Abstract: Certain embodiments described herein are generally directed to determining efficient update schedules for logical networks based on a graph representing the priority of features supported by the network, and a graph representing the priority of logical entities within the logical network. By building a graph of the logical network using directed edges to represent the update priority of one logical entity over another, an ordering, or a set of possible orderings, may be obtained. A topological sort of the graph may obtain such an ordering. Alternative orderings may indicate opportunities for parallel updating, which may result in a more efficient process for updating the logical network.

Abstract: A method for online switching of an operation mode of an ONT comprises: receiving an OMCI message in an online state by the ONT, wherein the OMCI message carries an indication message for switching the operation mode; and switching the operation mode according to the indication message by the ONT. The above-mentioned method realizes changing of an operation mode of an ONT in real-time in an online state based on the GPON standard, so that the ONT can flexibly operate in a gateway mode or a network bridge mode, and an operator management system only needs to change the operation mode of the ONT through a standard OMCI message according to a local network requirement.

Abstract: An example of high availability for FC or FCoE can include maintaining connection state information in a Fiber Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) Data Forwarder (FDF) or Fiber Channel Data Forwarder (FcDF). A failure of a first FCoE Forwarder (FCF) associated with the FDF can be detected. A second FCF can check a configuration file of the second FCF to see if the second FCF is responsible for the FDF. The second FCF can request the virtual domain ID, of the failed FCF, from a principal switch. The second FCF can be used as a service node for the FDF.

Abstract: A method for measuring transmission delay of an optical transport network (OTN) device and a source OTN device. The method comprises: a source OTN device receives a delay measurement request transmitted by a user, generates a delay request frame, and transmits the delay request frame to a destination OTN device; the source OTN device receives a response frame returned from the destination OTN device, the response frame including a first time information; after receiving the response frame returned from the destination OTN device, the source OTN device obtains the system time T4 at when the response frame is received by the source OTN device; the source OTN device parses the response frame to obtain the first time information, and calculates the transmission delay between the source OTN device and the destination OTN device according to T4 and the first time information.

Abstract: Concepts and technologies are disclosed herein for creating cross-service chains of virtual network functions in a wide area network. A controller can receive a chain request from a requestor. The chain request can specify functionality that is to be included in a service chain. The functionality can include a first function and a second function. The controller can compute a route associated with the service chain. The route can specify a first site that hosts a first service that provides the first function and a second site that hosts a second service that provides the second function. A first virtual network function can be located at the first site and a second virtual network function can be located at the second site. The controller can configure edge devices and forwarding devices to various entities at the two sites to enable the cross-service virtual network function chain.

Abstract: A method and system for packet-optical in-band telemetry (POINT) that may be used in a packet-optical network is disclosed herein. An intermediate POINT device may receive a packet including at least a header and a payload at a packet layer. The POINT device may read intent information from the header, and the intent information may indicate a type of telemetry data to be collected. The POINT device may translate the intent information from the packet layer to generate a device-specific action in an optical layer to the type of telemetry data indicated by the intent. The POINT device may execute the device-specific action in the optical layer to generate a response corresponding to the intent, associate the response with the intent, and encode the response in the packet layer for downstream data forwarding.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer readable media for providing message encode/decode as a service are disclosed. According to one method for providing message encoding or decoding as a service, the method occurs at an encode/decode function (EDF) node. The method includes receiving a message encode or decode operation request containing a message identifier and an operation identifier. The method also includes performing, using the operation identifier, a message encode or decode operation involving accessing or modifying at least one TLV element decoded from a message indicated by the message identifier. The method further includes sending a response indicating whether the message encode or decode operation was successfully performed.

Abstract: A communication system is described in which mobile telephones are able to roam between neighboring home node base stations and in which the home base stations or the home base station gateway devices are arranged to aggregate “Unsuccessfully Transmitted DL Data Volume” determined by previous home base stations served by the gateway device. In this way, when a call is transferred away from the gateway device or is released, a total aggregated value of “Unsuccessfully Transmitted DL Data Volume” can be provided to the core network for billing purposes.

Abstract: In the optical transport system a transport frame generator divides a transport frame accommodating plural client signals into plural transmission signals. Subcarrier transmission units convert the signals into optical signals using different optical carriers and transmit the converted optical signals. Subcarrier reception units receive the transmitted optical signals and convert the optical signals into reception signals. A transport frame termination unit combines the reception signals to restore the transport frame. A time-demultiplexing processor time-demultiplexes the restored transport frame to be separated into the client signals. A time slot control unit determines a new time slot allocation when time-multiplexing the client signals in the transport frame and stops supply of electric power to a subcarrier transmission unit and a subcarrier reception unit that transmit and receive an optical signal to which the client signals are not allocated.

