Abstract: Process for radial distribution of fluid into a fluid mass wherein fluid is radially conveyed within and isolated from the fluid mass and discharged via a plurality of distribution points located radially in the fluid mass.

Abstract: A fluidized bed apparatus for the production and treatment of granules and a method for its operation is provided. The fluidized bed apparatus includes an entry chamber through which a gas is designed to flow upwards; a fluidization chamber for fluidizing the material located above the entry chamber; pivotal slats located between the entry chamber and the fluidization chamber; and a nozzle arm located in the chamber below the slats with a nozzle line ending in a nozzle which is directed into the fluidization chamber through cutouts in the slats and extends partly into the fluidization chamber. The fluidized bed apparatus has rigid nozzle arms and lines which are easily jacketed for heating and cooling applications.

Abstract: A gas distribution grid for a slurry reactor includes a plurality of gas injectors horizontally arrayed across, and extending through, an otherwise gas and liquid impervious plate. The injectors have a throat open at both ends, with a gas pressure reducing bore at one end which is the entrance end and with the other end opening into an upward opening cone. Flow diverting means in the injectors prevents slurry solids from entering the throat and being attrited by the high velocity gas jet exiting the bore into the throat. It is preferred that the gas injectors not protrude above the top surface of the grid and flat space is eliminated by means such as angular fillers, to prevent solids accumulation top of the grid. A chamfer may be present at the junction of the bore and throat to prevent unrestricted expansion of the gas jet entering the throat. This is useful for injecting gas into a reactive hydrocarbon synthesis slurry in a slurry reactor, with reduced catalyst attrition and deactivation.

Abstract: The present invention provides an improved method for constructing a gas distribution system which creates two distinct reaction zones within the same fluidized bed. The invention provides for the distribution of one type of gas at the bottom of the fluidized bed and a second type of gas at a higher level in the fluidized bed. The system is constructed of a plurality of modular units constructed entirely of refractory materials. The modules are fitted and linked together to form a grid, the size of which can be varied to accommodate different reactor sizes.

Abstract: An oxygenate conversion process and fast-fluidized bed reactor are disclosed having an upper disengaging zone and a lower reaction zone. The process is carried out in a reaction zone having a dense phase zone in the lower reaction zone and a transition zone which extends into the disengaging zone. The feedstock in the presence of a diluent is passed to the dense phase zone containing a non-zeolitic catalyst to effect at least a partial conversion to light olefins and then passed to the transition zone above the dense phase zone to achieve essentially complete conversion. A portion of the catalyst is withdrawn from above the transition zone in the disengaging zone, at least partially regenerated, and returned to a point above the dense phase zone, while catalyst is continuously circulated from the disengaging zone to the lower reaction zone.

Abstract: A fluidized-bed reactor is suitable for uniformly oxidizing, i.e. combusting or gasifying, solid material containing combustible material and incombustible material, and for stably recovering thermal energy from the oxidized combustible material while smoothly discharging the incombustible material. The fluidized-bed reactor comprises a plurality of fluidizing gas diffusion devices disposed at a bottom of a fluidized-bed furnace for imparting different fluidizing speeds to the fluidized medium in a fluidized bed in the fluidized-bed furnace to form an upward flow of the fluidized medium in a fluidizing region with a substantially high fluidizing speed of the fluidized medium and a descending flow of the fluidized medium in a fluidizing region with a substantially low fluidizing speed of the fluidized medium. A plate-like thermal energy recovery device is disposed in the fluidizing region with the substantially low fluidizing speed of the fluidized medium and has a heat recovery surface extending vertically.

Abstract: According to the present invention, boiler water is pressurized so that its boiling point is set at approximately 200.degree. C. to 320.degree. C. The boiler water is heated in at least two stages. Thermal energy of gases containing chlorine compounds is used to heat the water to its boiling point. Thermal energy of gases which do not contain chlorine compounds is used to heat the water from its boiling point until superheated steam of a given temperature is generated. The heating which uses the thermal energy of gases containing chlorine compounds is accomplished using the thermal energy from the combustion of pyrolysis gases obtained from a pyrolysis means in which waste material is supplied into a chamber containing a fluidized bed medium which has been heated to at least 300.degree. C., and a pyrolytic reaction is induced.

