Abstract: A surface water mitigation structure suitable for use in the storage and treatment of contaminated surface water runoff. The runoff is processed through a multi-layered filtration and treatment system wherein the first layer is one or more permeable layers that is pervious enough to allow liquid runoff to pass through it and into a porous storage medium second layer that includes one or more remediating agents, and wherein the effluent from the surface water mitigation structure can be discharged to the ground, the surface, and/or a drainage system reduced or free of contaminants.

Abstract: A centralized sewage treatment system for treating man camp wastewater from a plurality of oilfield well pads where each man camp has one or more septic tanks. The centralized sewage treatment system includes a centralized treatment facility having a primary treatment system and a secondary treatment system, where the centralized treatment facility is disposed centrally between the plurality of well pads and spaced apart from the well pads. The centralized treatment facility is adapted to receive wastewater from each of the plurality of well pads and treat the wastewater remote from the plurality of well pads. The primary treatment system includes one or more equalization tanks and the secondary treatment system includes a membrane treatment system.

Abstract: A subsurface energy storage system includes roadway housings arranged to define a surface to carry vehicles. Each roadway housing has an energy storage assembly having a housing defining cavities, and energy storage units respectively carried within the cavities and being electrically coupled together. Each roadway housing also includes a layer adjacent to the energy storage assembly and to provide the surface to carry vehicles. The subsurface energy storage system also includes an energy storage management controller coupled to the energy storage units in the roadway housings.

Abstract: A self-adhering drainage-promoting wrap for a building structure includes an elongate, flexible strip of weather-resistive membrane having front and rear faces, a series of separate, spaced-apart, spacer elements bonded to the front face of the membrane and projecting therefrom to a predetermined height, and a layer of adhesive on the rear face of the membrane. Wall and roof assemblies including the self-adhering drainage-promoting wrap are also provided.

Abstract: A method for mitigating flooding in existing coastal plain areas includes: A dyke (or dykes) is (are) set/built on seabed outside partial existing coastline of an existing coastal plain area to form an enclosed area; the enclosed area, together with the dyke(s), the reservoir inlet(s) and outlet(s), constitutes a reservoir for containing rainwater; or, part(s) of the enclosed area is (are) of a reclamation area (or reclamation areas). Before the start of forecast heavy rainfall or continuous rainfall, the water level in the reservoir is lowered in advance and the water level of water area for containing rainwater in the existing coastal plain is also pre-lowered, so effective storage capacity for containing rainwater against flooding caused by rainfall in the locality is substantially increased. The present invention is applicable for the flooding control works, reclamation works, roads and highways and their integrated works in existing coastal plain areas.

Abstract: A liquid removal device is for removing a liquid from a surface. The liquid removal device includes a chassis comprising a handle and an absorber drum and an extractor drum both rotationally coupled with the chassis. The absorber drum includes a cylinder, where an absorbent layer is positioned on an outer drum surface of the absorber drum. The extractor drum includes a reservoir configured to retain the liquid absorbed from the surface, an outer extractor surface, and a plurality of apertures defined by the outer extractor surface in fluid communication with the reservoir. The extractor drum is movable between a first position and a second position. In the first position, at least a first portion of the plurality of apertures are in contact with the absorbent layer. In the second position, the first portion of the plurality of apertures are not in contact with the absorbent layer.

Abstract: A subsurface warming system for an athletic field supplies positive pressurization to a particulate subsurface via a piping network with pipes that have openings. The system enables control of the temperature of the supplied air by varying the flow resistance at an output end of a constant air supply source, such as a positive displacement blower. By increasing the flow resistance at the output end of the blower, with a variably controllable valve equipped with a modulating actuator, the operating temperature of the blower increases and thereby causes a corresponding increase in the temperature of the air supplied therefrom. By varying the flow resistance, as needed, a user can vary the temperature of the air supplied to the piping network and eventually to the subsurface, to allow the problem associated with freezing of the subsurface during the winter season, for an athletic field that may be an artificial turf.

Abstract: Drainage systems are limited in performance and difficult to maintain. A drainage system is therefore specified, comprising at least one infiltration device (10, 40) adapted to receive fluid; a collecting device (30) which is in fluid communication with the at least one infiltration device (10, 40) and is adapted to receive fluid from the at least one infiltration device (10, 40) and to discharge it to a fluid system (4), wherein a gateway device (52) is provided, which is adapted to receive and transmit sensor data to a receiving unit (60); and at least one sensor (6, 6?, 7, 11, 11?, 14, 31, 31?, 32, 33, 41, 44, 42, 45) is provided, which is communicatively connected to the gateway device (52) for providing sensor data.