Abstract: A disclosed method for configuring an optical network includes determining that a measure of performance for a first optical path is approaching a safe threshold and designating the first optical path as at risk for performance degradation due to additional traffic. The method also includes, in response to adding a new optical path, calculating a system margin for the first optical path representing a difference between an OSNR delivered on the first optical path and a required OSNR for error-free operation on the first optical path, determining that the system margin is insufficient to meet an applicable performance level, modifying an operating parameter of a transmitter or receiver of the first optical path and refraining from calculating a system margin for a second optical path that is not designated as at risk for performance degradation. The method may be implemented by a network management system of the optical network.

Abstract: An optical communication system includes an optical transmitter, a plurality of optical receivers, and a splitter that splits light transmitted by the optical transmitter to the plurality of optical receivers. The optical transmitter includes a variable-wavelength light source capable of transmitting light of a first wavelength and light of a third wavelength between the first wavelength and a second wavelength. A first optical receiver of the plurality of optical receivers includes a first optical filter having a first transmission band including the first and third wavelengths, and a first receiving unit that receives light having passed through the first optical filter. A second optical receiver of the plurality of optical receivers includes a second optical filter having a second transmission band including the second and third wavelengths, and a second receiving unit that receives light having passed through the second optical filter.

Abstract: A selection and distribution circuit (13) is provided between N optical transceivers (11) and one PON control circuit (12). The selection and distribution circuit (13) selects the optical transceiver (11) corresponding to an upstream frame that time-divisionally arrives, thereby transferring the upstream frame opto-electrically converted by the transceiver (11) to the PON control circuit (12) and distributing a downstream frame from the PON control circuit (12) to each optical transceiver (11). A power supply control circuit (23) stops power supply to at least one of one of optical transceivers (11) that are not used to transfer the frame of the optical transceivers (11) and a circuit that is not used to transfer the frame in the selection and distribution circuit (13). This can reduce the system cost per ONU in the optical transmission system.

Abstract: A method for detecting an optical network unit (ONU) in a passive optical network (PON), an ONU, a PON and an optical line terminal (OLT) are disclosed. In an embodiment the method include detecting an ONU identity code in an open uplink empty window or an empty timeslot, wherein the ONU identity code is a specific code stream sequence of the ONU that identifies a single ONU of the plurality of ONUs included in the PON system during the open uplink empty window or the empty timeslot and determining that the single ONU corresponding to the ONU identity code is a rogue ONU according to the ONU identity code.

Abstract: Adjacency detection systems and methods configured to detect physical interconnection between two devices in a network include communicating data with one or more controllers and data sources associated with the network; for a given port in the network to detect a corresponding port physically connected thereto, causing orchestration of changes in performance monitoring data for the given port over a period of time; and analyzing the data subsequent to the orchestration to detect the corresponding port. The systems and methods can operate over multiple network layers, with different vendor equipment, independent of network protocols, and in-service.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention disclose a communication method which includes: receiving, by the optical network unit (ONU) by using the first port or the second port, a wavelength switching request message delivered by the optical line terminal (OLT), where the wavelength switching request message carries second wavelength channel information and port information that is of the second port; switching, by the ONU, an operating wavelength channel of an optical module connected to the second port from a first wavelength channel to a second wavelength channel corresponding to the second wavelength channel information; and sending, by the ONU, a wavelength switching complete message to the OLT by using the first port. According to the communication method provided in embodiments of the present invention, quick wavelength switching is performed based on the second port, so that a service is not interrupted in a wavelength switching process, and user experience is better.

Abstract: A method for control plane discovery includes a plurality of network elements transmitting an outbound control plane communication to generate path information of a path through the network elements. The transmitting includes receiving, by an intermediate network element of the network elements, the outbound control plane communication on an optical layer ingress port, appending, by the intermediate network element, an intermediate network element identifier of the intermediate network element to the path information in the outbound control plane communication, and transmitting, by the intermediate network element, the outbound control plane communication via an electrical layer egress port based on the intermediate network element comprising a layer changing drop port.