Abstract: A novel apparatus and process, including a baffle, for contacting a first fluid with a second fluid of lower density than the first fluid in counter-current flow in a manner that increases the contacting efficiency.

Abstract: The invention teaches a novel design for a fluidized bed polymerization reactor which utilizes a primary fluidization grid to provide mixing and fluidization of the polymer and at least one secondary distribution plate located above the first distribution plate to promote segregation of polymer particles by size, the larger particles falling into the lower fluidization zone and the smaller particles being entrained up from the primary fluidization grid and through the secondary distribution grid into an upper reaction zone.

Abstract: The invention teaches a novel design for a fluidized bed polymerization reactor which utilizes a primary fluidization grid to provide mixing and fluidization of the polymer and at least one secondary distribution plate located above the first distribution plate to promote segregation of polymer particles by size, the larger particles falling into the lower fluidization zone and the smaller particles being entrained up from the primary fluidization grid and through the secondary distribution grid into an upper reaction zone.

Abstract: A fluidized-bed reactor for ammo-oxidation or oxidation and an ammo-oxidation or oxidation process using the reactor. The reactor comprises a vessel, a sparger for supplying and dispersing a gas containing an organic material, and a distributor for supplying and dispersing an oxygen-containing gas, the sparger comprising a header and a plurality of dispersion pipes connected laterally to the header, the dispersion pipes each having a plurality of orifices, wherein the hole size of an orifice farthest from the header is larger than the hole size of an orifice nearest the header, and the hole size of one orifice is larger than or equal to the hole size of adjacent orifice that is nearer the header than the one orifice.

Abstract: A gas distribution grid for a slurry reactor includes a plurality of gas injectors horizontally arrayed across, and extending through, an otherwise gas and liquid impervious plate. The injectors have a throat open at both ends, with a gas pressure reducing bore at one end which is the entrance end and with the other end opening into an upward opening cone. Flow diverting means in the injectors prevents slurry solids from entering the throat and being attrited by the high velocity gas jet exiting the bore into the throat. It is preferred that the gas injectors not protrude above the top surface of the grid and flat space is eliminated by means such as angular fillers, to prevent solids accumulation top of the grid. A chamfer may be present at the junction of the bore and throat to prevent unrestricted expansion of the gas jet entering the throat. This is useful for injecting gas into a reactive hydrocarbon synthesis slurry in a slurry reactor, with reduced catalyst attrition and deactivation.

Abstract: A plurality of dispersive air pipes for combustion (11) containing a plurality of dispersive air holes and projecting in a cantilever fashion from the side walls (1b, 1c) in an oblique downward direction are provided in the lower portion of a combustion zone (2b) of a furnace main unit (1) which includes an ash discharge outlet (6) formed in the base portion of the furnace main unit, and an incombustible material discharge space (12) is formed between the ends of the dispersive air pipes for combustion (11). As a result, incombustible material accumulating on the dispersive air pipes for combustion (11) is guided to the incombustible material discharge space (12) and then discharged.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for removing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from a stream of contaminated air using an adsorbent material. The stream of contaminated air is introduced into an end of a first hollow member which contains the adsorbent material. A perforated member disposed within the hollow member is configured to increase the air stream velocity such that dispersed particles of the adsorbent material are entrained in the air stream. Entrainment of the adsorbent in the contaminated air stream facilitates efficient removal of the VOCs. The cleaned air stream exits from a second end of the first hollow member, and the adsorbent material, having a quantity of VOCs adsorbed thereon, is directed to a reconditioning apparatus wherein the VOCs are thermally desorbed. The reconditioned adsorbent material is then returned to the first hollow member.