Abstract: A system and a method for determining infrastructure risk zones is disclosed. The system and method may include: receiving, from a radiofrequency (RF) radiation sensor, a first scan of an area, wherein the area at least partially comprises the infrastructure; receiving additional data; filtering electromagnetic noise from the first scan using the additional data; receiving infrastructure location in the area; determining an examination zone around the infrastructure; estimating the amount of clay in soil included in the examination zone, from the filtered scan; calculating soil moisture content at locations in the examination zone, from the filtered scan; and determining location at risk having soil moisture content above a predetermined threshold, wherein the threshold may be determined based on the estimated clay amount.

Abstract: A fluidic coupler for fluidically communicating a hose with a trench drain in a support surface comprises a series of walls arranged to form a cavity and arranged for insertion into the trench drain, and a hose coupler supported on one of the walls for fluidically connecting a hose so that liquid discharged therefrom is released into the cavity. The cavity is open at the bottom of the fluidic coupler so as to release the liquid to the trench drain. The fluidic coupler includes stabilizing feet supported on opposite walls which are parallel to sidewalls of the trench drain. The feet include a pair of distinct feet located at spaced positions on a carrying one of the opposite walls, and on either side of the hose coupler.

Abstract: Drainage systems for draining precipitation and/or other water from an area to be drained may include a geographical area and a flowing water body As flowing water in the flowing water body adjacently traverses a conduit discharge opening of a drain conduit which communicates with the geographical area and discharges into the water body, the flowing water may induce negative fluid pressure in the drain conduit through the conduit discharge opening. The negative fluid pressure may draw drainage water from the ground at the geographical area through the drain conduit into the flowing water body.

Abstract: A storm water retention or detention system is constructed to fit a desired land area from square shaped concrete modules. Each of the modules has at least one water passage and one air passage, and the water passages and air passages of adjacent concrete modules are in alignment to allow the free flow of water and air therebetween. The water passage may be circular, have a cross-sectional area less than 60% of the total area of a side of module, and be slightly above the bottom inside surface of the modules.

Abstract: A composite drainboard includes a patterned substrate core having an inward surface, and opposed outward facing surface. The substrate core comprises a plurality of projections, forming concavities on the inward surface. A first geotextile membrane is attached to the substrate core and covers the outward facing surface. A second membrane is attached to the substrate core to cover the inward facing surface and the concavities to provide a substantially smooth coating to the inward surface. The second membrane at least partially absorbs a liquid applied waterproofing.

Abstract: A liquid removal device is for removing a liquid from a surface. The liquid removal device includes a chassis comprising a handle and an absorber drum and an extractor drum both rotationally coupled with the chassis. The absorber drum includes a cylinder, where an absorbent layer is positioned on an outer drum surface of the absorber drum. The extractor drum includes a reservoir configured to retain the liquid absorbed from the surface, an outer extractor surface, and a plurality of apertures defined by the outer extractor surface in fluid communication with the reservoir. The extractor drum is movable between a first position and a second position. In the first position, at least a first portion of the plurality of apertures are in contact with the absorbent layer. In the second position, the first portion of the plurality of apertures are not in contact with the absorbent layer.

Abstract: A method of installing a trench for containing a cryogenic spill, including the step of constructing multiple precast concrete sections at a first location, each section preferably having a bottom wall and spaced apart side walls connected to and extending up from the bottom wall. Each section preferably has end portions that enable connection to another said concrete section. The method includes applying a polymeric concrete material to the bottom wall and side walls of each concrete section preferably using a spray application. The concrete sections are connected together using connections that preferably join one end portion of a concrete section to and end portion of another concrete section. An epoxy grout or non-sag seal can be preferably applied to the connections.