Abstract: Client-side protection systems and methods are implemented by a network element using a fast electrical squelch with a first optical transceiver and a second optical transceiver. A client-side protection method includes detecting a protection switching event affecting one or more lanes associated with the first optical transceiver; causing a fast electrical squelch to the affected one or more lanes of the first optical transceiver to provide a Loss of Signal (LOS) thereto; and subsequent to the LOS to the first electrical transceiver, causing a fast electrical squelch to corresponding one or more lanes of the second optical transceiver to enable the corresponding one or more lanes thereon.

Abstract: This disclosure generally discloses a path search mechanism for determining mutually compatible paths within a network includes nodes and links. The path search mechanism for determining mutually compatible paths may be configured to determine a set of mutually compatible paths for a set of demands where the demands may include requests for paths between pairs of nodes of the network. The path search mechanism for determining mutually compatible paths may be configured to determine a set of mutually compatible paths for a set of demands where compatibility may be based on edge disjointness, node disjointness, or the like, as well as various combinations thereof. The path search mechanism for determining mutually compatible paths may be configured to determine a set of mutually compatible paths for a set of demands subject to an objective.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a method for remotely configuring a Precision Time Protocol PTP service of an Optical Network Unit ONU. The method includes: after an ONU performs an initialization, the ONU creates a PTP management entity; the ONU receives a PTP management entity attribute sent by an OLT and set by the OLT; and the ONU parses the PTP management entity attribute sent by the OLT and sets a corresponding PTP service according to the PTP management entity attribute. The present disclosure further discloses an ONU, an OLT and a system corresponding to the method.

Abstract: An optical communications network has an interconnecting node (100) coupled in between at least one hub node (130) and at least first (140) and second (150) access nodes, to provide working and protection optical paths. The interconnecting node has a working wavelength selective switch (110) to select which working wavelengths are coupled. A corresponding protection wavelength selective switch (120) is also provided for the protection wavelengths. In the event of detection of a fault, protection switching (230) is carried out at the access node and the hub node without altering the selections made by the wavelength selective switches in the interconnecting node. Thus protection schemes across the interconnecting node for more than one access node can be handled. By not needing to alter wavelength selections at the interconnecting node during protection switching operation, the complexity and thus costs can be reduced.

Abstract: Disclosed are a lighting system and a method for registering a lighting device. The embodiments of the present invention comprise: a lighting device which is provided with a short-range communication module and comprises a plurality of light-emitting units; a lighting registration device which is provided with a short-range communication module and an IR communication module and registers the lighting device on the basis of the light-emitting patterns of the light-emitting units; and a lighting switch which is provided with a short-range communication module, binds with the lighting device by receiving, from the lighting registration device, an ID corresponding to the light-emitting patterns of the light-emitting units, and controls the operation of the lighting device.

Abstract: A wall-mountable outlet comprising an enclosure and a faceplate mechanically coupled to the enclosure. An optical network terminal (ONT) is provided in the enclosure. In one example embodiment, the ONT comprises an optical-electrical (O-E) data module, and the O-E data module comprises an O-E converter. The O-E data module can further comprise a switch arranged to selectively couple at least one signal with the O-E converter. The O-E data module further can comprise a Passive Optical Network (PON) controller interposed between the O-E converter and the switch.

Abstract: Systems and methods use a fiber-based network to provide both network access services such as Internet, television, phone, and wide area networking services as well as distributed data processing services. Distributed computing nodes are provided in broadband gateways at homes and other premises in a fiber-based network to realize a distributed data center architecture. In a specific example, a provider deploys a number of broadband gateways in the homes of homeowners who agree to pay for network access (e.g., Internet, phone, television, etc.) that is received over a fiber-based (preferably point-to-point) network at the broadband gateways in the homes. Those broadband gateways also separately provide distributed workload processing. Providing both network access and distributed workload processing makes the deployment and use of the fiber-based network more economically and technically feasible.