Abstract: Processes and apparatus for removing acid gases from hot flue gases utilizing a slurry consisting of water, calcium chloride and at least one absorbing agent selected from a group consisting of calcium oxides, magnesium oxides, calcium hydroxides, magnesium hydroxides, alkali metal oxides, alkali metal hydroxides, and alkali metal carbonates, introducing the slurry into the rising stream of hot flue gas to absorb the acid gas into the water and thereafter to react the absorbed acid gas with the absorption agent and thereafter to evaporate the water to produce dry solids comprising reaction products and unreacted absorption agents suspended in the flue gas. The calcium chloride reduces the water vapor pressure of the slurry to reduce the rate at which the water evaporates so as to increase the rate at which the acid gas is absorbed into the water before the water evaporates.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for treating wastes by gasification recovers useful resources including energy, valuables such as metals, and gases for use as synthesis gas for chemical industries or fuel. The wastes are gasified in a fluidized-bed reactor at a relatively low temperature. Gaseous material and char produced in the fluidized-bed reactor are introduced into a high-temperature combustor, and low calorific gas or medium calorific gas is produced in the high-temperature combustor at a relatively high temperature. The fluidized-bed reactor preferably is a revolving flow-type fluidized-bed reactor. The high-temperature combustor preferably is a swirling-type high-temperature combustor.

Abstract: A method of removing harmful gas is performed by a manner that a mixture of photocatalyzer and active carbon with air containing harmful gas and the mixture of photocatalyzer and active carbon are mixed in a chamber so as to drift the mixture in the air, the drifting mixture reacting with the harmful gas in illumination by lighting means, and the mixture catching said harmful gas so as to remove said harmful gas.

Abstract: A fluidized bed apparatus having a gas distribution plate containing a plurality of tuyeres, which tuyeres provide a uniform gas flow from the gas chamber of the apparatus to the reactor chamber of the apparatus and prevents particulate matter of the fluidized bed from backsifting from the fluid bed chamber through the gas distribution plate to the gas chamber. The tuyeres are secured in openings in the gas distribution plate and comprise a porous plate and preferably a perforated plate superposed within a flanged two-component structure which two components are screwed together or otherwise secured together to form the tuyere.

Abstract: A distributor assembly for hydroprocessing a hydrocarbon mixture of hydrogen-containing gas and liquid hydrocarbon is presented. The distributor assembly has a circular plate with a plurality of hollow risers bound thereto for distributing hydrogen-containing gas and liquid hydrocarbon through openings in the circular plate member. Each of the hollow risers has a tubular opening in its associated side. The distributor assembly is connected to an internal wall of a reactor. A method is also presented for hydroprocessing a hydrocarbon feed stream comprising flowing a mixture of hydrogen-containing gas and liquid hydrocarbon into a reactor zone to produce evolved hydrogen-containing gas; and flowing the mixture of hydrogen-containing gas and liquid hydrocarbon through a plurality of tubular zones while admixing simultaneously therewith the evolved hydrogen-containing gas.

Abstract: An improved fluidized bed reactor having a reactor shell and at least one reactor subsystem within the shell, the reactor subsystem having a reaction chamber and a wall, the improvement comprising at least one fluidizing gas distributor associated with the reactor subsystem and positioned below the reaction chamber and supported by the wall, the distributor comprising a top portion, a bottom portion, and a sidewall contiguous with the top and bottom portions to define an interior, a plurality of tuyeres attached to the top portion of the distributor to provide gaseous communication between the reaction chamber and the interior, and an inlet in the bottom portion for introducing a fluidizing gas to the interior.

Abstract: A method, and a reactor, for hydroprocessing a hydrocarbon feed stream through multistage fixed catalyst beds contained within a single onstream reactor vessel, with a separate catalyst addition and a separate catalyst withdrawal system for the upper or top essentially fixed catalyst bed. The upper or top essentially fixed catalyst bed functions as a guard catalyst bed for removing a major proportion of contaminants (e.g. organometallic constituents) from a hydrocarbon feed stream in order to extend the life of one or more fixed catalyst beds serially disposed underneath the upper or top essentially fixed catalyst bed. Catalyst particles are withdrawn from the essentially fixed catalyst bed by slurrying or liquifying the catalyst particles in a container disposed within the reactor. A method for retrofitting a reactor assembly having two or more fixed catalyst beds in order to place a guard catalyst bed in the upper or top portion of the reactor assembly.

