writing n-bit data per memory cell and a data erase operation. When the second block is a defective block, the controller selects a first block from the plurality of first blocks, and writes second write data to the selected first block in the second write mode.

Abstract: A system for providing synchronous access to hardware resources includes a first network interface element to receive a network time signal from a data communication network and a memory to store sequence of one or more instructions selected from an instruction set of the first processing circuit. The sequence of one or more instructions include a first instruction that is configured to synchronize execution of a second instruction of the sequence of one or more instructions with the network time signal. The system further includes a first processing circuit to use the first instruction and a timing parameter associated with a second instruction to execute the second instruction in synchrony with the network time signal.

Abstract: Example techniques disclosed herein relate to location-based playlists. In an example implementation, a system receives, from a mobile device, first GPS data indicating that the mobile device is located at a first physical location, wherein an application on the mobile device is registered with a particular user account of the cloud service. The system determines that the first physical location represented in the first GPS data corresponds to a location of a first business associated with one or more first playback devices within the cloud service. The one or more first playback devices are playing back first audio tracks. As each first audio track is at least partially played back, the system adds the respective first audio track to a location-based playlist associated with the particular user account of the cloud service. The computing system causes the mobile device to display an indication of the location-based playlist.

Abstract: A method for receiving a signal during an intrabody communication via a user carrying a terminal. The method is performed by the terminal and includes: receiving a signal from a communication device, indicating that the user moved closer to the device between two instants; detecting, in the signal received, a first radio frame generated between the two instants, the first frame being at the same frequency as that of the signal received; detecting, in the signal received, a second radio frame generated between the two instants, the second frame being at a different frequency to that of the signal received; comparing the first frame to the second frame; and validating a transaction based on the presence or absence of information common to the first and second compared frames.

Abstract: Establishing an expected transmit time at which a network interface controller (NIC) is expected to transmit a next packet. Enqueuing, with the NIC and before the expected transmit time, a packet P1 to be transmitted at the expected transmit time. Upon enqueuing P1, incrementing the expected transmit time by an expected transmit duration of P1. Transmitting at the NIC's line rate and timestamping enqueued P1 with its actual transmit time. Adjusting the expected transmit time by a difference between P1's actual transmit and P1's expected transmit time. Requesting, before completion of transmitting P1, to transmit a P2 at time t(P2). Enqueuing, in sequence, zero or more P0, such that the current expected transmit time plus the duration of the transmission of the P0s at the line rate equals t(P2). Transmitting at the line rate each enqueued P0. Upon enqueuing each P0, incrementing, for each P0, the expected transmit time by the expected transmit duration of the P0.