Abstract: Open pit mine (OPM) structures are modified or built new for use in disposing of low-level radioactive/nuclear waste (LLW). A drainage system is added to the OPM to drain water, such as, but not limited to, rain water, out of a volume of the OPM and to a particular geologic zone located far below the OPM that is isolated away from the local water table. Cells are formed within the volume of the OPM that are configured to receive the LLW. Cells are added to the OPM from a bottom towards a top of the OPM. Void spaces around the LLW materials within the cells are filled in with a protective-medium to mitigate against radionuclide migration away from the LLW materials within the cells. The protective-medium may be a blend of carbon nanotubes and a foam cement slurry. The carbon nanotubes may be made from reacting ethylene with vermiculite.

Abstract: A drain assembly for being placed inground includes a first panel and a second panel spaced-apart from the first panel, a plurality of supports extending between the first panel and the second panel, a bottom or pipe extending between a bottom portion of the first panel and the second panel, and a cap extending between a top portion of the first panel and the second panel. The first panel may define a plurality of drainage apertures. A related method is also provided.

Abstract: A sump pump irrigation assembly for reducing water erosion from a sump pump outlet includes a plurality of fluid fittings. A respective one of the fluid fittings is fluidly coupled to an outlet of a sump pump to receive water from the outlet. A supply pipe is fluidly coupled to the fluid fitting that is fluidly coupled to the outlet to receive the water from the fluid fitting. A plurality of drainage pipes is each of the drainage pipes is in fluid communication with the supply pipe to receive the water from the supply pipe. Each of the drainage pipes has a plurality of holes therein to release the water outwardly therefrom. A plurality of cleanout fittings is each fluidly coupled between a respective pair of the drainage pipes. Each of the cleanout fittings has an access port to facilitate debris to be removed from the cleanout fittings.

Abstract: A system and method for an underground stormwater storage system which may comprise a pit, a structure, and a liner. The structure may be disposed within the center of the pit and surround by the porous backfill and wherein outlets are disposed on the crown of the structure. A liner may form the outer layer of the pit. A method for releasing stormwater may comprise capturing stormwater from a surface, containing the stormwater within a structure, releasing a volume of the stormwater from the structure and draining an additional volume of the stormwater from the crown of the structure from an outlet when the structure is capturing more stormwater than it is releasing.

Abstract: The present invention provides for a combined heat and power system including at least one engine, operatively coupled to a generator, having at least one first heat source adapted to provide a first thermal energy output at a first temperature range, and at least one second heat source adapted to provide a second thermal energy output at a second temperature range, at least one first heat exchanger, operatively coupled to said at least one engine, and adapted to selectively receive and transfer at least a portion of any one or all of said first thermal energy output and said at least one second thermal energy output; and a dynamically adaptive heat storage system.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for conducting water in a ground surface, comprising a nonwoven layer introduced into the ground (6), which nonwoven layer has at least one conduit strand (4) provided with passage openings (5) for conducting water. In order to create advantageous construction conditions, it is proposed that the nonwoven layer forms a grid (1) made of intersecting arrays of grid strands and comprises a nonwoven web (3) extending along the conduit strand (4), and that at least one array of grid strands formed of nonwoven strips (2) adjoins the nonwoven web (3).

Abstract: An engineering system for collecting and utilizing regional rainwater includes a rainwater collection system, a water quality treatment system, and a control and allocation system. The rainwater collection system includes a rainwater collection ditch for a hardened underlying surface, a barrier and a water storage tank. The water quality treatment system includes a filter system. The control and allocation system includes a water quality monitoring device, a water level monitor, a control gate and a water pump. The filter system is connected to the underlying surface through the rainwater collection ditch, and the filter system is connected to the water storage tank. The control gate is disposed between the filter system and the water storage tank. The water quality monitoring device and the water level monitor are disposed within the water storage tank. The water pump is used to drain water from the water storage tank.

Abstract: A method for dispersing nutrients from deep subsoil below the depth of soil in which tree roots are growing to increase the growth rate of the trees, which member directs gaseous fluid collected from the deep subsoil into the root zone soil where the tree roots are growing.

Abstract: Tubular segments may be nestably interconnected, with the lower end of one tubular segment inserted into the upper end of another tubular segment. A mat formed of such tubular segments, and a system formed of a plurality of such vertically stacked mats for containing fluids and particulate material, are also disclosed.