Abstract: A fluid bed reactor is provided having a grid baffle structure to provide increased theoretical stages within the reactor to enable the reactor to be used for time/temperature dependent reactions requiring a number of mixing stages and/or an increased particle residence time. The preferred baffle structure comprises a plurality of staggered first and second vertical members extending partly across the reactor from opposed sides of the reactor which form a path for the feed to travel therethrough from the inlet to the outlet of the reactor with the vertical members having vertical cross-members, preferably shorter than the vertical members, extending completely between adjacent vertical members and/or partly in the space between the members to form reaction stage sections whereby feed entering the reactor moves in a serpentine path and/or a sequential underflow and/or overflow path through the reaction stage sections of the baffle from the inlet of the reactor to the reactor outlet.

Abstract: A modular ceramic protective part for a metal blowing grate (1) in a catalytic cracker regenerator, comprises a tubular nozzle portion (4) and a flange portion (6) extending substantially perpendicularly from one end thereof. The part is useful in chemical engineering.

Abstract: A hearth particle bed system is made up of channel members which form an inclined surface upon which a layer of hearth particles downwardly flow. An air inlet is provided underneath the channel member and apertures are provided in the channel members for redistributing the air flow through the hearth particles. A hearth particle incinerating furnace contains the above-described hearth particle bed system and further contains a combustion chamber and a mechanism for removing used hearth particles and combustion residues. This hearth particle incinerating furnace enables combustion air to be uniformly distributed in the hearth particle bed and can operate in a stable fashion for a long period of time without problems associated with pluggage of the air inlets.

Abstract: A fluid bed for producing and/or processing a particulate material, said bed comprising a container constituted by two convex parts, through which a perforated plate for supporting a fluidized particle layer is fixed. Nozzles for injection of a treatment liquid are provided in the perforated plate and above the plate filtering means are provided for removal of particles entrained by the fluidizing gas.

Abstract: Silicon beads are produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on seed particles generated internal to a CVD reactor. The reactor has multiple zones, including an inlet zone where beads are maintained in a submerged spouted bed and an upper zone where beads are maintained in a bubbling fluidized bed. A tapered portion of the upper zone segregates beads by size. Systems for inspecting, sorting and transporting product beads are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for recovering heat from solid particles in a fluidized bed reactor, utilize a heat transfer chamber, having heat transfer surfaces disposed therein. Hot solid particles are continuously fed into the heat transfer chamber and gas is introduced into and discharged from the heat transfer chamber. Gas is introduced into the heat transfer chamber for controlling the flow of solid particles therein. The heat transfer chamber is divided into at least one heat transfer zone and at least one solid particle transport zone, by providing more heat transfer surfaces in the heat transfer zones (e.g. 90% or more of the total heat transfer area) than in the solid particle transport zones. The heat transfer is controlled by introducing separately controlled flows of gas into the heat transfer zones and the solid particle transport zones.

Abstract: The container of the fluidized-bed apparatus has two wall parts detachably connected to one another and contains a pivotable perforated bottom arranged approximately at the height of the abutment point of the two wall parts. Each of the two wall parts is provided, at the abutment point, with an annular groove essentially arc-shaped in cross-section. The two grooves together form a channel open toward the container interior and contain a hollow seal which is circular in cross-section in the relaxed state. Said seal can be deformed by a fluid under pressure which is passed into it, for example compressed air, in such a way that, at a first fluid pressure value, it connects the two wall parts tightly to one another and at the same time tightly to the perforated bottom and that, at a second, lower fluid pressure value, it still connects the two wall parts tightly to one another but is separated from the perforated bottom by annular gap, so that said perforated bottom can be swivelled.