Abstract: There is provided a network management device to manage a network on which an existing optical path is operated, the network management device including: a first receiver configured to receive data related to a measurement result of signal quality of a first optical signal having a first wavelength on the existing optical path; a second receiver configured to receive a request for adding a second optical signal having a second wavelength to the existing optical path; at least one memory configured to store a procedure; and at least one processor configured to execute the procedure of estimating a variation quantity in the signal quality of the first optical signal when the second optical signal is added to the existing optical path based on the data related to the measurement result, when the request is received, and determining whether to add the second optical signal based on results of the estimating.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an optical line terminal capable of communicating with a plurality of optical network units. The optical line terminal includes an obtaining unit that performs an obtaining process that obtains configuration information for each of the optical network units from another apparatus; and a configuring unit that performs a configuration process that transmits a part or all of the configuration information obtained by the obtaining unit to the each of the optical network units. The obtaining unit performs the obtaining process for each of the optical network units in an order determined according to a priority of the each of the optical network units.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a plurality of paths in a network from a source device to a destination device is identified. A predicted performance for packet delivery along a primary path from the plurality of paths is determined. The predicted performance for packet delivery along the primary path is then compared to a performance threshold. Traffic sent along the primary path may be duplicated onto a backup path selected from the plurality of paths based on a determination that the predicted performance along the primary path is below the performance threshold.

Abstract: Systems, mechanisms, apparatuses, and methods are disclosed for forwarding Inter-Switch Connection (ISC) frames in a Network-to-Network Interconnect (NNI) topology, for example, via a network switch which includes a first physical switch port to receive a physical switch link from a second network switch; logic to implement a first logical ISC and a second logical ISC? connection to the second network switch via the physical switch link; a second physical switch port to receive an interface connection from a third network switch; and switch forwarding logic to forward frames received at the first network switch to the second network switch via the logical ISC or logical ISC? based on whether or not the physical switch link is part of an active topology upon which the network switch operates or is not part of the active topology upon which the network switch operates. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a handheld device and method for measuring the quality of an optical link, which are capable of simultaneously measuring the strength of an optical signal and the quality of an optical link at an optical network terminal in a Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) network. A presented handheld device for measuring a quality of an optical link includes an optical signal input port for receiving an optical signal, an optical power measurement unit for measuring a power of the optical signal, an output unit for outputting one or more of a measured power value of the optical signal and results of quality measurement of an optical link, based on interworking with an optical network terminal, and a control unit for storing the measured power value of the optical signal and performing a process for quality measurement of the optical link.

Abstract: A MSO deploying a standard OLT, and installed with ONUs to be used by customers to whom the MSO can connect using optical fiber. For customers that cannot be reached with optical fiber, the MSO deploys a converter between the optical fiber and the coax network so that the MSO can use the same standard OLT, and use CNUs for those customers attached to the coax network.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention disclose a method and an apparatus for detecting an ONU, and a passive optical network system. The method includes detecting an identity code of an ONU in an open uplink empty window or an empty timeslot, and determining that an ONU corresponding to the identity code of the ONU is a rogue ONU according to the identity code of the ONU. A corresponding apparatus and passive optical network system are also provided in the embodiments of the present invention. In the passive optical network system, a rogue ONU is detected and determined quickly and efficiently, and an effect on an uplink service is reduced.

Abstract: Provided is a game apparatus which stores, in an outbox for individual-transmission data, individual-transmission data the destinations of which are individually specified, and stores, in an outbox for universal-transmission data, universal-transmission data the destinations of which are all terminals. A plurality of pieces of data is stored in the outbox for individual-transmission data, and information regarding the destination thereof and the information regarding the source thereof are added to each piece of data. When the outbox for individual-transmission data is full, all data stored in the outbox is retrieved, and one frame which includes the plurality of pieces of data is generated and transmitted.

Abstract: An optical access network comprises an optical network unit having a first port for connecting to a first optical link, a second port for connecting to a second optical link and an optical source. The optical source is arranged to generate a first optical signal, to transmit the first optical signal via the first port, to receive an optical seed signal via the first port and to amplify the optical seed signal. The optical seed signal has a narrower bandwidth compared to the first optical signal. A modulator is arranged to modulate the amplified optical seed signal with upstream data to form an upstream optical signal and to transmit the upstream optical signal via the second port. A polarisation modifier can modify polarisation of the first optical signal.

Abstract: Keys are generated at a memory device with a period of time elapsing between generation of each key. A request is received from a memory controller for the most recently generated key. The memory device communicates the first key to the memory controller. Access to nonvolatile memory on the memory device is locked. An unlock command with a second key is received from the memory controller. The memory device determines that the second key matches the first key and unlocks access to the nonvolatile memory in response.

Abstract: To reduce a bandwidth required for an optical transmission path (30) in a base station system including an RAU (21) for performing MIMO transmission using a plurality of antenna elements and a BBU (11), in a communication control method of the present invention, the BBU (11) transmits antenna weight coefficient information indicative of antenna weight coefficients of a plurality of antenna elements (205) and a transmission signal, and the RAU (21) multiplies the transmission signal from the BBU (11) by each of the antenna weight coefficients to generate weighted signals of the plurality of antenna elements (205), and transmits the weighted signals from the plurality of antenna elements (205).