Abstract: A trenchless collector system is configured to intercept and direct surface and/or subsurface fluids to a designated reception location to control groundwater elevations. A target collection and drainage area is identified and a gravity drainage pipe is accessed or trenchlessly installed at the target collection and drainage area. The gravity drainage pipe can be accessed at one or more drawdown points. One end of a collection pipe can be connected to the gravity drainage pipe. Surface and subsurface water is hydrostatically drawn into the collection pipe from the target collection and drainage area through venting at the one end of the collection pipe connected to the gravity drainage pipe. The surface and subsurface water can be passively drained from the collection pipe into the gravity drainage pipe and onto the designated reception location.

Abstract: A flood control system for remotely and automatically controlling flooding and water storage on reservoirs. The flood control system generally includes a central computer that controls the water level by controlling or communicating with flow control gates positioned near a number of culverts, wherein each flow control gate typically includes: (a) a control unit communicatively coupled to the central computer, the control unit capable of sending local condition data to the central computer via a wireless connection and further capable of receiving control commands from the central computer; (b) an input/output interface capable of receiving signals or data regarding physical conditions proximate the flow control gate, the input/output interface coupled to the control unit; and (c) a water shutoff valve controllable by the control unit and positioned to selectively allow or block the flow of water through each culvert, wherein each control unit controls each water shutoff valve.

Abstract: The present subject matter relates to a method and system for synthetic turf and the installation thereof. Modular turf sections are formed by attaching a turf section to a corresponding base structure of any desired size and shape. The base structure has a smooth top surface and smooth edges, and can be cut to any desired shape, angle or cutout. The base structure may include a PVC flushing system. The modular turf sections are laid side by side to cover a surface having any size and shape. The modular turf sections are portable and can be individually lifted after having been installed, thereby allowing for cleaning, repair and/or access under one or more selected modular turf sections, or for the replacement of selected modular turf sections which become worn or damaged.

Abstract: The disclosed device includes a water storage container, an evaporation cover, a funnel, an indicator rod and a float. The water storage container has an evaporation cover. The evaporation cover is a gas permeable structure. A funnel is connected to the evaporation cover and an indication is provided in the leakage tube of the funnel. A rod. A float is connected to the lower end of the indicator rod and the float drives the indicator rod to indicate the water level in the water storage container. The method is as follows: the water storage container and the evaporation cover are buried in the soil of the plant root, and the water is filled into the water storage container through the funnel. The water in the water container naturally evaporates into the soil through the evaporation hood, which maintains the water in the soil to maintain the survival of the plant.

Abstract: A soil drainage device includes a host, at least one water collecting assembly and a piping unit. The host includes a host housing for receiving a control module and an air pump. The water collecting assembly includes an assembly housing defining a water collecting chamber and a water reservoir chamber, and having an upper penetrating bore and a plurality of openings for entering of water into the water collecting chamber through a filter unit. The water flows into and is stored in the water reservoir chamber. At least one air conducting pipe is disposed to introduce compressed air from the air pump into the water reservoir chamber to form a pressure so as to force water flow out of the water reservoir chamber through a water draining pipe.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and systems involving wastewater treatment systems are provided. The descriptions include a wastewater conduit with a pair of curved infiltrative surfaces. These curved infiltrative surfaces pass wastewater from within the conduit to outside of the conduit.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes a groundwater management and redistribution system, the system comprising a groundwater source at a first elevation; an inlet line fluidly connecting the groundwater source to a central offsite management and redistribution plant; an outlet line fluidly connecting the management plant to a redistribution tank, wherein the redistribution tank is located at a second elevation; at least one monitoring unit at or adjacent to the redistribution tank and configured to detect and monitor a water table level at the second elevation, wherein the at least one monitoring unit is in communication with the plant and/or the redistribution tank; and a distribution line fluidly connecting the redistribution tank to a distribution area located at the second elevation. Methods of redistributing groundwater and/or treated wastewater to adjust water table levels are also provided.

Abstract: A draining mesh module for building into a construction, such as a tunnel wall, to provide draining channels in said construction, includes at least one semi pipe of a flexible material. The draining mesh module has a longitudinal direction and a cross direction extending crosswise to the longitudinal direction. The semi pipe constitutes a part of a channel extending from one longitudinal end to an opposite longitudinal end of the draining mesh module, and that the longitudinal ends of the draining mesh module comprise attachment means for interconnecting longitudinal ends of two adjacent draining mesh modules, whereby a channel in one of those two draining mesh modules is connected to a channel in the other of those two draining mesh modules.