Abstract: A gas distributor plate provided in a fluidized bed polymerization vessel which effects the gas phase polymerization of olefins, the gas distributor plate exhibiting excellent action for uniformly diffusing the gas flow in the fluidized bed zone. A gas distributor plate has a number of gas passage holes and is provided in a fluidized bed polymerization vessel which effects the gas phase polymerization of olefins, wherein when the inner radius of the straight drum portion of the polymerization vessel is denoted by 1, the holes perforated in the outer peripheral portion of the distributor plate at 0.7 to 1.0 from the center of the straight drum portion have an average diameter which is larger than the average diameter of the holes perforated in the inner peripheral portion of the distributor plate at smaller than 0.7 from said center.

Abstract: A fluidized bed polymerization reactor which is a generally cylindrical vessel having a longitudinal axis and a fluidization grid located in the vessel generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the vessel and defining a fluidized bed region above the fluidization grid. The reactor has an inlet for continuously introducing a gaseous stream of polymerizable monomers into the vessel below the fluidization grid at a gas velocity sufficient to maintain particles in the fluidized bed region in a suspended and fluidized condition; an outlet for removing polymer product from the fluidized bed region and an outlet for continuously removing an outlet stream of gaseous unreacted polymerizable monomer from the fluidized bed region. A cooling device cools at least a part of the outlet stream to a temperature at which liquid condenses out of the outlet stream, and a separating device separates at least a part of the cooled outlet stream into condensed liquid and a cooled gaseous stream.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process and an apparatus for gasifying liquid and/or fine-grain solid gasification substances and/or for reforming a gas, using a gasification agent, in a reaction (1). In the process the process heat is supplied by heat carrier particles which are heated within a substantially closed circuit in a heater (5) by combustion gases which are produced in a combustion chamber (3), and passed through the reactor (1) in counter-flow relationship with the gasification substance or the gas to be reformed and the gasification agent, and then returned to the heater (5) for renewed heating. In accordance with the invention the particles and the combustion gas form a fluidized bed above at least one grid (34, 34a, 34b, 34c, 34d, 34e) arranged in the heater (5).

Abstract: An FCC feed distributor mixes fresh catalyst entering the riser with steam to create a dense bubbling bed of catalyst. Fluidized catalyst rises from the dense bed around a conical section supported from the bottom of the riser. The conical section accelerates the catalyst by reducing the flow area into a small width annulus. As fast fluidized catalyst flows to the annulus, a diverter outwardly redirects an axially flowing feed stream to discharge feed radially into the catalyst as it flows by the annular section. A narrow width of the annular section provides good penetration of the catalyst stream by the feed to quickly and completely mix the catalyst and feed. A tapered conical section above the narrow annular section provides an extended region of gradually increasing flow area that controls downstream acceleration of the gas and catalyst mixture by permitting expansion and preventing back mixing over the initial stages of the cracking reaction.

Abstract: Disclosed is a system for fluidizing a dense phase bed of solid particles, preferably a dense bed of solid catalyst particles. The system includes a dense bed solids housing, a dense bed solids support within the housing, a fluid injection component which sends fluids toward the solids supported within the housing, and a stuctural component which is capable of decreasing the distance between the dense bed solids support and the fluid injection component as the fluid is sent toward the solids that are supported within the housing.

Abstract: An apparatus for carrying out a physical and/or chemical process, such as a heat exchanger, comprising a reservoir (1) provided with upwardly-directed tubes (2), in which reservoir (1) a fluidized bed is present consisting of granular material and maintained by medium to be treated. The invention is provided with means for causing fluidized bed particles to circulate from a bottom box (3) of the reservoir (1) through the riser pipes (2), a top box (4) and a downcomer (15) back again to the bottom box (4), and with a closable bypass line (27) for feeding a portion of the fed medium to the riser pipes (2) while shortcutting the fluidized bed.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor operating under countercurrent gas-solid flow conditions wherein the reactor is supplied with horizontal baffles having separate passages through which the gas and the solid flow, such that the ascending gas leaves the baffle in a point higher than the point in which the descending solid leaves the same baffle, and the use of the reactor to perform reactions under countercurrent flow conditions while maintaining gas and solids flows of at least 70% of flooding conditions.