Abstract: The physical layer of an optical line terminal (OLT) of an optical network is split across multiple fibers so that the OLT has a plurality of optical transceivers for respectively communicating across a plurality of optical fibers. Thus, each optical transceiver is in communication with a smaller number of optical network units (ONUs) relative to an embodiment for which a single optical transceiver is employed, thereby reducing the transmit power requirements of the optical network. Accordingly, less expensive optical components, such as lasers, can be used at the OLT and the ONUs. In addition, the split at the OLT is implemented digitally, and the digital components of the OLT are arranged such that various performance benefits are realized. As an example, the OLT may be configured such that data and/or overhead may be simultaneously transmitted in the upstream direction thereby increasing the upstream throughput and capacity of the optical network.

Abstract: A portable device is brought into a data center for testing connectivity between a customer and a service provider. A user of the device uses the device to requests ticket and customer information from a service provider in order to obtain more information about a particular task. The user plugs a cable into the device and performs a series of diagnostic tests on the connection. The device is configured to display the results of the diagnostic tests and any associated errors. The user of the device performs one or more actions based on the results of the diagnostic tests.

Abstract: Techniques, apparatus and systems are described for accommodating the optical network units (ONUs) having different nominal upstream bitrates on the same passive optical network (PON) system by making the specified burst preamble and the bandwidth map allocation record format invariant with respect to the nominal upstream bitrate of a target ONU. The disclosed techniques, apparatus and systems allow seamless evolution of the lower-bitrate services to higher-bitrate services offered to an end-user without need to upgrade the central office equipment. In addition they can avoid the adverse consequences of inadvertently connecting a high-upstream-bitrate ONU to a lower-upstream-bitrate network.

Abstract: Keys are generated at a memory device with a period of time elapsing between generation of each key. A request is received from a memory controller for the most recently generated key. The memory device communicates the first key to the memory controller. Access to nonvolatile memory on the memory device is locked. An unlock command with a second key is received from the memory controller. The memory device determines that the second key matches the first key and unlocks access to the nonvolatile memory in response.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention disclose a method and an apparatus for detecting an ONU, and a passive optical network system. The method includes detecting an identity code of an ONU in an open uplink empty window or an empty timeslot, and determining that an ONU corresponding to the identity code of the ONU is a rogue ONU according to the identity code of the ONU. A corresponding apparatus and passive optical network system are also provided in the embodiments of the present invention. In the passive optical network system, a rogue ONU is detected and determined quickly and efficiently, and an effect on an uplink service is reduced.

Abstract: An optical line terminal (OLT) comprises a receiver configured to receive a first message, a processor coupled to the receiver and configured to process the first message, and generate a second message based on the first message, wherein the second message comprises an identification (ID) structure identifying a traffic-bearing entity associated with an optical network unit (ONU), and wherein the ID structure comprises a wavelength ID field, and a transmitter coupled to the processor and configured to transmit the second message.

Abstract: An optical line terminal (OLT) device and an implementation method thereof, relate to the field of a passive optical network (PON). The OLT device includes an interface unit for receiving data in an Ethernet format sent by a service processing apparatus, performing protocol processing on the received data in the Ethernet format, converting the data after the protocol processing into a transmission signal corresponding to a sending interface, and then transmitting the transmission signal to an external device, as well as receiving message data sent by the external device, converting the message data for protocol processing corresponding to the service processing apparatus, converting the signal after the protocol processing into data in the Ethernet format, and transmitting the data to the service processing apparatus; the service processing apparatus performing service processing on the data transmitted by the interface unit, and transmitting the processed data to the interface unit.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of tuning a signal received from a first network terminal at a second network terminal is disclosed. The method may include receiving the signal at the second network terminal. The signal may be operating at a first wavelength. The method may also include determining a port used to receive the signal at the second network terminal, and identifying a predetermined port wavelength used as a basis to shift the first wavelength to the predetermined port wavelength for subsequent signals received. The method may also include transmitting the predetermined port wavelength information to the first network terminal to inform the first network terminal to tune subsequent signals to the desired wavelength for the port.