Abstract: An automated method of manufacturing a decoupling underlayment membrane is provided, the method retrieving a membrane sheet, thermoforming a set of cavities into a top surface of the membrane sheet and pressing a set of through holes into the membrane sheet.

Abstract: The invention relates to a machine for putting a drain into place in ground, the machine comprising a drive tube presenting a longitudinal axis and having a bottom end; a movement device for moving the drive tube in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis; a drain extending inside the drive tube and having a bottom end extending outside the drive tube; at least one anchor; a fastener device (70) for fastening the anchor to the drain; and a cutter member for cutting the drain (18) and arranged under the fastener device. The machine of the invention further comprises a cutter device (60) for cutting the anchor from a strip (54).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device comprising a coherent manmade vitreous fibre substrate (MMVF substrate) and at least one first conduit (2) and at least one second conduit (3), each conduit having first and second open ends, wherein the MMVF substrate (1) comprises man-made vitreous fibres bonded with a cured binder composition, wherein the first open end of the first conduit and the first open end of the second conduit are each independently in fluid communication with the MMVF substrate, wherein the first conduit is at a greater height than the second conduit, wherein at least a portion of the MMVF substrate is disposed between the first and second conduits. The MMVF substrate provides for an increased water storage ability due to the hydrophilic behaviour of the substrate and its increased surface.

Abstract: A trenchless collector system is configured to intercept and direct surface and/or subsurface fluids to a designated reception location to control groundwater elevations. A target collection and drainage area is identified and a gravity drainage pipe is accessed or trenchlessly installed at the target collection and drainage area. The gravity drainage pipe can be accessed at one or more drawdown points. One end of a collection pipe can be connected to the gravity drainage pipe. Surface and subsurface water is hydrostatically drawn into the collection pipe from the target collection and drainage area through venting at the one end of the collection pipe connected to the gravity drainage pipe. The surface and subsurface water can be passively drained from the collection pipe into the gravity drainage pipe and onto the designated reception location.

Abstract: A land drainage apparatus, system, and method utilize a vacuum pump and atmospheric pressure to lift water from a collection basin to a level above a fluid intake level. After a certain amount of water is lifted and collected in a second chamber above the level of the collection basin, the vacuum can be broken, enabling the water to flow out of the second chamber by gravity flow to an exit, wherein the exit is above the fluid level intake and below the second chamber.

Abstract: Individual honeycomb shaped modules used in an assembly for underground storage of storm water and other fluid storage needs. Modules are assembled into a resultant honeycomb shape for maximized structural strength and material use efficiency. Internal hexagonal or square shaped modules are assembled and encased by external hexagonal or square shaped modules. Internal adjacent modules are in direct fluid communications with one another through a channel-less chamber. Internal hexagonal or square shaped modules drain into external hexagonal or square shaped modules chamber where fluid is either stored or drained. Assemblies include various top and side pieces along with access ports for entry into said assembly.

Abstract: Provided is a mixed turf arranged on a soil and including: a synthetic turf, natural grass arranged in the synthetic turf, said synthetic turf including: synthetic filaments suitable to simulate grass blades and a backing consisting of a membrane suitable to support the synthetic filaments, the backing being further as a whole substantially draining, enabling transpiration and permitting the passage therethrough of the roots of said natural grass and which is non-biodegradable.

Abstract: A water detention chamber, and a system constructed from multiple such chambers, is an arch-shaped corrugated chamber having a flange having an upper surface and a lower surface. The lower surface of the flange has one or more protrusions, preferably elongated members, at the first end of the chamber. The upper surface of the flange has one or more mating apertures or cavities formed therein. Multiple such chambers can be connected to each other in an end-to-end fashion with protrusions at the first ends of a chamber engaged with apertures or cavities at the second ends of a second chamber.

Abstract: The temporary storm water storage system comprises a storage tank, an inlet pump, an outlet pump, a graded top drain, a plurality of sensors, a timer, a first valve, a second valve, and a plurality of interconnecting pipes. The temporary storm water storage system may pump flood water from a street into the storage tank when flooding is detected by the plurality of sensors. The temporary storm water storage system may pump the flood water from the storage tank into the street after a predetermined time interval once the flooding has subsided. The flood water pumped from the storage tank to the street may be drained from the street via one or more catch basins into a storm drain.