Abstract: A combustion method and apparatus in which combustible matter, e.g., waste matter, coal, etc., is gasified to produce a combustible gas containing a sufficiently large amount of combustible component to melt ash by its own heat. A fluidized-bed furnace has an approximately circular horizontal cross-sectional configuration. A moving bed, in which a fluidized medium settles and diffuses, is formed in a central portion of the furnace, and a fluidized bed, in which the fluidized medium is actively fluidized, is formed in a peripheral portion in the furnace. The fluidized medium is turned over to the upper part of the moving bed from the upper part of the fluidized bed, thus circulating through the two beds. Combustible matter is cast into the upper part of the moving bed and gasified to form a combustible gas while circulating, together with the fluidized medium.

Abstract: An apparatus for processing a particulate material containing an inflammable component, such as ethanol or another solvent, comprises a fluidized bed chamber with a perforated bed plate arranged therein. The particulate material may be fluidized on the bed plate by supplying fluidizing air upwardly through perforations in the bed plate. In order to reduce the risk of explosion in the fluidizing air after its passage through the fluidized bed formed on the bed plate, dilution gas is fed into the fluidized bed chamber. The dilution gas is introduced into the fluidized bed chamber at least at one position spaced from the side walls of the chamber and preferably located centrally within the fluidized bed chamber in order to obtain a substantially uniform mixing of the dilution gas with the fluidizing air including the inflammable component immediately above the fluidized bed. The explosion safe gas mixture may be discharged from the upper part of the processing chamber.

Abstract: A light-weight and easily manufacturable catalyst support structure is provided, which allows fluid flow into a catalyst bed in uniform distribution. The support structure is formed in a cone-like shape in which the diameter enlarges upward. The support structure comprises a shell-like support member, a first mesh layer comprising thick mesh elements, and a second mesh layer having a mesh size which does not allow catalytic particulates to pass through. The first mesh layer overlays the support member, and the second mesh layer overlays the first mesh layer. The shell-like support member includes a circular bottom plate extending perpendicular to the center line of the reactor, and a side wall having a truncated cone shape which extends upward from the edge of the bottom plate. The bottom plate and the side wall are primarily made of perforated plates through which the fluid passes. A plurality of cylindrical flow guides of different diameters are provided underneath the shell-like support member.

Abstract: This FCC process suspends a layer of catalyst in a riser outside an FCC reactor vessel at a location above a primary riser outlet. The density at the riser outlets is higher than the flowing density in the riser. The suspended catalyst provides a disengagement zone that enhances the separation of catalyst from product vapors. The riser operates in a manner that prevents any discharge of catalyst from its end. The arrangement also provides a convenient method for venting stripping vapors into a closed reactor cyclone system.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fluid catalytic cracking apparatus. The apparatus includes means for decreasing and increasing the slip velocity of a hydrocarbon reaction stream to further enhance catalytic cracking of the hydrocarbon within the reaction stream. The apparatus allows for control of residence time within both a riser and a collection and velocity reducing means to provide for more complete cracking of the hydrocarbon without leading to additional coking of the catalytic cracking catalyst.

Abstract: A fluidized bed hearth floor comprises a supporting metal sheet provided with fluidization-gas injection nozzles. The supporting sheet is made of refractory metal, and is covered with a plurality of flat elements made of refractory metal, each flat element being fixed to the supporting sheet by welding in a localized zone, e.g., substantially at a point.

Abstract: A light-weight and easily manufacturable catalyst support structure is provided, which allows fluid flow into a catalyst bed in uniform distribution. The support structure, used for supporting a moving catalyst bed within a moving bed reactor having an upward flowing fluid phase, is formed in a cone-like shape in which the diameter enlarges upward. The supporting structure comprises a shell-like support member, a first mesh layer comprising thick mesh elements, and a second mesh layer having a mesh size which does not allow catalyst particles to pass through. The first mesh layer overlays the support member, and the second mesh layer overlays the first mesh layer. The shell-like support member includes a circular bottom plate extending perpendicular to the center line of the reactor, and a side wall having a truncated cone shape which extends upward from the edge of the bottom plate. The bottom plate and the side wall are primarily made of perforated plates through which the fluid passes.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor and method of operating same in which a bed of particulate material including fuel is formed in a furnace section. A stripper-cooler is located adjacent the furnace section for receiving particulate material from the furnace section. The particulate material is selectively passed to the stripper-cooler and cooled before being discharged from the stripper-cooler.