Abstract: A network element operating in an Optical Transport Network (OTN) network and configured to adaptively preconfigure OTN connections includes one or more ports, each port including hardware supporting an Optical channel Transport Unit level k (OTUk) configured to transport an Optical channel Data Unit level k (ODUk) or one or more Optical channel Data Unit level j's (ODUj's), j<k; wherein, when a port of the one or more ports is installed with an idle connection, the port is automatically preconfigured in either a connection mode for the ODUk or a trail termination mode for the one or more ODUj's based on existing OTN connections in the OTN network.

Abstract: An Optical channel Data Unit flex (ODUflex) resizing method, node, and network include determining that the ODUflex needs resizing, wherein the ODUflex is configured in the network on a current path between the node and a second node in the network; when the resizing is a decrease, reducing a size of the ODUflex by i) a resize decrease operation using a control plane or ii) a Link Aggregation Group and Make-Before-Break operation; and, when the resizing is an increase, increasing a size of the ODUflex by i) a resize increase operation using a control plane or ii) a Link Aggregation Group and Make-Before-Break operation. The method provides hitless resizing without using ITU Recommendation G.7044/Y.1347 (10/11) and can perform the reducing or the increasing changing bandwidth of the ODUflex by approximately 100 G in less than a second.

Abstract: The invention relates to techniques for controlling a dynamic hitless resizing in data transport networks. According to a method aspect of the invention, a network connection comprises M tributary slots defined in a payload area of a higher order transport scheme of the data transport network and the method comprises the steps of receiving a connection resize control signal at each of the nodes along the path of the network connection; adding at each node along the path in response to the connection resize control signal a second set of N tributary slots to the first set of the M tributary slots, such that the network connection comprises M+N tributary slots; and increasing, after M+N tributary slots are available for the network connection at each node along the path, a transport data rate of the network connection.

Abstract: An optical access network comprises an optical network unit having a first port for connecting to a first optical link, a second port for connecting to a second optical link and an optical source. The optical source is arranged to generate a first optical signal, to transmit the first optical signal via the first port, to receive an optical seed signal via the first port and to amplify the optical seed signal. The optical seed signal has a narrower bandwidth compared to the first optical signal. A modulator is arranged to modulate the amplified optical seed signal with upstream data to form an upstream optical signal and to transmit the upstream optical signal via the second port. A polarization modifier can modify polarization of the first optical signal.

Abstract: A method, in an intermediate node in a control plane network, includes receiving a setup message from an originating node, wherein the setup message is sent towards a terminating node on a computed path in the control plane network, and the setup message indicates associated Layer 0 attributes; validating the associated attributes/constraints based on locally available resources; and performing one of: forwarding the setup message on the path towards the terminating node when validation is successful; forwarding the setup message on the path towards the terminating node with updated information indicating a rejection cause and additional information when the validation is unsuccessful, but a modification of the Layer 0 attributes/constraints is possible; and forwarding a release message on the path back to the originating node with updated information indicating a rejection cause and additional information when the validation is unsuccessful and no modifications of the Layer 0 attributes/constraints are possi

Abstract: An aircraft cabin management panel and an aircraft cabin management system including the aircraft cabin management panel. The aircraft cabin management panel includes a user interface and a control unit configured to communicate a control instruction to at least one of a plurality of cabin components provided in an aircraft cabin upon an input received via the user interface. The control instruction enables the at least one of the plurality of cabin components to perform an operation in accordance with the control instruction.

Abstract: Embodiments enable a network operator to use any (and a single) network management system (NMS) that it desires to manage a network having mixed fiber to the home optical network units (ONUs) and coaxial connected cable modems. For example, embodiments enable a cable company operator to use a DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification) NMS (which the cable company already uses to manage its DOCSIS network) to manage such mixed network, by a simple addition of a DOCSIS Mediation Layer (DML) module between the NMS and the optical line terminal (OLT). On the other hand, embodiments enable a telephone company operator to use a standard EPON (Ethernet Passive Optical Network) OLT NMS with minor OLT and OAM (Operations, Administration, and Maintenance) protocol modifications to manage the same mixed network.

Abstract: A visible light communication (VLC) transmitting apparatus modulates source data to an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol according to an OFDM modulation method, inserts a diffusion code that is allocated to the VLC transmitting apparatus into a frequency axis of the OFDM symbol, converts the OFDM symbol in which the diffusion code is inserted to a visible light modulation signal, and transmits the converted visible light modulation signal. Thereby, a signal of the VLC transmitting apparatus in which a VLC receiving apparatus wants can be easily detected.