Abstract: A drainage device for use under the floor of a building to facilitate drainage of water along a foundation of the building under the floor. The drainage device can include a corner drainage device that is capable of assuming a number of near 90 degree shapes so that the drainage device can be easily fitted to the corner of the foundation. A bridge drainage device permits more rapid installation of the drainage devices. The bridge device can be used to bridge between two drainage devices so that it is not necessary to cut the drainage devices precisely to fit on a footing of any selected length.

Abstract: A wastewater system is provided. The system includes channels and conduits for wastewater guidance and discharge. High aspect ratio channels and one or more distribution conduits are provided in the system such that wastewater, such as septic wastewater, is discharged from the system and into the system surroundings. The high aspect ratio channels are spaced apart from each other to allow for the discharge of the wastewater effluent from the system between the channels. The channels have a high height to width aspect ratio.

Abstract: A modular structure for installing an artificial playing field comprising: a stabilizing layer forming a plurality of compartments for receiving a granular infill; a separation layer for location over the stabilizing layer to retain the infill; a water distributing layer; and an artificial turf layer. The claimed construction allows a stable base layer to be formed using virtually any locally available granular material such as earth, gravel, lava, rock and the like. The compartments ensure that the granular material is held in place and cannot be displaced due to loading or washed away due to rain or flooding.

Abstract: A rain overflow basin for collecting and storing rainwater, mixed water, or wastewater, has an inflow, an outflow, a basin chamber, a basin spillway, which is equipped with a weir threshold and is connected downstream of the basin chamber. A drain discharges the basin spillway, and a purification device purifies water flowing from the basin chamber to the basin spillway. A retention wall between the basin chamber and the basin spillway dams up water accumulating in the basin chamber. Water draining from the basin chamber is dammed up in a storage space is between the retention wall and the weir threshold, to reach the basin spillway via the weir threshold. The retention wall includes a passage opening. A purification device extends into the basin chamber such that water draining from the basin chamber through the passage opening into the storage space flows through the retention element.

Abstract: An apparatus configured for above-grade installation on ground to support equipment comprises an equipment support pad joined to an erosion control barrier. The equipment support pad comprises a top surface, a bottom surface configured to contact the ground, and side walls disposed between the top and bottom surfaces. The erosion control barrier is configured to extend beyond a perimeter of the bottom surface prior to installation of the support pad on the ground and to be manipulated into an erosion-resisting configuration after the support pad is placed on the ground. The erosion control barrier may be a geosynthetic, flexible or hard-walled, configured to be inserted into the ground to retain soil and/or to overlay the ground to re-direct drainage, and/or bonded to the equipment support pad. The apparatus may be configured to deter drainage from streaming between the erosion control barrier and the equipment support pad.

Abstract: Apparatus for allowing ventilation for underground tunnels through a ventilation shaft opening to atmosphere yet preventing underground flooding from surface waters pouring through the grate comprises an assembly that fits within the ventilation shaft and includes one or more panels mounted on a pivot axis and rotatable upwardly by human action raising the panel past a center point of the pivot axis to an upright inwardly leaning home position that allows ventilation as usual but by manual push or pull of the panels past the center point of the pivot axis lets the panels rotationally fall under gravitational impetus to a lower sealing position closing a passage between the ventilation shaft and atmosphere to prevent water from entering the underground tunnels.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and systems involving high aspect ratio conduits are provided. These may involve a plurality of high aspect ratio leaching channels that may be spaced a predetermined distance apart from each other. The predetermined distance can facilitate backfilling of the volumes of adjacent high aspect ratio leaching channels. The backfill may be sand as well as other materials.

Abstract: Panel for soundproofing aircraft interiors comprising a first and a second layer and an intermediate layer of damping material placed between the first and second layer along a neutral axis of the soundproofing panel. The first and the second layer each comprising a structural layer and a surface layer placed on the opposite side to the intermediate layer and connected thereto, adhering continuously by means of an adhesive layer, the intermediate layer extends for the entire area of the panel and is connected to the structural layers of the first and second layer. The intermediate layer comprises a polymer foam material having a uniform thickness less than 2 mm and weight of less than 1.2 kg/m2.

Abstract: The invention relates to a drain element formed of a hydrophilic coherent man-made vitreous fiber substrate (MMVF substrate), wherein the MMVF substrate comprises man-made vitreous fibers bonded with a cured binder composition, the MMVF substrate having opposed first and second ends and a passage which extends from a first opening in the first end to a second opening in the second end.