Abstract: Process for the continuous fluidized bed agglomeration wherein the granulating liquid together with propellant air is supplied centrally through a three-phase nozzle on the distributor of the fluidized bed, and at the same time, the solid in powder form is fed into the fluidized bed through the annular space or the three-phase nozzle with the air of a current of propellant air, supplied separately and concentrically.

Abstract: Disclosed are a process and apparatus for effecting chemical and/or physical reactions by means of solid-gas contact. The apparatus has a shaftlike reaction chamber widening in upward direction and divided into compartments by means of horizontal grids. The process is performed by introducing a particulate solid of about 0.5 to 5 millimeters particle size into the reaction chamber and passing a gas stream in upward direction through that chamber at an output sufficient to keep the particles in floating condition. A floating bed of solid particles will be formed in the reactors then and excellent solid-gas contact suitable for affecting chemical and physical reactions is provided hereby. A special embodiment relates to the removal of nitrogen oxides from flue gases with the aid of a particulate catalyst.

Abstract: A reactor for thermocracking a fluid comprising a heat exchanger having at least one tube for conveying the fluid stream from a respective tube inlet to a tube outlet while contacting the at least one tube with a high temperature medium to effect heat transfer to the fluid stream sufficient to cause thermocracking of the fluid. A quench is provided for discharging a quench liquid so as to be positioned within the thermocracked fluid stream exiting the tube outlet during a cracking operation to immediately lower the temperature of the thermocracked fluid stream sufficient to terminate further thermocracking of the fluid as it emerges from the tube outlet thereby preventing carbon deposition downstream.

Abstract: A biased air distribution grid is used to promote solids entrainment and dense bed internal mixing for the bed material of a fluidized bed reactor. The air distribution grid distributes air at a high velocity zone having a velocity ranging from 11 to 50 feet per second and a low velocity zone having a velocity ranging from 3 to 10 feet per second. The high velocity zone and the low velocity zone provide an improved lateral mixing for the reactor.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor comprising a housing, and a nozzle grate disposed in the lower portion of the housing and serving to introduce a fluidizing fluid into the reactor. The nozzle grate consists of a plurality of approximately horizontally extending tubes and nozzles provided on such tubes. The tubes are detachably connected to the housing of the reactor and the housing of the reactor has at least one support for each tube, which support supports the tube as it is rotated about its longitudinal axis.

Abstract: An apparatus and method of operating a fluidized bed reactor for combusting refuse derived fuel is disclosed. The reactor includes a fluidized furnace section 30 and stripper/cooler section 80. A downwardly sloping grid 28 extends across the furnace section 30 and stripper/cooler section 80 to a drain 78 in the stripper/cooler section 80, and directional nozzles 38 disposed in the grid fluidize the beds in the furnace section 30 and stripper/cooler section 80 and forcibly convey relatively large particulate material across the grid 28, through the furnace section 30 and stripper/cooler section 80, and to the drain 78 for disposal. A refractory layer 36 is provided along the grid 28 surface to reduce the height of the nozzles 38 within the furnace section 30, thereby helping to prevent relatively large particulate material from becoming entangled with or stuck to the nozzles 38.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a fluidized bed reactor in which olefins are polymerized or copolymerized in a bed formed by particles being polymerized and fluidized with the aid of a circulating gas. In the reactor, a circulating gas is fed from a gas space above the fluidized bed into the lower part of the reactor. The lower part of the reactor includes an annular space having an defined by an upwards tapering rotating conical surface and an outer wall defined by a downwards tapering rotating conical surface.